Weather system naming in Europe

Last updated

Weather system naming in Europe is the responsibility of the national meteorological services belonging to the geographical area in which a weather system originates. These services collaborate to give the system a name, which is then used throughout Europe. This framework was set up beginning in 2013 by EUMETNET, a network of 33 European national meteorological services.

Contents

On the North Atlantic coast, the United Kingdom's Met Office, Ireland's Met Éireann and the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) collaborate on names. [1] Other groups include the southwestern countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Spain and Portugal, and the northern group of Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Several countries in central and eastern Europe use a naming scheme from the Free University of Berlin. Tropical storms crossing the Atlantic keep the name assigned by the United States National Hurricane Center.

History

The practice of using names to identify weather systems goes back several centuries. Systems were often named after places, people or things they hit before the start of formal naming schemes. [2] [3]

Credit for the first usage of personal names for weather is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named tropical cyclones and anticyclones between 1887–1907. [4] Wragge used names drawn from the letters of the Greek alphabet, Greek and Roman mythology and female names, to describe weather systems over Australia, New Zealand and the Antarctic. [3] [4] After the new Australian government had failed to create a federal weather bureau and appoint him director, Wragge started naming cyclones after political figures. [5]

This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the latter part of the Second World War. [4] Despite falling into disuse the naming scheme was occasionally mentioned in the press, with an editorial published in the Launceston Examiner newspaper on 5 October 1935 that called for the return of the naming scheme. [2] [6]

Criteria for naming storms

There is no universal definition of what constitutes a windstorm in Europe, nor is there a universally accepted system of naming storms. For example, in Greece, naming criteria were established for storms when the storm's forecasted winds are above 50 km/h over land, with the wind expected to have a significant impact to infrastructures. [7] In Denmark, a windstorm must have an hourly average windspeed of at least 90 km/h (25 m/s). [8]

Naming conventions used in Europe are generally based on conditions that are forecast, not conditions that have actually occurred, as public awareness and preparedness are often cited as the main purpose of the naming schemes–for example, a reference. [9] Therefore, an assignment of a storm name does not mean that a storm will actually develop.

EUMETNET naming groups

During 2013, in response to the increasing usage by the European media of common names for any meteorological depression that caused disruptive weather, a task force of the Working Group for the Cooperation between European Forecasters (WGCEF) of the European Meteorological Network (EUMETNET) established a pan-European naming scheme. [10]

The main objective of this project was to develop a project that would be operated by all of the European national meteorological services and used by the media as well as other agencies such as civil protection. [10] For the purposes of the project, Europe was divided into six groups of neighbouring countries with similar weather and climate characteristics. [11]

Should a system move from one area to another, it will retain the name it was assigned by the original weather service.

Western group

Storm Abigail on 12 November 2015 Abigail Nov 12 2015 1155Z.jpg
Storm Abigail on 12 November 2015

This group includes the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Netherlands.

In the western group, a storm is named if one of the meteorological agencies in those countries issues an orange warning (amber in the UK), which generally requires a likelihood of widespread sustained wind speeds greater than 65 km/h, or widespread wind gust speeds over 110 km/h. (Required wind speeds vary slightly by agency and by season.) Both the likelihood of impact and the potential severity of the system are considered when naming a storm. [12] [9] [13]

During September 2015, the United Kingdom's Met Office and Ireland's Met Éireann announced a 2-year pilot project, to name weather systems that were expected to impact either the UK or Ireland. [14] [15] The idea for the UK storm naming system was brought forward by Dee Cotgrove of the Met Office, whose attendance at American Meteorological Society meetings which showcased the hurricane naming system indicated that there may be benefits in establishing an official system for naming UK storms. [16] [17] In order to decide which names were going to be used, members of the public were invited to submit names to the forecasters via social media, which was welcomed with enthusiasm as thousands of names were suggested before they were reviewed by both centres. [18] [19]

