List of countries by renewable electricity production

Last updated April 28, 2024

This is a list of countries and dependencies by electricity generation from renewable sources each year.

List

Data are from IRENA unless otherwise specified, and are for the year 2021.^[1]

Country / dependency	% ren.	Ren. gen. (GWh)	% hydro	% wind	% solar	% bio.	% geo.
Ethiopia	100%	15,817	94.5%	5.2%	0.2%	0.1%	0%
Bhutan	100%	10,823	100%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Albania	100%	8,963	99.5%	0%	0.5%	0%	0%
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	100%	0.8	98.7%	1.3%	0%	0%	0%
Nepal	100%	8,107	98.7%	0%	1.2%	0.1%	0%
Paraguay	100%	40,848	99.3%	0%	0%	0.7%	0%
Iceland	100%	19,617	70.4%	0.03%	0.03%	0%	29.6%
Costa Rica	100%	12,656	73.4%	12.4%	0.8%	0.7%	12.7%
Lesotho	99.8%	532	99.6%	0%	0.1%	0%	0%
Eswatini	99.8%	460	56.1%	0%	0.3%	43.4%	0%
Norway	99.1%	156,507	91.4%	7.5%	0.1%	0.02%	0%
DR Congo	99.0%	11,921	98.8%	0%	0.2%	0.1%	0%
Uganda	97.8%	4,749	88.2%	0%	2.9%	6.8%	0%
Central African Republic	96.5%	142	96.2%	0%	0.3%	0%	0%
Andorra	93.3%	97	75.9%	0%	1.2%	0%	0%
Belize	92.9%	437	33.4%	0.01%	2.1%	57.4%	0%
Tajikistan	92.8%	19,348	92.8%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Zambia	92.0%	16,310	90.7%	0%	0.9%	0.4%	0%
Tokelau	91.7%	1.2	0%	0%	91.7%	0%	0%
Namibia	90.7%	1,333	59.5%	1.5%	29.7%	0.01%	0%
Luxembourg	89.0%	1,968	49.1%	14.2%	8.1%	15.7%	0%
Guinea	88.1%	2,667	87.4%	0%	0.7%	0%	0%
Kenya	88.1%	9,663	34.5%	0.8%	3.9%	1.8%	47.3%
El Salvador	86.0%	6,063	25.9%	1.9%	23.3%	12.8%	22.1%
Kyrgyzstan	85.6%	12,957	85.6%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Uruguay	84.5%	13,492	33.0%	31.3%	3.0%	17.2%	0%
Mozambique	84.5%	15,603	83.8%	0%	0.4%	0.3%	0%
Venezuela	84.2%	62,614	84.1%	0.1%	0.01%	0%	0%
Panama	81.7%	9,597	69.4%	4.5%	5.6%	2.2%	0%
New Zealand	81.4%	36,329	54.3%	5.9%	0.5%	1.8%	18.9%
Georgia	81.2%	10,289	80.4%	0.7%	0.2%	0%	0%
Ecuador	81.0%	26,077	79.4%	0.2%	0.1%	1.3%	0%
Malawi	80.1%	1,869	72.5%	0%	5.5%	2.1%	0%
Austria	79.9%	56,542	60.1%	9.5%	3.9%	5.8%	0%
Cameroon	79.3%	5,110	79.0%	0%	0.3%	0%	0%
Denmark	79.0%	26,096	0.05%	48.6%	4.0%	23.4%	0%
Afghanistan	78.2%	927	71.7%	0.01%	6.6%	0%	0%
Brazil	77.4%	507,667	55.3%	11.0%	2.6%	8.5%	0%
Greenland	77.0%	447	74.5%	0.01%	0.1%	0%	0%
Colombia	75.4%	63,145	72.5%	0.1%	0.6%	2.2%	0%
Sierra Leone	75.3%	244	70.5%	0%	1.9%	2.9%	0%
Angola	73.7%	14,004	72.6%	0%	0.01%	1.1%	0%
Guatemala	73.3%	9,393	46.5%	2.5%	1.9%	20.3%	2.1%
Zimbabwe	71.3%	6,217	68.9%	0%	0.7%	1.6%	0%
Croatia	69.9%	10,629	47.5%	13.6%	1.0%	7.2%	0.6%
Laos	69.3%	28,427	69.1%	0%	0.1%	0.1%	0%
