Villa Baviera

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Villa Baviera
Sect's operation place used as concentration and torture camp by DINA
Villa Baviera.jpg
Chile location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location of Villa Baviera in Chile
Coordinates 36°23′13″S71°35′17″W / 36.38694°S 71.58806°W / -36.38694; -71.58806 Coordinates: 36°23′13″S71°35′17″W / 36.38694°S 71.58806°W / -36.38694; -71.58806
Other namesColonia Dignidad
Known forInternment and murder of dissidents during Pinochet's military dictatorship
Location35km east of Parral
Built by Paul Schäfer's sect
Operated byPaul Schäfer
CommandantPaul Schäfer
First built1961
Operational1961 - 2007 (as sect's operation place) [1]
1973 - 1985 (as concentration camp of Pinochet's dissidents)
Killedunknown
Notable inmates Boris Weisfeiler (alleged)
Notable booksDas Blendwerk: Von der "Colonia Dignidad" zur "Villa Baviera"

Villa Baviera (English: Bavaria Village) is the current organization occupying the location of the infamous and disgraced Colonia Dignidad (English: Dignity Colony), in Parral Commune, Linares Province, [2] [3] [4] in the Maule Region of central Chile. Located in an isolated area, Colonia Dignidad was ~35 km southeast of the city of Parral, on the north bank of the Perquilauquén River. Colonia Dignidad was founded by German émigrés in the mid-1950s. Its most notorious leader, Paul Schäfer, arrived in the colony in 1961. [5] The full name of the colony from the 1950s was Sociedad Benefactora y Educacional Dignidad (English: Charitable and Educational Society "Dignity"). At its largest, Colonia Dignidad was home to some three hundred German and Chilean residents, and covered 137 square kilometers (53 sq mi). [6] The main legal economic activity of the colony was agriculture; at various periods it also was home to a school, a hospital, two airstrips, a restaurant, and a power station.

Parral, Chile City and Commune in Maule, Chile

Parral is a city and commune in the Linares Province of Chile's Maule Region.

Linares Province Province in Maule, Chile

Linares is one of four provinces of the central Chilean region of Maule (VII). The provincial capital and most populous center is the city of Linares.

Maule Region Region of Chile

The Maule Region is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. Its capital is Talca. The region derives its name from the Maule River which, running westward from the Andes, bisects the region and spans a basin of about 20,600 km2. The Maule river is of considerable historic interest because, among other reasons, it marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire.

Contents

Protesters asking for justice in 2015 Fosas en Colonia Dignidad 01.JPG
Protesters asking for justice in 2015

Colonia Dignidad's longest continuous leader, Schäfer, was a fugitive, accused of child molestation in the former West Germany. The organization he led in Chile was described, alternately, as a cult or as a group of "harmless eccentrics". The organization was secretive, and the Colonia was surrounded by barbed wire fences, and featured a watchtower and searchlights, and was later reported to contain secret weapon caches. In recent decades, external investigations, including efforts by the Chilean government, uncovered a history of criminal activity in the enclave, including child sexual abuse. [7] As well, the findings include that its legal activities were supplemented by income related to weapons sales and money laundering.[ not verified in body ] Bruce Falconer, writing in a piece entitled "The Torture Colony" (in The American Scholar ), and referencing Chile's National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation, has reported that a small set of the individuals taken by Pinochet's Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional during his rule were held as prisoners at Colonia Dignidad, some of whom were subjected to torture, and that some Colonia residents of the time were participants in the atrocities.

West Germany Federal Republic of Germany in the years 1949–1990

West Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, and referred to by historians as the Bonn Republic, was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1949 to 1990, when the western portion of Germany was part of the Western bloc during the Cold War. It was created during the Allied occupation of Germany in 1949 after World War II, established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France. Its capital was the city of Bonn.

Cult Social group

In modern English, the term cult has come to usually refer to a social group defined by its unusual religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs, or its common interest in a particular personality, object or goal. This sense of the term is controversial and it has divergent definitions in both popular culture and academia and it also has been an ongoing source of contention among scholars across several fields of study. It is usually considered pejorative.

Barbed wire type of steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strand(s)

Barbed wire, also known as barb wire, occasionally corrupted as bobbed wire or bob wire, is a type of steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strands. It is used to construct inexpensive fences and is used atop walls surrounding secured property. It is also a major feature of the fortifications in trench warfare.