The first list of names was compiled and issued during October 2015, with any names appearing on the List of retired Atlantic hurricane names or starting with the letters Q, U, X, Y, Z omitted. [18] [19] It was also decided that any post-tropical cyclones that impacted Europe would retain its name and be referred to as "ex-hurricane". Over the next few months, a total of eleven storms were assigned a name whenever a yellow, amber or red warning for wind was issued by either agency. [18] The project also helped Met Éireann communicate the impacts of several systems, which impacted Ireland in quick succession over the 2015-16 Christmas and New Year period. [18]

After the season, it was determined that the project was a success, as the names had been adopted and accepted by the public, the media and emergency responders. [18] As a result, it was decided to expand the naming scheme to include other weather types such as rain and snow, if its impact could lead to significant flooding as advised by their partner agencies. [18] In 2016 the UK Met Office and Met Éireann won the Silver AMEC (International Association for the Measurement and Evaluation of Communication) award for impact in changing behaviours. [20]

Ahead of the 2019-20 winter, the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) decided to join the scheme and name weather systems, in order to raise awareness of dangerous weather before it impacted the country. [21] [22] They decided to name a system if it was forecast to produce significant wind gusts over the country and result in the issuance of an orange or red weather warning. [21]

South-western group

This group includes Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium and Luxembourg.

During 2017, encouraged by the success of the UKMO and Met Éireann naming scheme, the meteorological services of France, Portugal and Spain, decided to set up their own naming scheme. [23] The naming scheme was discussed throughout the year by email, before it was finalised in various web-conferences during the Autumn. [23] It was decided that a system within the Atlantic Ocean or western Mediterranean Sea would be named if it was expected to cause an orange or red wind warning in either France, Spain or Portugal.

Northern group

This group includes Denmark, Sweden and Norway.

During September 2013, the Danish media used 3 different names that had originated in Britain, Germany and Sweden to describe the St. Jude storm. [24] This created confusion within Denmark as the public thought that three separate depressions were impacting the country rather than a single system. [24] During the aftermath of the system, the then minister responsible for the Danish Meteorological Institute Martin Lidegaard, named the system Allan and ordered the DMI to name storms affecting Denmark in the future. [24] During the course of that winter, it became clear that not having a single naming system for significant weather in Europe, was causing confusion as the media used names from different schemes to describe the same storms. [18]

Central Mediterranean group

This group includes Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Malta.

This group started naming windstorms for the 2021-22 European windstorm season, including Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones.

Eastern Mediterranean group

This group includes Greece, Cyprus and Israel. [25]

In January 2017, the National Observatory of Athens (NOA) started to name weather systems, that would be expected to cause significant social and economic consequences in Greece. [26] In order to do this, the NOA developed a number of criteria that took into account, what the meteorological hazard was as well as the size of the affected area and population at risk.

Central group (FUB naming)

This group includes Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czechia, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia. It uses the naming scheme of the meteorology department of the Free University of Berlin (FUB).

The FUB names all high and low pressure systems that affect Europe, though they do not assign names to any actual storms. [27] A windstorm that is associated with one of these pressure systems will at times be recognized by the name assigned to the associated pressure system by the FUB. Named windstorms that have been recognized by a European meteorological agency are described in this article.

The FUB's is the oldest naming system in Europe. It was developed by Karla Wege, a student at the Free University of Berlin's meteorological institute, who suggested that names should be assigned to all areas of low and high pressure that influenced the weather of Central Europe. [28] The university subsequently started to name every area of high or low pressure within its weather forecasts, from a list of 260 male and 260 female names submitted by its students. [28] [29] The female names were assigned to areas of low pressure while male names were assigned to areas of high pressure. [28] [29]

