Pilosans of the Caribbean

Last updated August 18, 2023

The mammalian order Pilosa, which includes the sloths and anteaters, includes various species from the Caribbean region. Many species of sloths are known from the Greater Antilles, all of which became extinct over the last millennia, but some sloths and anteaters survive on islands closer to the mainland.

Overview

Extinct sloths are known from the three Greater Antilles of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico and several smaller Antillean islands, but they are missing from the fourth of the Greater Antilles, Jamaica. These were formerly believed, on the basis of morphological studies, to be part of the family Megalonychidae, which includes some of the extinct giant ground sloths, such as Megalonyx , and was formerly also thought to include the living two-toed sloths (Choloepus) of the American mainland.^[1] Recent molecular evidence from collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequences has shown that this construction of Megalonychidae is polyphyletic; the Caribbean sloths form a basal branch of the sloth evolutionary tree and are not close to either Choloepus or Megalonyx.^[2]^[3] The extinct Caribbean sloths appear to represent a single radiation which has been designated as the family Megalocnidae.^[2] All Greater Antillean sloths are now extinct; their extinction by ~4400 BP (uncalibrated radiocarbon date) apparently postdated the extinction of the mainland ground sloths by about six thousand years, and coincided (to within a thousand years) with the arrival of humans on the islands.^[4]^[5] These sloths apparently had a wide range of locomotor habits corresponding to varying degrees of arboreality, but were generally more terrestrial than extant tree sloths.^[6]^[7] They had been present on the Antilles since the early Oligocene, 32 million years ago.^[8] The subdivision of Antillean sloths into several subfamilies has been interpreted as implying at least a diphyletic origin for them, requiring two or more separate colonization events;^[9] however, the molecular results indicate the group is monophyletic.^[2]^[3]

In addition to the Greater Antillean sloths, some other pilosans are still extant on islands close to the Central and South American mainland. This includes several anteaters and a member of the other extant sloth family, that of the three-toed sloths, restricted to a small island in Panama.^[10] The record of a tamandua from Cozumel, off Mexico, was probably in error.^[11]

The genera of Caribbean pilosans are classified as follows (with extinct taxa designated by the dagger, †):^[12]

Order Pilosa
- Suborder Folivora (sloths)
  - Family Bradypodidae: Bradypus
  - Family Choloepodidae: Choloepus
  - Family †Megalocnidae ^[2]
    - † Acratocnus
    - † Neocnus
    - Incertae sedis : † Paulocnus ^[13]
    - Subfamily ??
      - † Megalocnus
      - † Mesocnus ^[14]
  - Family †Megalonychidae: † Paramiocnus
  - Incertae sedis : † Imagocnus , † Galerocnus , several unidentified genera
- Suborder Vermilingua (anteaters)
  - Family Cyclopedidae: Cyclopes
  - Family Myrmecophagidae: Tamandua

Cuba

Cuba is the largest of the Greater Antilles. A diverse assortment of sloths is known.

Acratocnus antillensis (previously Miocnus antillensis), a sloth known exclusively from Cuba. Isolated femora referred to separate species Habanocnus hoffstetteri and H. paulacoutoi fall within the range of variation of this species.^[15]
Galerocnus jaimezi , a sloth.^[16]
Imagocnus zazae , a large sloth from the early Miocene fauna of Domo de Zaza. Although it is recognizably megalocnid, its precise relations are obscure. A large pelvis found at Domo de Zaza may indicate the presence of another, even larger sloth; alternatively, I. zazae may have been variable in size.^[17]
Neocnus gliriformis (previously Microcnus gliriformis), a sloth found only on Cuba.^[18]
Megalocnus rodens , a common sloth in faunas from western and central Cuba.^[19] It has been radiocarbon-dated to about 6000 years before present.^[20]
Neocnus major , also known from Cuba alone. It includes the previously recognized N. minor and N. baireiensis and may not itself be distinct from N. gliriformis.^[21]
Paramiocnus riveroi , a large and possibly arboreal sloth known from limited remains.^[22]
Parocnus browni (previously Mesocnus browni), a sloth related to Hispaniolan P. serus. The previously recognized species Mesocnus torrei and Mesocnus herrerai are now regarded as identical to P. browni.^[23] Remains of P. browni have been radiocarbon-dated to about 5000 years before present.^[20]

Hispaniola

Hispaniola, the second largest of the Greater Antilles, is divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It had a diverse sloth fauna.