The population of this location was 198 in the census of 2002. As of 2005, a colony remains on the site, using the site, with its leaders insisting that it is a different, changed organization. Its current leaders have attempted to modernize the colony, allowing residents to leave to study at university, and opening the colony to tourism.

History

The first inhabitants of Colonia Dignidad arrived in 1961, brought by German citizen Paul Schäfer, who was born in 1921, in the town of Troisdorf. Schäfer's first employment in Germany was as a welfare worker for children in an institution of the local church, a post from which he was fired at the end of the 1940s; he then faced accusations of sexual abuse against children in his care. [8] While these first reports led to his dismissal, no criminal proceedings were initiated. He worked next as an independent preacher. Forming a community in Gronau, an organization dedicated to working with children at risk. He quickly acquired great influence over his members, who had to perform hard farm work without pay. Shortly thereafter, stories reemerged relating to the earlier allegations of pedophilia against him. As a result, Schäfer organized in 1961 the emigration of several hundred members of their community to Chile.

Paul Schäfer German criminal and founder of a sect and agricultural commune in Chile

Paul Schäfer Schneider was the founder and former leader of a sect and agricultural commune of German immigrants called Colonia Dignidad —later renamed Villa Baviera—located in the south of Chile, about 340 km south of Santiago, where Schneider committed sexual abuse of children.

Troisdorf Place in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Troisdorf is a town in the Rhein-Sieg-Kreis (district), in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Problem observed

The colony intended to project to the outside world an image of harmony, order and an inclusive system of communal work. This was emphasized by the work of its own press operations who were recording and broadcasting videos showing their happy residents amid celebrations and commemorations: men dedicated to farm work, women and girls embroidering or preparing butter.

Video electronic medium for the recording, copying and broadcasting of moving visual images

Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) systems which were later replaced by flat panel displays of several types.

However, Schäfer's propaganda efforts were again and again overshadowed by allegations of people escaping from the colony and obtaining asylum in Germany. The first, Wolfgang Müller, fled in 1966 and first exposed the atrocities that occurred within the colony. Müller obtained German citizenship and worked in a newspaper, soon becoming an activist in Germany against the leaders of Colonia Dignidad, and finally became the president of the foundation dedicated to the support of victims in Chile.

In the following year, he freed another inhabitant of the colony, Heinz Kuhn, who confirmed the allegations previously made by Müller, and provided more information on abuses. However, these first allegations were rejected by politicians and were emphatically denied due to their ties with the management of the Colony in their preparation of the military coup of September 11, 1973, as demonstrated later in Chilean court cases.

Secret detention camp

The Rettig Commission noted a wealth of information supporting the accusations of the use of the laundry owned by Colonia Dignidad for detention and torture of political detainees during Pinochet's military dictatorship. This farm, commonly known as Colonia Dignidad, is within Parral, on the banks of river Perquilauquén, near Catillo. The Commission has also noted that other sources concluded Colonia Dignidad was used, at least, as a detention center for political prisoners. Among these sources are spokesmen for the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany, and the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances. The Rettig Commission ultimately based its conclusions on evidence that it examined directly.

Torture intentional infliction of physical or mental suffering upon a person or an animal, in order to punish or to coerce, or for sheer cruelty

Torture is the act of deliberately inflicting severe physical or psychological suffering on someone by another as a punishment or in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or force some action from the victim. Torture, by definition, is a knowing and intentional act; deeds which unknowingly or negligently inflict suffering or pain, without a specific intent to do so, are not typically considered torture.

Augusto Pinochet Former dictator of the republic of Chile

Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte was a Chilean general, politician and dictator of Chile between 1973 and 1990 who remained the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until 1998 and was also President of the Government Junta of Chile between 1973 and 1981.

Claims of Bundesnachrichtendienst assistance

Journalist John Dinges has claimed[ when? ] that there was some degree of cooperation between the Bundesnachrichtendienst (German Intelligence Service) and Colonia Dignidad, including creation of bunkers, tunnels, a hospital, and runways for the decentralized production of armaments in modules (parts produced in one place, other parts in another). This subject was proactively hidden, because of the problems experienced at the time associated with Argentina.

Democratic transition

Chile took a turn to democracy in 1990 after 17 years of dictatorship, but Colonia Dignidad remained unchanged. Allegations of abuses and humiliations that occurred inside the colony increased. National and international pressure intensified, but each time the police tried to conduct an investigation at the site they were greeted with a wall of silence. Colonia Dignidad authorities remained powerful and also had allies in the army and among the Chilean far-right,[ citation needed ] who would warn them in advance when the police were preparing to visit the site.