The names were subsequently exclusively used by Berlin's media until February 1990, after which the German media started to commonly use the names, however, they were not officially approved by the German Meteorological Service Deutscher Wetterdienst. [28] [30] The DWD subsequently banned the usage of the names by their offices during July 1991, after complaints had poured in about the naming system. [29] However, the order was leaked to the German press agency, Deutsche Presse-Agentur, who ran it as its lead weather story. [29] Germany's ZDF television channel subsequently ran a phone in poll on 17 July 1991 and claimed that 72% of the 40,000 responses favoured keeping the names. [31] This made the DWD pause and think about the naming system and these days the DWD accept the naming system and request that it is maintained. [29] [30]

During 1998 a debate started about whether it was discriminatory to name areas of high pressure with male names and the areas of low pressure with female names. [28] The issue was subsequently resolved by alternating male and female names each year. [28]

In November 2002 the "Adopt-a-Vortex" scheme was started, which allowed members of the public or companies to buy naming rights for a letter chosen by the buyer, that are then assigned alphabetically to high and low pressure areas in Europe during each year. [32]

During 2021, the Meteorological Services of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary started to use the names assigned to areas of low pressure by FU Berlin. [33]

Storms from the FUB are only included if they haven't already been named by another group, or if they are expected to cause damage equal to or greater than storms named by any of the other groups.[ clarification needed ]

Unofficial naming groups

These groups do not officially name European windstorms, but they do recognise windstorms that other agencies have named that affect their countries.[ citation needed ]

Tropical cyclones

Tropical cyclones that form over the northern Atlantic Ocean are named by the United States National Hurricane Center, once they become tropical storms with 1-minute sustained winds of 35 kn (40 mph; 65 km/h). From time to time, tropical cyclones or their remnants impact Europe and retain the name assigned to them by the United States National Hurricane Center.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical cyclone naming</span> Tables of names for tropical cyclones

Tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones are named by various warning centers to simplify communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches and warnings. The names are intended to reduce confusion in the event of concurrent storms in the same basin. Once storms develop sustained wind speeds of more than 33 knots, names are generally assigned to them from predetermined lists, depending on the basin in which they originate. Some tropical depressions are named in the Western Pacific, while tropical cyclones must contain a significant amount of gale-force winds before they are named in the Southern Hemisphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burns' Day Storm</span> 1990 January storm in Northwestern Europe

The Burns' Day Storm was an extremely violent windstorm that took place on 25–26 January 1990 over North-Western Europe. It is one of the strongest European windstorms on record and caused many fatalities in the UK and Europe. This storm has received different names, as there was no official list of such events in Europe at the time. Starting on Burns Day, the birthday of the Scottish poet Robert Burns, it caused widespread damage and hurricane-force winds over a wide area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Lothar</span> 1999 windstorm in Western Europe

Cyclone Lothar is regarded as the worst European windstorm recorded during the 20th century. Crossing France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany between 25 December and 27 December 1999, Cyclone Lothar's average winds reached up to 115 km/h inland (Orly), but with gusts exceeding 150 km/h, almost equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane, resulting in 110 deaths and more than €15 billion in damage, becoming the costliest European windstorm ever recorded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European windstorm</span> Strongest type of extratropical cyclone that occurs over Europe

European windstorms are powerful extratropical cyclones which form as cyclonic windstorms associated with areas of low atmospheric pressure. They can occur throughout the year, but are most frequent between October and March, with peak intensity in the winter months. Deep areas of low pressure are common over the North Atlantic, and occasionally start as nor'easters off the New England coast. They frequently track across the North Atlantic Ocean towards the north of Scotland and into the Norwegian Sea, which generally minimizes the impact to inland areas; however, if the track is further south, it may cause adverse weather conditions across Central Europe, Northern Europe and especially Western Europe. The countries most commonly affected include the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Germany, the Faroe Islands and Iceland.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to tropical cyclones:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of tropical cyclone naming</span>

The practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back several centuries, with storms named after places, saints or things they hit before the formal start of naming in each basin. Examples of such names are the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane and the 1938 New England hurricane. The system currently in place provides identification of tropical cyclones in a brief form that is easily understood and recognized by the public. The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named tropical cyclones and anticyclones between 1887 and 1907. This system of naming fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific. Over the following decades, formal naming schemes were introduced for several tropical cyclone basins, including the North and South Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Winter storm naming in the United States</span>

Winter storm naming in the United States has been used sporadically since the mid-1700s in various ways to describe historical winter storms. These names have been coined using schemes such as the days of the year that the storm impacted or noteworthy structures that the storm had damaged and/or destroyed. In the 2010s, winter storm naming became controversial with The Weather Channel coming up with its own list of names for winter storms similar to that of hurricanes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Storm Abigail</span> 2015 storm

Storm Abigail was an extratropical cyclone that brought high winds, rain, lightning, and snow across northern Scotland. It is the first ever storm to be officially named by the Met Office of the United Kingdom and Met Éireann of the Republic of Ireland, being named on 10 November 2015.

The 2017–2018 European windstorm season was the third instance of seasonal European windstorm naming. France, Spain and Portugal took part in winter storm naming for the first time this season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Ophelia (2017)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane

Hurricane Ophelia was regarded as the worst storm to affect Ireland in 50 years, and was also the easternmost Atlantic major hurricane on record. The tenth and final consecutive hurricane and the sixth major hurricane of the very active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, Ophelia had non-tropical origins from a decaying cold front on 6 October. Located within a favourable environment, the storm steadily strengthened over the next two days, drifting north and then southeastwards before becoming a hurricane on 11 October. After becoming a Category 2 hurricane and fluctuating in intensity for a day, Ophelia intensified into a major hurricane on 14 October south of the Azores, brushing the archipelago with high winds and heavy rainfall. Shortly after achieving peak intensity, Ophelia began weakening as it accelerated over progressively colder waters to its northeast towards Ireland and Great Britain. Completing an extratropical transition early on 16 October, Ophelia became the second storm of the 2017–18 European windstorm season. Early on 17 October, the cyclone crossed the North Sea and struck western Norway, with wind gusts up to 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph) in Rogaland county, before weakening during the evening of 17 October. The system then moved across Scandinavia, before dissipating over Norway on the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Storm David</span> European windstorm in 2018

Storm David was a compact but deadly European windstorm that heavily affected the British Isles, France, Benelux, Central Europe, Northern Italy, Poland and parts of Eastern Europe in early 2018 with widespread hurricane-force gusts and severe snowfall, creating blizzard conditions in some areas. The storm caused extensive damage and traffic disruption. It was given the name David by Météo France while the FUB named it Friederike.

The 2018–2019 European windstorm season was the fourth instance of seasonal European windstorm naming in Europe. Most storms form between September and March. The first named storm, Ali, affected primarily the United Kingdom and Ireland on 19 September 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019–20 European windstorm season</span> Windstorm season in Europe

The 2019–20 European windstorm season was the fifth instance of seasonal European windstorm naming in Europe. This is the first season in which the Netherlands meteorological authority took part, joining those of Ireland and the United Kingdom. It comprised a year from 1 September to 31 August, however names were announced six days into that year. The Portuguese, Spanish and French meteorological agencies again collaborated too, joined by the Belgian meteorological agency.

The 2020–2021 European windstorm season was the sixth instance of seasonal European windstorm naming in Europe. This is the second season in which the Netherlands participates, joining Ireland's and the United Kingdom's meteorological agencies. It comprised a year from 1 September to 31 August. The Portuguese, Spanish, and French meteorological agencies will again collaborate too, joined by the Belgian meteorological agency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021–22 European windstorm season</span> Windstorm season in Europe