Nicaragua	69.3%	2,928	14.2%	15.5%	0.6%	21.6%	17.4%
French Guiana	69.1%	688	58.8%	0%	5.7%	4.6%	0%
Switzerland	68.1%	44,949	60.4%	0.2%	4.3%	1.5%	0%
Canada	67.5%	433,791	59.5%	5.4%	0.9%	1.5%	0%
Sweden	67.4%	115,778	43.0%	15.9%	0.9%	6.6%	0%
Lithuania	65.6%	3,332	21.5%	26.8%	3.8%	10.7%	0%
Portugal	64.9%	33,089	26.4%	25.9%	4.4%	7.2%	0.4%
Latvia	63.6%	3,718	46.3%	2.4%	0.1%	14.7%	0%
North Korea	63.2%	16,168	63.0%	0%	0.3%	0%	0%
Honduras	62.8%	7,186	33.0%	6.8%	9.5%	10.5%	3.0%
Mali	62.3%	1,875	56.6%	0%	3.1%	2.6%	0%
Montenegro	61.8%	2,333	53.2%	8.5%	0.1%	0%	0%
Peru	61.7%	35,203	55.9%	3.2%	1.5%	1.0%	0%
Burundi	61.3%	278	59.6%	0%	0.5%	1.2%	0%
Sudan	60.8%	10,195	60.0%	0%	0.2%	0.6%	0%
Fiji	60.1%	657	50.1%	0.03%	1.1%	8.8%	0%
Cambodia	58.9%	5,757	51.6%	0%	6.5%	0.8%	0%
Rwanda	58.2%	595	54.5%	0%	3.5%	0.2%	0%
Liberia	57.4%	132	55.7%	0%	1.6%	0.1%	0%
Gabon	54.0%	984	53.9%	0%	0.04%	0.1%	0%
Suriname	53.9%	866	52.7%	0%	0.8%	0.4%	0%
Finland	52.9%	38,174	21.9%	11.8%	0.4%	18.0%	0%
Sri Lanka	51.2%	8,580	43.0%	3.8%	3.3%	1.0%	0%
Samoa	49.1%	80	28.8%	0.1%	14.1%	6.1%	0%
Chile	48.9%	42,321	20.9%	8.8%	12.3%	6.5%	0.4%
Spain	47.0%	128,968	12.0%	22.6%	9.9%	2.2%	0%
Myanmar	46.4%	12,234	45.1%	0%	0.3%	1.0%	0%
Romania	44.9%	26,677	29.8%	11.1%	2.9%	1.1%	0%
Madagascar	42.8%	857	40.0%	0.02%	2.8%	0.03%	0%
Vietnam	42.8%	104,331	31.1%	1.0%	10.5%	0.1%	0%
Tanzania	42.8%	3,407	40.4%	0.1%	0.3%	2.0%	0%
Italy	41.0%	118,442	16.4%	7.2%	8.7%	5.8%	2.0%
Congo	40.7%	1,078	39.5%	0%	0.03%	1.2%	0%
Greece	40.6%	22,195	10.9%	19.2%	9.6%	0.9%	0%
United Kingdom	40.4%	124,072	2.4%	21.0%	3.9%	11.5%	0%
Germany	40.1%	236,115	4.2%	19.5%	8.4%	7.0%	0.04%
Papua New Guinea	40.0%	1,145	35.3%	0%	0.2%	1.1%	3.4%
Estonia	40.0%	2,879	0.3%	10.2%	4.9%	23.7%	0%
Bosnia and Herzegovina	39.3%	7,292	36.7%	2.1%	0.4%	0.2%	0%
Bolivia	38.3%	4,162	29.8%	1.1%	3.2%	4.2%	0%
Faroe Islands	38.1%	161	23.7%	12.8%	0.04%	1.6%	0%
Ireland	37.3%	11,900	3.2%	30.7%	0.3%	2.0%	0%
Slovenia	36.1%	5,733	31.5%	0.04%	2.9%	1.7%	0%
Turkey	35.4%	118,555	16.7%	9.4%	4.2%	1.8%	3.2%
Djibouti	35.4%	70	0%	35.1%	0.3%	0%	0%
Serbia	34.9%	13,375	31.3%	2.8%	0.2%	0.6%	0%
Ghana	34.8%	7,690	34.0%	0%	0.7%	0.1%	0%
Guadeloupe	33.8%	563	0.7%	6.4%	6.8%	14.9%	5.0%
Netherlands	33.1%	40,472	0.1%	14.7%	9.4%	7.1%	0%
North Macedonia	30.7%	1,713	26.0%	1.9%	1.9%	1.0%	0%
Armenia	30.5%	2,367	28.4%	0.02%	2.1%	0%	0%
Pakistan	29.8%	45,183	24.7%	2.3%	0.8%	2.0%	0%
China	28.6%	2,444,538	15.7%	7.7%	3.8%	0.9%	0%
Réunion	28.2%	872	11.6%	0.1%	8.7%	7.8%	0%
World	28.1%	7,983,492	15.5%	6.5%	3.6%	1.9%	0.3%
Burkina Faso	27.4%	234	15.8%	0%	11.4%	0.2%	0%
Argentina	27.2%	39,116	14.0%	9.0%	1.5%	2.7%	0%