Slowly, Chilean public awareness began to change, creating a growing feeling of resentment towards the place, which many began to perceive as an independent state, or an enclave within Chile.

Life under Schäfer leadership

The inhabitants lived under an abnormal authoritarian system, where in addition to minimal contact with the outside, Schäfer ordered the division of families (parents did not talk to their children, or did not know their siblings). It prohibited all kinds of relations, sentimental or conjugal, among adult women and men, and segregated the living quarters of each sex. Schäfer sexually abused children and some were tortured, as is clear from the statements of the German Dr. Gisela Seewald, who admitted the use of electroshock therapy and sedatives that her boss had claimed were placebos.

In stark contrast, however, the colony had a school and hospital in the enclave which offered support to rural families through free education and health services. This would, ultimately, create support in case the colony was attacked. However, there are many cases uncovered in recent years that refer to illegal adoptions of children from families residing in the surrounding areas by the German hierarchy in order to deliver on the promise of free education.

Accusations of atrocities

Sex abuse

In 1996, Schaefer fled child sex abuse charges in Chile [9] and wasn't arrested until 2005. The previous year, in his absence, a Chilean court had convicted him of child abuse, together with 26 other cult members. [10] In 2006, he was sentenced to 20 years in prison. [11] He died in prison of a heart ailment, on 24 April 2010, at the age of 88. At the time of his death he was still under investigation for the 1985 disappearance of mathematician Boris Weisfeiler, an American citizen who went missing while hiking near Colonia Dignidad. [12]

Torture

Families of disappeared people Familiares de detenidos desaparecidos en Chile.jpg
Families of disappeared people
Fosa en Colonia Dignidad detenidos desaparecidos.jpg

During the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet the Colonia Dignidad served as a special torture center. In 1991, Chile's National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation concluded "that a certain number of people apprehended by the DINA were really taken to Colonia Dignidad, held prisoner there for some time, and that some of them were subjected to torture, and that besides DINA agents, some of the residents there were involved in these actions." [13] The March 1977 Amnesty International report, "Disappeared Prisoners in Chile", referencing a U.N. report, refers to the evidence in this way:

Another… detention center described in the [U.N.] document, in which it is alleged that experiments in torture are carried out, is Colonia Dignidad, near the town of Parral… [2]

Member abuse

Some defectors from the colony have portrayed it as a cult in which the leader Paul Schäfer held the ultimate power. They claim that the residents were never allowed to leave the colony, and that they were strictly segregated by gender. Television, telephones and calendars were banned. Residents worked wearing Bavarian peasant garb and sang German folk songs. Sex was banned, with some residents forced to take drugs to reduce their desires. Drugs were also administered as a form of sedation, mostly to young girls, but to males as well. Severe discipline in the forms of beatings and torture was commonplace: Schäfer insisted that discipline was spiritually enriching.[ citation needed ]

There are more than 1,100 desaparecidos (disappeared persons) in Chile, many taken to the Colony where they were tortured and killed. One of them is a U.S. citizen, Boris Weisfeiler, a Soviet-born mathematics professor at Pennsylvania State University. Weisfeiler vanished while on a hiking trip near the border between Chile and Argentina in the early part of January 1985. It is presumed that Weisfeiler was kidnapped and taken to the Colony where he was tortured and killed. [14] In 2012, a judge in Chile ordered the arrest of eight former police and army officials over the kidnapping of Weisfeiler during the Pinochet years, citing evidence from declassified US files. [15]

Weapons violations

In June and July 2005, Chilean police found two large illegal arms caches in or around the colony. The first, within the colony itself, included three containers with machine guns, automatic rifles, rocket launchers, and large quantities of ammunition, some as many as forty years old but with evidence of recent maintenance. [16] [17] This cache was described as the largest arsenal ever found in private hands in Chile. The second cache, outside a restaurant operated by the colony, included rocket launchers and grenades.