The 2021–22 European windstorm season was the seventh instance of seasonal European windstorm naming in Europe. This was the third season in which the Netherlands participated, alongside the meteorological agencies of Ireland and the United Kingdom. It comprised a year from 1 September to 31 August, except in the Eastern Mediterranean Group which is shifted a month later. The Portuguese, Spanish, French and Belgian meteorological agencies collaborated again, for the fifth time, joined by the Luxembourg meteorological agency. This was the first season when Greece, Israel and Cyprus, and Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta named storms which affected their areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Storm Barra</span> December 2021 European windstorm in Europe

Storm Barra was a hurricane-force extratropical bomb cyclone in the North Atlantic Ocean that impacted Ireland and the United Kingdom with damaging gusts and heavy rainfall. Barra was also the reason for one of Navarre in Spain's worst floods in two decades. A surface low first developed over the Atlantic Ocean, which would eventually become Barra. This system rapidly intensified owing to approaching Ireland, bottoming from 1,010 to 956 hectopascals (29.8–28.2 inHg) in just 24 hours. It then impacted the country, before weakening and moving through the United Kingdom. As it entered the North Sea, it further degraded and was absorbed by the frontal system of "Justus", an extratropical cyclone named by the Free University of Berlin (FUB).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022–23 European windstorm season</span> Windstorm season in Europe

The 2022–23 European windstorm season was the deadliest and costliest European windstorm season on record, mainly because of the impact in northern Libya of Storm Daniel, which became the deadliest and costliest medicane ever recorded as well as the deadliest tropical or subtropical system worldwide since 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2023–24 European windstorm season</span> Windstorm season in Europe

The 2023–2024 European windstorm season was the ninth season of the European windstorm naming in Europe. It comprised a year, from 1 September 2023 to 31 August 2024. This was the fifth season where the Netherlands participated, alongside the United Kingdom's Met Office and Ireland's Met Éireann in the western group. The Portuguese, Spanish, French and Belgian meteorological agencies collaborated for the seventh time, joined by Luxembourg's agency. This was the third season where Greece, Israel and Cyprus, and Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta named storms which affected their areas.

The 2024–2025 European windstorm season is the tenth and current season. It comprises a year, from 1 September to 31 August, except shifted a month later in the Eastern Mediterranean Group. The storm names were announced four days before the start of the season on 28 August 2024. This was the sixth season in which the Netherlands participated alongside the United Kingdom's Met Office and Ireland's Met Éireann in the western group. The Portuguese, Spanish, French and Belgian meteorological agencies collaborated for the eighth time, joined by Luxembourg's agency. This is the fourth season of the Eastern Mediterranean and Central Mediterranean groups, in which they comprised respectively: Greece, Israel and Cyprus; and Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta.