Acratocnus simorhynchus , a sloth from eastern Hispaniola known from remains dated to about 20,000 years before present.^[24]
Acratocnus ye , a sloth known only from Hispaniola.^[25]
Megalocnus zile , a sloth known from both Hispaniola and the satellite island of Tortuga, apparently much rarer than its Cuban relative M. rodens.^[26]
Neocnus comes (previously Acratocnus comes and Synocnus comes), a large Neocnus commonly found in cave deposits throughout Hispaniola.^[27] Several remains have been radiocarbon-dated, the youngest to about 5,000 years before present.^[28]
Neocnus dousman , a medium-sized Neocnus found throughout Hispaniola.^[29] A single radiocarbon-dated specimen is about 10,000 years old.^[28]
Neocnus toupiti , a small Neocnus and perhaps the smallest sloth known, found in Haiti.^[30]
Parocnus serus , a sloth known from Hispaniola and the satellite islands of Tortuga and Gonâve.^[31] A specimen has been radiocarbon-dated to over 14,000 years before present.^[28]

Tortuga

Tortuga is an island off northern Haiti.

Megalocnus zile , a sloth known also from mainland Hispaniola.^[26]
Parocnus serus , a sloth found also on mainland Hispaniola and Gonâve.^[31]

Gonâve

Gonâve is an island off southwestern Haiti.

Parocnus serus , a sloth also known from mainland Hispaniola and Tortuga.^[31]

Puerto Rico

Only one sloth is known from the Quaternary of Puerto Rico, the easternmost of the Greater Antilles; another species is known from much older, Oligocene, sediments.

Acratocnus odontrigonus , a sloth known only from Puerto Rico. Acratocnus major, described on the basis of somewhat larger Puerto Rican sloth bones, simply represents large individuals of A. odontrigonus.^[32]
A small sloth femur has been found at an early Oligocene site in southwestern Puerto Rico. It is not sufficiently diagnostic to permit conclusive identification as a megalocnid.^[33]

Grenada

Grenada is the southernmost island of the main Lesser Antillean island arc.

Three teeth of a sloth have been found in a late Pliocene or early Pleistocene deposit that also yielded the capybara Hydrochoerus gaylordi . The teeth differ in size and may represent either one or two species and although recognizably megalocnid, their precise relationships cannot be determined.^[34]

Trinidad

Trinidad is a large island off northeastern Venezuela. It hosts two species of anteaters that are also found on mainland South America.

Cyclopes didactylus , the pygmy anteater, also known from Mexico to Brazil.^[35]
Tamandua tetradactyla , the southern tamandua, also known across South America east of the Andes.^[36]

Curaçao

Curaçao is a Dutch island off northwestern Venezuela.

Paulocnus petrifactus , a medium-sized sloth that may be related to Antillean Acratocnus .^[37]

Escudo de Veraguas

Escudo de Veraguas is an island off northern Panama. Despite its small size, it supports two mammal species found nowhere else: the bat Dermanura watsoni incomitata and the only extant Caribbean sloth.^[38]

Bradypus pygmaeus , a critically endangered small sloth related to mainland B. variegatus .^[38]

Related Research Articles

The order Pilosa is a clade of xenarthran placental mammals, native to the Americas. It includes anteaters and sloths. The name comes from the Latin word for "hairy".

Megalonychidae is an extinct family of sloths including the extinct Megalonyx. Megalonychids first appeared in the early Oligocene, about 35 million years (Ma) ago, in southern Argentina (Patagonia). There is, however, one possible find dating to the Eocene, about 40 Ma ago, on Seymour Island in Antarctica. They first reached North America by island-hopping across the Central American Seaway, about 9 million years ago, prior to formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 2.7 million years ago. Some megalonychid lineages increased in size as time passed. The first species of these were small and may have been partly tree-dwelling, whereas the Pliocene species were already approximately half the size of the huge Late Pleistocene Megalonyx jeffersonii from the last ice age.

