Yuki people

Last updated
Yuki people
YukiTribe.jpg
Yuki men at the Nome Cult Farm, ca. 1858
Total population
569 alone and in combination [1] (2010)
Regions with significant populations
Flag of the United States.svg  United States (Flag of California.svg  California)
Languages
English, formerly Yuki
Related ethnic groups
Wappo people

The Yuki (also known as Yukiah) are an indigenous people of California who were traditionally divided into three groups: Ukomno'om ("Valley People", or Yuki proper), [2] Huchnom ("Outside the Valley"), [3] and Ukohtontilka or Ukosontilka ("Ocean People", or Coast Yuki). [4] The territory of these three groups included Round Valley and much of northern Mendocino County and Lake County. Today they are enrolled members of the Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation. The exonym "Yuki" may derive from the Wintu word meaning "foreigner" or "enemy." [5]

Contents

Yuki tribes are thought to have settled as far south as Hood Mountain in present-day Sonoma County.

History

In 1856, the US government established the Indian reservation of Nome Cult Farm (later to become Round Valley Indian Reservation) at Round Valley. [6] It forced thousands of Yuki and other local tribes onto these lands, often without sufficient support for the transition. These events and tensions led to the Mendocino War (1859), where militias of white settlers killed hundreds of Yuki and took others by force to Nome Cult Farm. [7]

Language

Distribution of Yuki-Wappo languages Yuki-Wappo langs.png
Distribution of Yuki-Wappo languages

The Yuki language has been extinct since its last speaker, Arthur Anderson, died in 1983. [8] It is distantly related to the Wappo language, [9] forming the Yukian family with it. The Yuki people had a quaternary (4-based) counting system, based on counting the spaces between the fingers, rather than the fingers themselves. [10]

Population

Scholarly estimates have varied substantially for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California, as historians and anthropologists have tried to evaluate early documentation. Alfred L. Kroeber estimated the 1770 population of the Yuki proper, Huchnom, and Coast Yuki as 2,000, 500, and 500, respectively, or 3,000 in all. [11] Sherburne F. Cook initially raised this total slightly to 3,500. [12] Subsequently, he proposed a higher estimate of 9,730 Yuki. [13]

Yuki massacre in Round Valley, California. "Protecting The Settlers" Illustration by JR Browne for his work "The Indians Of California" 1864.jpg
Yuki massacre in Round Valley, California.

According to the research of Benjamin Madley, "the Yuki suffered a cataclysmic population decline under United States rule. Between 1854 and 1864, settlement policies, murders, abductions, massacres, rape-induced venereal diseases, and willful neglect at Round Valley Reservation reduced them from perhaps 20,000 to several hundred." [7] In his work, Madley argues that Yuki history constitutes a clear-cut example of genocide. He cites the fact that there is no evidence of any epidemic that would have caused such drastic population decline among the Yuki between 1854 and 1864, other than venereal diseases originating from European settlers. [7] His research thus challenges the idea that the indirect effects of European colonization were the leading cause of population decline and mass death for Native Americans.

E.N. Anderson a professor of Anthropology at the University of California at Riverside writes that the extermination of the Yuki, a helpless colonized people, was a genocidal massacre. [14]

Intermarriage among neighboring tribes after their forced relocation to the Round Valley Reservation resulted in large numbers of Native Americans with mixed ancestry. [15] Many of these people are descendants of many local tribes and have come to be called Round Valley Indian Tribes.

In the 2010 census, 569 people claimed Yuki ancestry. 255 of them were full-blooded.

Ethnobotany

Yuki people use the large roots of Carex plants to make baskets. [16]

See also

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The Asbill massacre refers to the murder of 40 Yuki people in Round Valley in 1854 by a band of six White explorers from Missouri.

The Round Valley Settler Massacres of 1856–1859 were a series of massacres committed by early white settlers of California with cooperation and funding from the government of California and the support of prominent Californians against the Yuki people of Round Valley, Mendocino County, California. More than 1,000 Yuki are estimated to have been killed; many others were enslaved and only 300 survived. The intent of the massacres was to exterminate the Yuki and gain control of the land they inhabited. U.S. Army soldiers deployed to the valley stopped most of the killings and in 1862 the California legislature revoked a law which permitted the kidnapping and enslavement of Native Americans in the state.

References

  1. "2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010" (PDF). www.census.gov.
  2. Foster, George M. (1944-12-30). "A Summary of Yuki Culture" (PDF). Anthropological Records. 5 (3): 149–243.
  3. Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1925). Handbook of the Indians of California. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
  4. Gifford, E. W. (1939). "The Coast Yuki". Anthropos. 34 (1): 292–275.
  5. "Yuki Indian Family History". 2007-02-10. Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  6. Rigler Creative Staff (2018-08-10). "When Native Americans Were Forcibly Removed From a Mendocino Indian Reservation". KCET . Retrieved 2020-01-19.
  7. 1 2 3 Madley, Benjamin (2008). "California's Yuki Indians: Defining Genocide in Native American History". Western Historical Quarterly. 39.
  8. Balodis, Uldis (2016). Yuki Grammar: With Sketches of Huchnom and Coast Yuki (Illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 23. ISBN   9780520292192.
  9. "Yuki." Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  10. Harrison, p.173
  11. Kroeber, p.883
  12. Cook, 1976 p.172
  13. Cook, 1956 pp. 106, 108
  14. Anderson, E.N. (2020). Complying with Genocide: The Wolf You Feed (1st ed.). Lexington Books. pp. 12–13. ISBN   978-1-7936-3459-7.
  15. "Round Valley Indian Reservation History". 2007-03-10. Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  16. Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93

Sources