In January 2005, former Chilean secret police operative Michael Townley, then living in the United States under a witness-protection program, acknowledged to agents of Interpol Chile links between DINA and Colonia Dignidad. Townley also revealed information about Colonia Dignidad and the army's Laboratory on Bacteriological Warfare. This last laboratory would have replaced the old DINA laboratory at Vía Naranja de Lo Curro hill, where Townley worked with the chemist Eugenio Berríos. Townley also gave proof of biological experiments, related to the two aforementioned laboratories, on political prisoners at Colonia Dignidad. [18]

Nazi ties

Both the Central Intelligence Agency and Simon Wiesenthal have presented evidence of the presence at the colony of the infamous Nazi concentration camp doctor Josef Mengele, known as the "Angel of Death" for his lethal experiments on human subjects during the Holocaust. [19]

On 25 May 2011, journalist Amanda Reynoso-Palley reported in The Santiago Times that Hartmutt Hopp, an authority in the colony, fled Chile on board a helicopter and was believed to be in Germany. Hopp, under house arrest in Chile while awaiting trial for human rights crimes, was the "right-hand-man to Paul Schäfer, the former Nazi and founder of the Colonia Dignidad (Colony of Dignity)." [20] In June 2016, prosecutors in Germany petitioned a court to enforce a 5-year prison sentence that Hopp was sentenced to in absentia in Chile. [21] [22]

On 28 January 2013, six former leaders of the colony were sentenced to prison by Chile's Supreme Court, but the case, which prosecuted Chilean and German citizens for crimes committed in the 1990s, was not over yet, according to a story appearing the following day in The Santiago Times filed by staff reporters. [23]

Villa Baviera era

School Escuela Villa Baviera.jpg
School
Laguna Laguna Villa Baviera.jpg
Laguna
Hotel Hotel Villa Baviera.jpg
Hotel
Restaurant Restoran Villa Baviera.jpg
Restaurant

As of 2005, there is still a colony on the site, but its current leaders insist that changes have taken place. Current leaders have attempted to modernize the colony, allowing residents to leave to study at university and opening the colony to tourism. [3]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ "Villa Baviera, da colonia nazista a villaggio per turisti - Giornalettismo". 8 December 2010.
  2. 1 2 Amnesty Staff (1977-03-01). "Disappeared Prisoners in Chile". Amnesty International. Retrieved 21 April 2016. Another DINA detention center described in the same document, in which it is alleged that experiments in torture are carried out, is Colonia Dignidad, near the town of Parral, in Linares Province,
  3. 1 2 "Villa Baviera: Chile's Torture Colony Tourist Trap". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
  4. ↑ Excavations at Chile torture site offer new hope for relatives of disappeared The Guardian, 2018.
  5. ↑ Infield, Glenn, Secrets of the SS, 1981, p. 206.
  6. ↑ "BBC NEWS - Americas - Secrets of ex-Nazi's Chilean fiefdom". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  7. ↑ "The Colony: Chile's dark past uncovered". AlJazeera. December 15, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2014..
  8. ↑ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/07/01/what-happened-in-colonia-inside-the-terrifying-nazi-cult-that-in/
  9. ↑ Hannaford, Alex. "What happened in Colonia?". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  10. ↑ Harding, Luke (2005-03-12). "Fugitive Nazi cult leader arrested". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  11. ↑ Conway, Jane. "German Cult Leader in Chile Gets 20-Year Sentence". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  12. ↑ Brown, Emma (April 27, 2010). "Paul Schaefer, 89, ex-Nazi preacher jailed for abuse, dies". Washington Post. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  13. ↑ Falconer, Bruce (2008-09-01). "The Torture Colony". The American Scholar. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  14. ↑ "Professor Boris Weisfeiler: Missing in Chile since 1985". weisfeiler.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  15. ↑ "Judge in Chile orders arrests over missing US hiker". BBC News. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  16. ↑ Arsenal encontrado en Colonia Dignidad Archived 2009-09-12 at the Wayback Machine ., noticia reproducida en War2Hobby, 16.06.2005; acceso 04.02.2012
  17. ↑ Policía civil encontró dos depósitos de armas en ex Colonia Dignidad, Radio Cooperativa, 14.06.2005; 04.02.2012
  18. ↑ "Michael Townley fue interrogado por muerte de Frei Montalva". Cooperativa.cl. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  19. ↑ Infield, Secrets, p. 207.
  20. ↑ "Human Rights & Law News: "Colonia Dignidad Cult's Second-In-Command Flees Chile"". The Santiago Times. May 25, 2011. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  21. ↑ Stirken, Norbert. "Sektenarzt aus Krefeld: Hopp könnte laut Regierung Täter und Opfer zugleich sein". RP ONLINE. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
  22. ↑ "German court asked to jail Chile sect doctor Hartmut Hopp - BBC News" . Retrieved 2016-09-05.
  23. ↑ "Chile Abroad: Colonia Dignidad victims file US $120 million lawsuit against Chile". The Santiago Times. 2 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.

Bibliography

Further reading

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