Xenotrichini

Xenotrichini Temporal range: Miocene-Holocene
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Pitheciidae
Subfamily:	Pitheciinae
Tribe:	† Xenotrichini MacPhee & Horovitz, 2004
Genera
† Xenothrix † Antillothrix † Insulacebus

Xenotrichini (the Antilles monkeys) is a tribe of extinct primates, which lived on the Greater Antilles as recently as the last few thousand years.

These Caribbean islands no longer contain endemic primates; Xenothrix mcgregori , the species currently documented to have survived the latest, is estimated to have gone extinct around 900 years before present. ^[1] The relationship of these species is supported by details in the formation of the skull and the lower jaw, such as a reduction in the number of teeth.

Taxonomy

The exact timing and causes of extinction are not well-known and their relationship and placement in the parvorder of the New World monkeys is unsure. Originally they were thought to be closely related to the night monkeys, but more recent research has instead allied them with the titi monkeys. ^[2]

A 2018 DNA study of the Jamaican monkey suggested that it diverged from its closest relative Cheracebus around 11 Ma, during the Late Miocene, which is younger than the 18 Ma Paralouatta from Cuba, meaning that the Jamaican monkey has a separate origin from the rest of the Antillean monkeys, making the group polyphyletic. ^[3] The Cuban monkeys (Paralouatta varonai and P. marianae) of Cuba were originally thought to be in the tribe, but more recent research shows a closer relationship with Alouatta , the howler monkeys. ^[4]

Species

So far, three species of Xenotrichini are known:

• The Jamaican monkey (Xenothrix mcgregori), from Jamaica.
• The Hispaniola monkey (Antillothrix bernensis), from Hispaniola.
• Insulacebus toussaintiana , also from Hispaniola.

References

1. Cooke, Siobhán B; Mychajliw, Alexis M; Southon, John; MacPhee, Ross D E (2017-08-01). "The extinction of Xenothrix mcgregori, Jamaica's last monkey". Journal of Mammalogy. 98 (4): 937–949. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw165. ISSN   0022-2372.
2. MacPhee, R. D. E.; Horovitz, I. (14 May 2004). "New craniodental remains of the quaternary Jamaican monkey Xenothrix mcgregori (Xenotrichini, Callicebinae, Pitheciidae), with a reconsideration of the Aotus hypothesis". American Museum Novitates (3434): 1–51. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2004)434<0001:NCROTQ>2.0.CO;2. S2CID   86051925.
3. Woods, Roseina; Turvey, Samuel T.; Brace, Selina; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Barnes, Ian (2018-12-11). "Ancient DNA of the extinct Jamaican monkey Xenothrix reveals extreme insular change within a morphologically conservative radiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (50): 12769–12774. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11512769W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1808603115 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   6294883 . PMID   30420497.
4. Silvestro, Daniele; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Serrano Serrano, Martha L.; Loiseau, Oriane; Rossier, Victor; Rolland, Jonathan; Zizka, Alexander; Antonelli, Alexandre; Salamin, Nicolas (2017), "Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data" (PDF), BioRxiv : 1–32, retrieved 2019-02-20