The Cuban macaw or Cuban red macaw is an extinct species of macaw native to the main island of Cuba and the nearby Isla de la Juventud. It became extinct in the late 19th century. Its relationship with other macaws in its genus was long uncertain, but it was thought to have been closely related to the scarlet macaw, which has some similarities in appearance. It may also have been closely related, or identical, to the hypothetical Jamaican red macaw. A 2018 DNA study found that it was the sister species of two red and two green species of extant macaws.

Paralouatta is a platyrrhine genus that currently contains two extinct species of small primates that lived on the island of Cuba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fauna of Puerto Rico</span>

The fauna of Puerto Rico is similar to other island archipelago faunas, with high endemism, and low, skewed taxonomic diversity. Bats are the only extant native terrestrial mammals in Puerto Rico. All other terrestrial mammals in the area were introduced by humans, and include species such as cats, goats, sheep, the small Indian mongoose, and escaped monkeys. Marine mammals include dolphins, manatees, and whales. Of the 349 bird species, about 120 breed in the archipelago, and 47.5% are accidental or rare.

Neocnus is an extinct genus of ground sloth, whose species ranged across Cuba and Hispaniola. Neocnus would have resembled a typical ground sloth, though much smaller, with a longer tail and a broad trunk, as well as lissome limbs and long claws. This sloth was known for having caudal vertebrae that were broad, a trait shared with other ground sloths, indicating that this animal, like the tamandua of today, likely used its tail to stand upright. The caniniform teeth of the Neocnus were large and triangular, and its skull was deep and had a large, sagittal crest which, when used with the deep mandible likely allowed strong exertion by the masticatory muscles.

Acratocnus is an extinct genus of ground sloths that were found on Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.

Megalocnus is a genus of extinct ground sloths that were native to Cuba during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. They were among the largest of the Caribbean sloths (Megalocnidae), with individuals estimated to have weighed up to 270 kg to 200 kg, around the size of a black bear when alive. Its relatives include other megalocnid sloths, such as Acratocnus, Mesocnus, Miocnus, Neocnus andParocnus. The former species M. zile from Hispaniola is currently thought to be a junior synonym of Parocnus serus.

Imagocnus is an extinct genus of ground sloth from the Early Miocene (Burdigalian) Lagunitas Formation of Cuba.

The Caribbean bioregion is a biogeographic region that includes the islands of the Caribbean Sea and nearby Atlantic islands, which share a fauna, flora and mycobiota distinct from surrounding bioregions.

The Hispaniola monkey is an extinct primate that was endemic on the island of Hispaniola, in the present-day Dominican Republic. The species is thought to have gone extinct around the 16th century. The exact timing and cause of the extinction are unclear, but it is likely related to the settlement of Hispaniola by Europeans after 1492.

Xenotrichini is a tribe of extinct primates, which lived on the Greater Antilles as recently as the 16th century.

The Martinique macaw or orange-bellied macaw is a hypothetical extinct species of macaw which may have been endemic to the Lesser Antillean island of Martinique, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It was scientifically named by Walter Rothschild in 1905, based on a 1630s description of "blue and orange-yellow" macaws by Jacques Bouton. No other evidence of its existence is known, but it may have been identified in contemporary artwork. Some writers have suggested that the birds observed were actually blue-and-yellow macaws. The "red-tailed blue-and-yellow macaw", another species named by Rothschild in 1907 based on a 1658 account, is thought to be identical to the Martinique macaw, if either one ever existed.

A unique and diverse albeit phylogenetically restricted mammal fauna is known from the Caribbean region. The region—specifically, all islands in the Caribbean Sea and the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, and Barbados, which are not in the Caribbean Sea but biogeographically belong to the same Caribbean bioregion—has been home to several families found nowhere else, but much of this diversity is now extinct.

Ahytherium is an extinct genus of megalonychid sloth that lived during the Pleistocene of what is now Brazil. It contains a single species, A. aureum.

Gymnogyps varonai, sometimes called the Cuban condor, is an extinct species of large New World vulture in the family Cathartidae. G. varonai is related to the living California condor, G. californianus and the extinct G. kofordi, either one of which it may have evolved from. The species is solely known from fossils found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene tar seep deposits in Cuba. G. varonai may have preyed upon carcasses from large mammals such as ground sloths.

