张锦秋 | |
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Born | October 1936 Chengdu, Sichuan |
Nationality | Chinese |
Education | Tsinghua University |
Occupation(s) | Architect and Professor |
Zhang Jinqiu (simplified Chinese :张锦秋; traditional Chinese :張錦秋; pinyin :Zhāng Jǐnqiū) is a Chinese architect and professor at Tsinghua University. [1] She was titled “Construction Master’ (1991) and “Academician of China” (1994) by the Chinese government. [2] She has been appointed as the Chief Architect for China’s Capital Construction Design Group since 1987 and remained in this position until the present day. [3] Zhang was also amongst the first round of winners of the Xi'an Science and Technology Award for Outstanding Contributions in 2005. By 2011, she was elected as a member of the prestigious Chinese Academy of Engineering.
Zhang was born in Chengdu, Sichuan province into a family that values education. Her aunt, Zhang Yuquan, is one of the first generation of women architects in China. She was raised by her parents "to have ambitions, to stand on my own two feet in society and not to rely on others." [4] She was one year old when the Second Sino-Japanese War started and China was invaded by the Japanese. Her family was evacuated to a remote countryside known as Xipu. [3]
Zhang graduated from Tsinghua University with a bachelor’s degree in Architecture (1960) and a master’s degree in Architectural History and Theory (1964). [3] She developed her interests in traditional and modern architecture studying under one of the pioneers of modern Chinese architecture, Liang Sicheng. [2] Her search for a modern Chinese architectural language was not smooth sailing - western and traditional Chinese architecture were rejected in the mid 1960s in favor of the Communist party's ideals. As academics, Zhang’s family was assigned to Xi’an in 1966, at the start of the Cultural Revolution. [3] Upon graduation, she was also assigned to work in Architectural Designing and Theoretical Pursuits at China’s Architectural Designing Bureau of North-western Region in Xi’an. She eventually rose to the position of Director, and she also earned the title of Chief Architect at China’s Capital Construction Design Group in 1987. The Chinese government declared Zhang a Mastery Connoisseur in Architectural Designing. [1]
For more than half a century, Zhang made her home in Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province. Her works focus on the unity and harmonious relationship between science and aesthetics, as well as between vernacular and modern. In the 1970s, she undertook the restoration of building structures and gardens of the Tang dynasty. Her ideas on utilising technological and scientific advancements were realised in her conservation and heritage projects, most notably the Shaanxi History Museum. The project is described as a modern architectural project by which traditional architectural elements are used as ingredients of innovation. [5] Beyond revitalising the ancient city and its history, Zhang’s designs present architecture features of the past in the modern context. This approach, often referred as the “Neo-Tang Style”, [6] gained popularity through her works. "The Tang style that I practice is indeed a way of exploring diversified creations. I like different architectural designs as long as they suit the time, place, and theme at that time." [7]
Zhang designed a number of contemporary landmark buildings in Xi'an, including the Shaanxi History Museum, Tang Lotus Garden and Famen Temple. She also participated in the design of the Beijing Revolutionary History Museum and Chairman Mao Memorial Hall. Ms. Zhang and two Chinese female architects who have won the honorary title of "Architectural Master". [8]
Zhang also insists on leaving historical traces and cultural charm in architectural design, and treats historical and cultural heritage with heart and affection. "Modern and uncoordinated buildings cannot be built in old cities and protected areas, and in development areas not all buildings should be built in the Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang styles." Zhang Jinqiu gave an example, "Today's high-tech zones and economic development zones can be built according to the functions of the new zones. To develop and construct, build high-rise buildings and modern glass curtain walls, but there must be restrictions next to the Big Wild Goose Pagoda and within the city walls." [9]
The Huaqing Palace
Xi’an’s Bell Tower and Drum Tower
The Tang Lotus Garden
Main Hall of the Huandi Mausoleum
Yan’an Revolutionary Memorial Hall
Beijing Revolution History Museum
1994 awarded title of Academician of China. [1]
2001 Liang Sicheng Architecture Award. [1]
2005 Xian Science and Technology for Outstanding Contributions. [1]
2010 Science and Technology Achievement Award. [1]
Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi Province. A subprovincial city on the Guanzhong Plain, the city is the third most populous city in Western China, after Chongqing and Chengdu, as well as the most populous city in Northwest China. Its total population was 12,952,907 as of the 2020 census. The total urban population was 9.28 million.
Shaanxi History Museum, which is located to the northwest of the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda in the ancient city Xi'an, in the Shaanxi province of China, is one of the first huge state museums with modern facilities in China and one of the largest. The museum houses over 370,000 items, including murals, paintings, pottery, coins, as well as bronze, gold, and silver objects. The modern museum was built between 1983 and 2001 and its appearance recalls the architectural style of the Tang dynasty.