References

  1. ↑ "Storm names for 2019-20 announced". Met Office. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  2. 1 2 Dorst, Neal M (23 October 2012). "They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones". Hurricane Research Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Slides 8–72.
  3. 1 2 Adamson, Peter (September 2003). "Clement Lindley Wragge and the naming of weather disturbances". Weather. 58 (9): 359–363. Bibcode:2003Wthr...58..359A. doi:10.1256/wea.13.03.
  4. 1 2 3 Smith, Ray (1990). "What's in a Name?" (PDF). Weather and Climate. 10 (1): 24–26. doi:10.2307/44279572. JSTOR   44279572. S2CID   201717866. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016.
  5. ↑ Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal M (1 June 2014). "Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018.
  6. ↑ Barnard, G. M (5 October 1935). "Letters to the Editor: Quite Weatherly". The Examiner. Launceston, Tasmania. p. 15. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  7. ↑ Kotroni, V; Lagouvardos, K; Bezes, A; Dafis, S; Galanaki, E; Giannaros, C; Giannaros, T; Karagiannidis, A; Koletsis, I; Kopania, T; Papagiannaki, K; Papavasileiou, G, G; Vafeiadis, V, V; Vougioulas, E (2021). "Storm Naming in the Eastern Mediterranean: Procedures, Events Review and Impact on the Citizens Risk Perception and Readiness". Atmosphere. 12 (11): 1537. Bibcode:2021Atmos..12.1537K. doi: 10.3390/atmos12111537 .
  8. ↑ "Storms in Denmark since 1891" (PDF). dmi.dk. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  9. 1 2 "UK Storm Centre". Met Office. UK Met Office. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  10. 1 2 Cusack, Evelyn; Paterson, Laura; Lang, William Jonathan; Csekits, Christian (September 2017). Lang, William Jonathan (ed.). "WGCEF Task Team on Storm Naming in Europe" (PDF). The European Forecaster. Vol. 22. p. 48-50. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  11. ↑ Savir, Amit (5 October 2021). "New! Israel will also have names for significant weather events!" . Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  12. ↑ "Weather Warnings Explanation". Met Éireann The Irish Meteorological Service. Met Éireann. Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  13. ↑ "KNMI waarschuwingen" (in Dutch). KNMI. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  14. ↑ "Name our storms". United Kingdom Met Office. 8 September 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  15. ↑ "8 September 2015 – Help the Met Office and Met Éireann name our storms this winter". Met Office gov.uk.
  16. ↑ Cotgrove, Dee. "Name Our Storms: Improving Communication of Severe Weather in the UK" . Retrieved 25 January 2025.
  17. ↑ "Subcommittee of Committee on Effective Communication of Weather and Climate Information (CECCWI)" . Retrieved 25 January 2025.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "The power of a name". United Kingdom Met Office. 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  19. 1 2 "Name our storms - Terms and conditions". United Kingdom Met Office. 7 September 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  20. ↑ International association for the measurement and evaluation of communication. "AMEC Awards 2016 Winners".
  21. 1 2 "Stormen krijgen namen in samenwerking met Groot-Brittannië en Ierland" [Storms are given names in association with Great Britain and Ireland] (Press release) (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. 6 September 2019. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  22. ↑ "Storm names for 2019-20 announced" (Press release). United Kingdom Met Office. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  23. 1 2 Leitao, Paula; Roulet, Bernard; Rey, Jaime (September 2018). "Storm naming: the First Season of Naming by the South-west Group: Spain-Portugal-France" (PDF). The European Forecaster. Vol. 23. Working Group for the Cooperation between European Forecasters. p. 23-37. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  24. 1 2 3 "Stormen hedder Bodil" (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  25. ↑ "Severe weather event naming list released". 6 October 2023.
  26. ↑ Kotroni, Vassiliki; Lagouvardos, Konstantinos; Bezes, Antonis; Dafis, Stavros; Galanaki, Elisavet; Giannaros, Christos; Giannaros, Theodore; Karagiannidis, Athanasios; Koletsis, Ioannis; Kopania, Theodora; Papagiannaki, Katerina; Papavasileiou, Georgios; Vafeiadis, Vasilis; Vougioulas, Eustratios (2021). "Storm Naming in the Eastern Mediterranean: Procedures, Events Review and Impact on the Citizens Risk Perception and Readiness". Atmosphere. 12 (11): 1537. Bibcode:2021Atmos..12.1537K. doi: 10.3390/atmos12111537 .
  27. ↑ "Naming the Weather: Institute of Meteorology at Freie Universität Assigns Names to Weather Highs and Lows for the Year Ahead: Starting September 25, 2013". Freie Universität Berlin Office of Communication and Marketing. Freie Universität Berlin. 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "History of Naming Weather Systems". The Free University of Berlin's Institute of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Gutman, Roy. "Germany bans naming storms 'mean Irene' after howls of protest". The Ottawa Citizen. Newsday. p. F10 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. 1 2 "Geschichte der Namensvergabe" [History of Naming Weather Systems]. The Free University of Berlin's Institute of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  31. ↑ Gutman, Roy. "Female names for bad weather draw protests". Sun Sentinel. Newsday. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ↑ "European Cold Front 'Cooper' Sponsored by Mini". Der Spiegel. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  33. ↑ "Historie". 13 April 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.