Australia	26.7%	70,799	5.7%	9.2%	10.4%	1.3%	0%
Martinique	26.0%	393	0%	3.2%	6.0%	16.4%	0%
Nigeria	25.3%	9,318	24.9%	0%	0.3%	0.2%	0%
Vanuatu	25.2%	20	10.7%	5.2%	9.2%	0%	0%
Palestine	24.5%	224	0%	0%	24.4%	0.03%	0%
Jordan	24.2%	5,325	0.1%	7.2%	16.9%	0.02%	0%
Caribbean Netherlands	24.1%	38	0%	18.4%	5.7%	0%	0%
Falkland Islands	23.9%	4	0%	23.2%	0.7%	0%	0%
French Polynesia	23.7%	148	23.1%	0.01%	0.6%	0%	0%
Slovakia	23.6%	7,072	15.2%	0.02%	2.2%	6.0%	0%
Belgium	23.5%	23,656	1.3%	11.9%	5.6%	3.7%	0%
France	22.8%	126,708	11.5%	6.6%	2.8%	1.3%	0.02%
New Caledonia	22.5%	654	14.6%	1.4%	6.4%	0.02%	0%
Bulgaria	22.2%	10,556	10.7%	3.0%	3.1%	5.4%	0%
Philippines	22.0%	24,023	8.5%	1.2%	1.4%	1.2%	9.8%
Mauritius	21.6%	649	3.6%	0.5%	5.2%	12.3%	0%
Cook Islands	21.1%	7	0%	0%	21.1%	0%	0%
Japan	21.1%	221,529	8.5%	0.9%	8.2%	3.1%	0.3%
Mexico	21.1%	81,902	8.9%	5.4%	5.2%	0.4%	1.1%
Senegal	20.8%	848	0%	9.8%	9.3%	1.6%	0%
Togo	20.7%	158	11.2%	0%	9.5%	0%	0%
Russia	20.4%	222,080	19.9%	0.3%	0.1%	0.04%	0.04%
Dominica	20.3%	21	19.5%	0.6%	0.2%	0%	0%
United States	20.3%	886,892	6.3%	8.8%	3.5%	1.2%	0.4%
Morocco	19.9%	8,222	2.9%	12.4%	4.5%	0.1%	0%
Curaçao	19.5%	155	0%	17.7%	1.8%	0%	0%
Mauritania	19.4%	271	0%	9.4%	10.0%	0%	0%
India	19.2%	313,073	9.9%	3.8%	4.0%	1.3%	0%
Hungary	19.1%	6,915	0.6%	1.8%	10.5%	5.7%	0.03%
Thailand	19.0%	35,467	2.6%	1.9%	2.7%	11.2%	0%
Ivory Coast	18.7%	2,633	18.7%	0%	0.04%	0%	0%
Cabo Verde	18.3%	81	0%	16.7%	1.6%	0%	0%
Haiti	18.2%	205	17.8%	0.01%	0.4%	0%	0%
Indonesia	18.1%	55,767	8.0%	0%	0.1%	4.9%	5.2%
Malaysia	17.8%	30,597	15.9%	0%	0.3%	1.7%	0%
Poland	17.5%	31,364	1.7%	9.0%	2.2%	4.3%	0%
Dominican Republic	17.0%	3,962	6.4%	5.3%	3.8%	1.5%	0%
Yemen	16.9%	497	0%	0%	16.9%	0%	0%
Kiribati	16.4%	5	0%	0%	16.4%	0%	0%
Tuvalu	15.8%	2	0%	0%	15.8%	0%	0%
Cyprus	15.1%	775	0%	4.8%	9.1%	1.2%	0%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	15.0%	22	13.4%	0%	1.6%	0%	0%
Aruba	14.8%	157	0%	12.5%	2.3%	0%	0%
Tonga	14.2%	10	0%	3.6%	10.6%	0%	0%
Czechia	14.0%	11,922	4.3%	0.7%	2.7%	6.2%	0%
Niue	13.9%	0.5	0%	0%	13.9%	0%	0%
Jamaica	12.8%	551	3.2%	6.1%	3.1%	0.4%	0%
Ukraine	12.7%	18,971	5.0%	2.3%	4.8%	0.5%	0%
Egypt	12.3%	25,288	7.2%	2.6%	2.4%	0.1%	0%
Mayotte	12.1%	44	0%	0%	12.1%	0%	0%
Equatorial Guinea	12.0%	127	11.9%	0%	0.02%	0%	0%
Malta	11.9%	263	0%	0%	11.6%	0.3%	0%
Somalia	11.2%	43	0%	1.6%	9.6%	0%	0%
Kazakhstan	11.0%	12,656	8.0%	1.5%	1.4%	0.03%	0%
Montserrat	10.3%	2	0%	0%	10.3%	0%	0%
Mongolia	10.3%	814	1.1%	7.1%	2.1%	0%	0%
Nauru	9.8%	5	0%	0%	9.8%	0%	0%
Moldova	9.5%	433	6.8%	1.7%	0.2%	0.7%	0%
Niger	8.1%	46	0%	0%	8.1%	0%	0%
Uzbekistan	7.7%	5,050	7.7%	0%	0.1%	0%	0%