Megalocnidae is an extinct family of sloths, native to the islands of the Greater Antilles from the Early Oligocene to the Mid-Holocene. They are known from Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, but are absent from Jamaica. While they were formerly placed in the Megalonychidae alongside two-toed sloths and ground sloths like Megalonyx, recent mitochondrial DNA and collagen sequencing studies place them as the earliest diverging group basal to all other sloths. They displayed significant diversity in body size and lifestyle, with Megalocnus being terrestrial and probably weighing several hundred kilograms, while Neocnus was likely arboreal and similar in weight to extant tree sloths, at less than 10 kilograms.

<i>Parocnus</i> Extinct genus of ground sloths

Parocnus is an extinct genus of sloth native to Cuba and Hispaniola, belonging to the family Megalocnidae. It was a terrestrial ground sloth, being the second largest Caribbean sloth after Megalocnus.

References

↑ White and MacPhee, 2001
1 2 3 4 Presslee, S.; Slater, G. J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; Mackie, M.; Olsen, J. V.; Kramarz, A.; Taglioretti, M.; Scaglia, F.; Lezcano, M.; Lanata, J. L.; Southon, J.; Feranec, R.; Bloch, J.; Hajduk, A.; Martin, F. M.; Gismondi, R. S.; Reguero, M.; de Muizon, C.; Greenwood, A.; Chait, B. T.; Penkman, K.; Collins, M.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (2019). "Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (7): 1121–1130. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z. PMID 31171860. S2CID 174813630.
1 2 Delsuc, F.; Kuch, M.; Gibb, G. C.; Karpinski, E.; Hackenberger, D.; Szpak, P.; Martínez, J. G.; Mead, J. I.; McDonald, H. G.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Poinar, H. N. (2019). "Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths". Current Biology. 29 (12): 2031–2042.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.043 . hdl: 11336/136908 . PMID 31178321.
↑ Steadman et al., 2005
↑ Cooke et al., 2017
↑ White, 1993
↑ Steadman et al., 2005, p. 11767
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 201
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 227
↑ Gardner, 2005
↑ Jones and Lawlor, 1965, p. 414
↑ Gardner, 2005; White and MacPhee, 2001, table 2
↑ "Paulocnus in the Paleobiology Database". Fossilworks . Retrieved 17 December 2021.
↑ "Mesocnus in the Paleobiology Database". Fossilworks . Retrieved 17 December 2021.
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 214–215
↑ Arredondo and Rivero, 1997
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 224–225
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 217–218
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 221–222
1 2 Steadman et al., 2005, p. 11765
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 218
↑ Arredondo and Arredondo, 2000
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 223–224
↑ Rega et al., 2001
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 215
1 2 White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 222
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 218–219
1 2 3 Steadman et al., 2005, p. 11766
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 219
↑ White and MacPhee, pp. 219–220
1 2 3 White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 223
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 213–214
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 225
↑ MacPhee et al., 2000
↑ Gardner, 2005, p. 102
↑ Gardner, 2005, p. 103
↑ White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 216–217
1 2 Anderson and Handley, 2001