Liang Sicheng was a Chinese architect and architectural historian, known as the father of modern Chinese architecture. His father, Liang Qichao, was one of the most prominent Chinese scholars of the early 20th century. His wife was the architect and poet Lin Huiyin. His younger brother, Liang Siyong, was one of China's first archaeologists.
Lin Huiyin was a Chinese architect, writer, and poet. She is known to be the first female architect in modern China and her husband is the famed "Father of Modern Chinese Architecture" Liang Sicheng, both of whom worked as founders and faculty in the newly formed Architecture Department of Northeastern University in 1928 and, after 1949, as professors in Tsinghua University in Beijing. Liang and Lin began restoration work on cultural heritage sites of China in the post-imperial Republican Era of China, a passion which she would pursue to the end of her life. The American artist Maya Lin is her niece.
Famen Temple is a Buddhist temple located in Famen town, Fufeng County, 120 kilometers west of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is widely regarded as the "ancestor of pagoda temples in Guanzhong".
Charles Phu, is a London-based architectural designer and opera set designer. Countries and regions in which his design works are located include Europe, Russia, USA, China, India, Taiwan, and the Middle East. Phu is the founder and design director of the London-based design practice Office for Architectural Culture. He designed the CCK Presidential Memorial Library and Museum in Taipei, and the chief architectural designer of 'Okhta Centre', now known as Lakhta Centre, in Saint Petersburg.
Xi'an China International Horticultural Exposition 2011 is a horticultural exhibition recognised by the International Association of Horticultural Producers in Xi'an, China to be held between 28 April and 22 October 2011. During the 178-day exhibition, the tourists were anticipated to top 12,000,000. And there are 109 outdoor exhibition houses altogether. Kerry Berry Brogan served as the International Green Ambassador.
Princess Yongtai, born Li Xianhui ; 685 – October 9, 701), courtesy name Nonghui (穠輝), was a princess of the Tang dynasty.
Yang Tingbao was a Chinese architect and architectural educator known as one of "the Four Modern Masters in Architecture" in mainland China, along with Liang Sicheng, Tung Chuin, and Liu Dunzhen.
Qinglong Temple, also known as Shifo Temple, is a Buddhist temple located in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. In the mid-Tang dynasty (618–907), Huiguo taught Vajrayana at the temple, his Japanese disciple Kūkai introduced it to Japan, since then, Qinglong Temple became the cradle of Vajrayana of both Chinese and Japanese Buddhism. Qinglong Temple was completely damaged in 1086 during the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) and gradually it became unknown to public, the nascent version was completed in the 1980s with Tang dynasty architectural style.
Daci'en Temple is a Buddhist temple located in Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi. The temple is the cradle of East Asian Yogācāra in China. It is notable for the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda. The pagoda was originally built by the monk Xuanzang, whose pilgrimage to India inspired the novel Journey to the West. Alongside Daxingshan Temple and Jianfu Temple, it was one of the three sutras translation sites (三大译经场) in the Tang dynasty.
Xiangji Temple is a Buddhist temple located in Chang'an District of Xi'an, Shaanxi. The temple is regarded as the cradle of Pure Land Buddhism.
Jingye Temple is a Buddhist temple located on the north slope of Zhongnan Mountains, in Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is the cradle of Risshū.
Yanfu Temple or Yanfu Chan Temple is a Buddhist temple located in Wuyi County, Zhejiang, China. The Mahavira Hall is the earliest Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) architecture and one of the three Yuan dynasty wooden architecture in Jiangnan.
Liu Xianjue was a Chinese architectural historian and educator. He studied under all "Four Modern Masters in Architecture" of China and taught at Southeast University for more than 50 years. He advocated for the protection of architectural heritage in Nanjing and advised the government of Macau in its successful application for World Heritage status for the Historic Centre of Macau.
Tsinghua University Library System consist of the Main Library and six branch libraries: Humanities & Social Sciences Library, Economics & Management Library, Law Library, Architecture Library, Fine Arts Library, and Finance Library. The Main Library, with a total construction area of 42,820 square meters, consists of the Old Library, West Library and North Library. The West and North Libraries are integrated harmoniously in style with the Old Library.
Xi'an Museum is a museum on Youyi West Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. Xi'an Museum had its official opening on 18 May 2007, "National Museum Day", with a total investment of 220 million RMB and a total area of 160,000 square meters. The complex includes three parts: the museum proper, the Tang-era Small Wild Goose Pagoda and Jianfu Temple historic area, and the museum gardens.
Guan Zhaoye was a Chinese architect who was a professor at Tsinghua University, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.