Israel	7.6%	5,631	0%	0.2%	7.2%	0.1%	0%
South Africa	7.4%	15,783	3.1%	0.1%	4.0%	0.2%	0%
Barbados	7.3%	88	0%	0%	7.3%	0%	0%
Guyana	7.1%	86	0.001%	0.03%	1.1%	6.0%	0%
Guinea-Bissau	7.1%	2	0%	0%	7.1%	0%	0%
South Korea	6.7%	41,275	1.1%	0.5%	3.8%	1.2%	0%
Solomon Islands	6.6%	7	0.9%	0%	3.0%	2.7%	0%
Taiwan	6.5%	18,802	2.3%	0.8%	2.7%	0.1%	0%
Kosovo	6.4%	439	4.3%	1.8%	0.2%	0%	0%
São Tomé and Príncipe	6.1%	6	5.9%	0%	0.2%	0%	0%
Maldives	5.8%	49	0%	0.3%	5.5%	0%	0%
Azerbaijan	5.8%	1,617	4.6%	0.3%	0.2%	0%	0%
Antigua and Barbuda	5.7%	20	0%	0%	5.7%	0%	0%
Chad	5.6%	19	0%	2.6%	0.4%	2.6%	0%
Iraq	5.3%	4,541	4.8%	0%	0.4%	0%	0%
Cuba	5.1%	926	0.7%	0.2%	1.2%	3.0%	0%
Eritrea	5.0%	22	0%	0.3%	4.7%	0%	0%
Micronesia	4.9%	4	1.4%	0%	3.5%	0%	0%
Guam	4.8%	84	0%	0.03%	4.8%	0%	0%
Palau	4.6%	4	0%	0%	4.6%	0%	0%
Puerto Rico	4.6%	898	0.2%	0.8%	3.5%	0.1%	0%
Saint Kitts and Nevis	4.5%	10	0%	2.4%	2.1%	0%	0%
Seychelles	4.5%	20	0%	1.1%	3.4%	0%	0%
Iran	4.2%	15,084	3.9%	0.2%	0.2%	0.01%	0%
United Arab Emirates	4.2%	6,262	0%	0%	4.2%	0.0%	0%
Singapore	4.1%	2,267	0%	0%	0.9%	0.8%	0%
American Samoa	3.9%	7	0%	0%	3.9%	0%	0%
Lebanon	3.5%	523	2.5%	0%	0.7%	0.2%	0%
Belarus	3.4%	1,298	1.0%	0.4%	0.5%	1.5%	0%
Syria	3.3%	847	2.9%	0%	0.2%	0.1%	0%
Cayman Islands	2.9%	22	0%	0%	2.9%	0%	0%
Tunisia	2.9%	617	0.1%	2.0%	0.8%	0%	0%
Saint Lucia	2.5%	10	0%	0%	1.9%	0.7%	0%
US Virgin Islands	2.5%	17	0%	0.04%	2.5%	0%	0%
Anguilla	2.5%	3	0%	0%	2.5%	0%	0%
Marshall Islands	2.4%	2	0%	0.02%	2.4%	0%	0%
British Virgin Islands	2.3%	4	0%	1.2%	1.1%	0%	0%
Grenada	2.0%	5	0%	0.1%	1.9%	0%	0%
Oman	1.9%	802	0%	0.3%	1.6%	0%	0%
Gambia	1.6%	6	0%	0.5%	1.1%	0%	0%
Bangladesh	1.6%	1,436	0.8%	0.01%	0.8%	0.0%	0%
Turks and Caicos Islands	1.5%	4	0%	0%	1.5%	0%	0%
Algeria	0.9%	780	0.01%	0.01%	0.9%	0%	0%
Hong Kong	0.8%	311	0.004%	0%	0.3%	0.5%	0%
Saint Martin	0.8%	1.5	0%	0%	0.8%	0%	0%
Bahamas	0.5%	8	0%	0.04%	0.4%	0%	0%
East Timor	0.4%	2	0.3%	0%	0.1%	0%	0%
South Sudan	0.3%	2	0%	0%	0.3%	0%	0%
Qatar	0.3%	143	0%	0%	0.02%	0.1%	0%
Kuwait	0.3%	214	0%	0.1%	0.2%	0%	0%
Botswana	0.2%	6	0%	0%	0.2%	0%	0%
Benin	0.2%	3	0.01%	0%	0.2%	0%	0%
Trinidad and Tobago	0.1%	6	0%	0%	0.1%	0%	0%
Saudi Arabia	0.1%	267	0%	0%	0.1%	0%	0%
Saint Barthélemy	0.1%	0.07	0%	0%	0.1%	0%	0%
Bahrain	0.04%	13	0%	0%	0.03%	0%	0%
Brunei	0.03%	1.1	0%	0%	0.03%	0%	0%
Libya	0.02%	8	0%	0%	0.02%	0%	0%
Turkmenistan	0.01%	3	0.01%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Comoros	0%	0	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	0%	0	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Sint Maarten	0%	0	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%