Literature cited

Anderson, R.P. and Handley, C.O., Jr. 2001. A new species of three-toed sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Panama, with a review of the genus Bradypus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114:1–33.
Arredondo, C. and Arredondo, O. 2000. Nuevo genero y especie de perezoso (Edentata: Megalonychidae) del Pleistoceno de Cuba. Revista Biologia 14(1):66–72.
Arredondo, C. and Rivero, M. 1997. Nuevo genero y especie de Megalonychidae del Cuaternario Cubano. Revista Biologia 11:105–112.
Cooke, S. B.; Dávalos, L. M.; Mychajliw, A. M.; Turvey, S. T.; Upham, N. S. (2017). "Anthropogenic Extinction Dominates Holocene Declines of West Indian Mammals". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 48 (1): 301–327. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022754.
Gardner, A.L. 2005. Order Pilosa. Pp. 100–103 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
Jones, J.K., Jr., and Lawlor, T.E. 1965. Mammals from Isla Cozumel, México, with description of a new species of harvest mouse. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History 16:409–419.
Koopman, K. F. (1959). "The Zoogeographical Limits of the West Indies". Journal of Mammalogy. 40 (2): 236–240. doi:10.2307/1376440. JSTOR 1376440.
MacPhee, R.D.E., Singer, R. and Diamond, M. 2000. Late Cenozoic land mammals from Grenada, Lesser Antillean island-arc. American Museum Novitates 3302:1–20.
Rega, E., McFarlane, D.A., Lundberg, J. and Christenson, K. 2002. A new megalonychid sloth from the Late Wisconsinan of the Dominican Republic. Caribbean Journal of Science 38(1–2):11–19.
Steadman, D.W.; Martin, P.S.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Jull, A.J.T.; McDonald, H.G.; Woods, C.A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G.W.L. (2005). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0502777102 . PMC 1187974 . PMID 16085711.
White, Jennifer (1993). "Indicators of locomotor habits in xenarthrans: Evidence for locomotor heterogeneity among fossil sloths". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 13 (2): 230–242. doi:10.1080/02724634.1993.10011502. JSTOR 4523502.
White, J.L.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (2001). "The sloths of the West Indies: a systematic and phylogenetic review". In Woods, C.A.; Sergile, F.E. (eds.). Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives. Boca Raton, London, New York, and Washington, D.C.: CRC Press. pp. 201–235. doi:10.1201/9781420039481-14. ISBN 978-0-8493-2001-9.

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[1] White and MacPhee, 2001

[Presslee2019-2] 1 2 3 4 Presslee, S.; Slater, G. J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; Mackie, M.; Olsen, J. V.; Kramarz, A.; Taglioretti, M.; Scaglia, F.; Lezcano, M.; Lanata, J. L.; Southon, J.; Feranec, R.; Bloch, J.; Hajduk, A.; Martin, F. M.; Gismondi, R. S.; Reguero, M.; de Muizon, C.; Greenwood, A.; Chait, B. T.; Penkman, K.; Collins, M.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (2019). "Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (7): 1121–1130. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z. PMID 31171860. S2CID 174813630.

[Delsuc2019-3] 1 2 Delsuc, F.; Kuch, M.; Gibb, G. C.; Karpinski, E.; Hackenberger, D.; Szpak, P.; Martínez, J. G.; Mead, J. I.; McDonald, H. G.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Poinar, H. N. (2019). "Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths". Current Biology. 29 (12): 2031–2042.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.043 . hdl: 11336/136908 . PMID 31178321.

[4] Steadman et al., 2005

[5] Cooke et al., 2017

[6] White, 1993

[7] Steadman et al., 2005, p. 11767

[8] White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 201

[9] White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 227

[10] Gardner, 2005

[11] Jones and Lawlor, 1965, p. 414

[12] Gardner, 2005; White and MacPhee, 2001, table 2

[PaulocnusPB-13] "Paulocnus in the Paleobiology Database". Fossilworks . Retrieved 17 December 2021.

[MesocnusPB-14] "Mesocnus in the Paleobiology Database". Fossilworks . Retrieved 17 December 2021.

[15] White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 214–215

[16] Arredondo and Rivero, 1997

[17] White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 224–225

[18] White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 217–218

[19] White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 221–222

[Sea65-20] 1 2 Steadman et al., 2005, p. 11765

[21] White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 218

[22] Arredondo and Arredondo, 2000

[23] White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 223–224

[24] Rega et al., 2001

[25] White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 215

[MW222-26] 1 2 White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 222

[27] White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 218–219

[Sea66-28] 1 2 3 Steadman et al., 2005, p. 11766

[29] White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 219

[30] White and MacPhee, pp. 219–220

[MW223-31] 1 2 3 White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 223

[32] White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 213–214

[MW225-33] White and MacPhee, 2001, p. 225

[34] MacPhee et al., 2000

[35] Gardner, 2005, p. 102

[36] Gardner, 2005, p. 103

[37] White and MacPhee, 2001, pp. 216–217

[AH01-38] 1 2 Anderson and Handley, 2001

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