Yoruba Wars

The Yoruba Wars, also known as the Yoruba Civil Wars, were a series of conflicts that engulfed the Yoruba-speaking areas of West Africa from approximately 1789 to 1893. These wars were characterized by intense and prolonged struggles among various Yoruba city-states and kingdoms, leading to significant political, social, and economic changes in the region. ^[1]

History

The Oyo Empire at its height

Earlier in the 18th century, in 1747, after Dahomey was added to the empire, ^[2] Basorun Gaha of the House of Yau Yamba, the head of the Oyo Mesi, the most senior line of Yoruba chiefs, led a popular revolt against a despotic Alaafin, Labisi, who was viewed by the Oyo Mesi as being manipulated by his provincial chiefs. The provincial chiefs, led by Ilorin's Baale Pasin of the House of Laderin, paused the remission of taxes to Oyo-Ile as a result. Gaha responded by sending a strong force to Ilorin, Pasin fled to Ola, a dependency of Ilorin, where he was hunted down and killed by forces loyal to Gaha. Although Basorun Gaha was defeated in 1774 by a coalition of Oyo-Ile chiefs, provincial chiefs and Abiodun (at the time an Oyo prince), this event highlighted provincial dissatisfaction in the way Oyo administered its territories. ^[3]

Entrance to the Afin or Palace of the Alaafin of Oyo

Alaafin Abiodun ruled the empire in an uneasy peace from 1774 until his death in 1789. According to oral tradition, this period saw further expansion and decentralization of authority. It was also during Abiodun's reign that the law prohibiting the bearers of the Abaja tribal mark, from being enslaved, was enacted. ^[4] This law severely affected the livelihood of the provincial chiefs and some members of the Oyo imperial family. It also led to the sourcing of Muslim slaves from Northern Hausa, Bariba and Nupe towns; some of these slaves were then exported to Europe and the Americas via the Port of Ajase. ^[5] Islam arrived in Yorubaland in the 14th century during the reign of Musa I of Mali, however, conversions were not widespread until 1655, when the first Mosque was built in Iwo, followed by Iseyin in 1760, Lagos in 1774, Saki in 1790 and Osogbo in 1889.^{[ citation needed ]} In 1817, Afonja took advantage of a Muslim revolt in Oyo-Ile by calling all Muslim interests in the empire in an effort to enhance his support. This move backfired as he was murdered in a palace coup by his warrior band, then known as the Jamaa. ^[6] The weakened Oyo empire leading to the rapid rise of the Ibadan city-state as an empire prompted the culmination of the decades of warring into the Kiriji War.

Following the death of Afonja, the Yorubas united to expel the Muslims from Ilorin. But at the decisive Battle of Ogele in 1825, the Fula cavalry of the Ilorin Emirate, supported by the Sokoto Caliphate, routed the Oyo-Nupe coalition led by Baale Toyeje of Ogbomosho . ^{[7] [6]} The victorious Fulas sacked many towns as they pursued the survivors, forcing thousands of refugees to flee south. ^[7] This defeat severely weakened Oyo's prestige and pushed provincial governors to prioritize their own interests over the empire. ^[8]

The Mugbamugba War was the second attempt of the Yorubas to expel the Muslims and recover Ilorin, following the death of Shehu Alimi and the assumption of power by his son Abdulsalami as Emir. ^[7] Another coalition was formed with the Nupe ruler, Majiya II, but the devastation of previous wars meant there were no farms or food, so the conflict became known as the Mugbamugba War, after the locust beans that the soldiers subsisted on. ^{[7] [6]} With poor coordination between the Obas, the allies struggled to contend with the Fulas' expertise in cavalry warfare, and were subjected to long sieges within walled towns, eroding morale. ^{[9] [7]} After a decisive defeat where the Fula cavalry encircled and destroyed the allies' army, Majiya retreated to Nupeland and the victorious Ilorin forces swept through the areas of Offa, Erin, Igbona, among others. ^{[7] [6]}

All of these quarrels weakened central authority and gave rise to regional autonomy. They vastly affected the sociopolitical landscape of the Yoruba country and expanded the scope of the slave trade in the 19th century. Some of the victims of these wars became Christian converts in Sierra Leone. The most notable effect was the creation of new states; Ibadan, Abeokuta and Ijaye. ^[10] It also saw the rise and fall of some of the most influential figures in Yoruba history; Kurunmi in Ijaye, Basorun Oluyole, Aare Latoosa, Efunsetan Aniwura and Balogun Ogunmola in Ibadan, Biodun Fabunmi in Ekiti, Ogedengbe of Ilesa, Efunroye Tinubu, Kosoko in Lagos, Arilekolasi in Ondo and many more. It also severely weakened Oyo suzerainty over the area, eventually paving the way for British annexation in the late 1800s under the guise of ending the slave trade.

References

1. Peel, John David Yeadon (2000). Religious Encounter and The Making of the Yoruba. Indiana: Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis. pp. 27–33. ISBN   0-253-21588-9.
2. "Robert Norris, d. 1791. Memoirs of the Reign of Bossa Ahadee, King of Dahomy, an Inland Country of Guiney. To Which Are Added, the Author's Journey to Abomey, the Capital; and a Short Account of the African Slave Trade". docsouth.unc.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
3. THOMAS, Guy (2003). "J. D. Y. PEEL, Religious Encounter and the Making of Yoruba, Bloomington & Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 2000, 420p., ISBN 0-253-33794-1". Le Fait Missionnaire. 13 (1): 153–157. doi:10.1163/221185203x00097. ISSN   1420-2018.
4. "Nago and Mina: The Yoruba diaspora in Brazil". Scribd. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
5. Alonso, Miguel C. (2014), "The Dispersal of the Yoruba People", The Development of Yoruba Candomble Communities in Salvador, Bahia, 1835–1986, Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 33–48, doi:10.1057/9781137486431_3, ISBN   978-1-349-50365-0
6. Johnson, Samuel (1921). Johnson, Obadiah (ed.). The history of the Yorubas: from the earliest times to the beginning of the British Protectorate. Lagos: C. M. S. (Nigeria) Bookshops – via Internet Archive. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
7. Akintoye, S. Adebanji (2014). A History of the Yoruba People. Dakar: Amalion Publishing.
8. Ogundiran, Akinwumi (2020). The Yoruba: A New History. Indiana University Press. p. 380. ISBN   9780253051509.
9. Law, R. C. C. (1970). "The Chronology of the Yoruba Wars of the Early Nineteenth Century: A Reconsideration". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 5 (2): 211–222. ISSN   0018-2540. JSTOR   41856842.
10. Jones, D. H. (November 1965). "The Yoruba and their Wars - Yoruba Warfare in the Nineteenth Century. By J. F. Ade Ajayi and Robert Smith. Cambridge University Press in association with the Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, 1964. Pp. x, 160; 6 maps. 30s". The Journal of African History. 6 (3): 430–432. doi:10.1017/S002185370000596X. ISSN   0021-8537.