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Renewable energy is energy from renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human timescale. Mainstream renewable energy options include solar energy, wind power, hydropower, bioenergy and geothermal power. Renewable energy installations can be large or small. They are suited for urban as well as rural areas. Renewable energy is often deployed together with further electrification. This has several benefits: electricity can move heat or objects efficiently, and is clean at the point of consumption. Variable renewable energy sources are those that are not dispatchable due to their fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power. In contrast, controllable renewable energy sources include dammed hydroelectricity, bioenergy, or geothermal power. Using renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies is resulting in more energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emission intensity</span> Emission rate of a pollutant

An emission intensity is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP). Emission intensities are used to derive estimates of air pollutant or greenhouse gas emissions based on the amount of fuel combusted, the number of animals in animal husbandry, on industrial production levels, distances traveled or similar activity data. Emission intensities may also be used to compare the environmental impact of different fuels or activities. In some case the related terms emission factor and carbon intensity are used interchangeably. The jargon used can be different, for different fields/industrial sectors; normally the term "carbon" excludes other pollutants, such as particulate emissions. One commonly used figure is carbon intensity per kilowatt-hour (CIPK), which is used to compare emissions from different sources of electrical power.

Climate change mitigation is action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions are primarily caused by people burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Phasing out fossil fuel use can happen by conserving energy and replacing fossil fuels with clean energy sources such as wind, hydro, solar, and nuclear power. Secondary mitigation strategies include changes to land use and removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Governments have pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but actions to date are insufficient to avoid dangerous levels of climate change.

Electric energy consumption is energy consumption in the form of electrical energy. About a fifth of global energy is consumed as electricity: for residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other purposes. Quickly increasing this share by further electrification is extremely important to limit climate change, because most other energy is consumed by burning fossil fuels thus emitting greenhouse gases which trap heat.

Energy in the United States is obtained from a diverse portfolio of sources, although the majority came from fossil fuels in 2021, as 36% of the nation's energy originated from petroleum, 32% from natural gas, and 11% from coal. Electricity from nuclear power supplied 8% and renewable energy supplied 12%, which includes biomass, wind, hydro, solar and geothermal.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect. This contributes to climate change. Carbon dioxide, from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies. Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases. Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before. Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2017 were 425±20 GtC from fossil fuels and industry, and 180±60 GtC from land use change. Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy in Norway</span>

Norway is a large energy producer, and one of the world's largest exporters of oil. Most of the electricity in the country is produced by hydroelectricity. Norway is one of the leading countries in the electrification of its transport sector, with the largest fleet of electric vehicles per capita in the world.

The United States produced 5.2 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2020, the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and among the countries with the highest greenhouse gas emissions per person. In 2019 China is estimated to have emitted 27% of world GHG, followed by the United States with 11%, then India with 6.6%. In total the United States has emitted a quarter of world GHG, more than any other country. Annual emissions are over 15 tons per person and, amongst the top eight emitters, is the highest country by greenhouse gas emissions per person. However, the IEA estimates that the richest decile in the US emits over 55 tonnes of CO₂ per capita each year. Because coal-fired power stations are gradually shutting down, in the 2010s emissions from electricity generation fell to second place behind transportation which is now the largest single source. In 2020, 27% of the GHG emissions of the United States were from transportation, 25% from electricity, 24% from industry, 13% from commercial and residential buildings and 11% from agriculture. In 2021, the electric power sector was the second largest source of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 25% of the U.S. total. These greenhouse gas emissions are contributing to climate change in the United States, as well as worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy policy of China</span> Energy sources used and produced by China

China is both the world's largest energy consumer and the largest industrial country, and ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese Government since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Since the country's industrialization in the 1960s, China is currently the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and coal in China is a major cause of global warming. However, from 2010 to 2015 China reduced energy consumption per unit of GDP by 18%, and CO₂ emissions per unit of GDP by 20%. On a per-capita basis, China was only the world's 51st largest emitter of greenhouse gases in 2016. China is also the world's largest renewable energy producer, and the largest producer of hydroelectricity, solar power and wind power in the world. The energy policy of China is connected to its industrial policy, where the goals of China's industrial production dictate its energy demand managements.

Since 2013, total primary energy consumption in India has been the third highest in the world after China and United States. India is the second-top coal consumer in the year 2017 after China. India ranks third in oil consumption with 22.1 crore tons in 2017 after United States and China. India is net energy importer to meet nearly 47% of its total primary energy in 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Low-carbon electricity</span> Power produced with lower carbon dioxide emissions

Low-carbon electricity or low-carbon power is electricity produced with substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions over the entire lifecycle than power generation using fossil fuels. The energy transition to low-carbon power is one of the most important actions required to limit climate change.

Energy in Finland describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Finland. Energy policy of Finland describes the politics of Finland related to energy. Electricity sector in Finland is the main article regarding electricity in Finland.

Energy in Australia is the production in Australia of energy and electricity, for consumption or export. Energy policy of Australia describes the politics of Australia as it relates to energy.

Primary energy consumption in Spain in 2020 was mainly composed of renewable sources. The largest sources are petroleum (42.3%), natural gas (19.8%) and coal (11.6%). The remaining 26.3% is accounted for by nuclear energy (12%) and different renewable energy sources (14.3%). Domestic production of primary energy includes nuclear (44,8%), solar, wind and geothermal (22,4%), biomass and waste (21,1%), hydropower (7,2%) and fossil (4,5%).

Energy in Portugal describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Portugal. Energy policy of Portugal will describe the politics of Portugal related to energy more in detail. Electricity sector in Portugal is the main article of electricity in Portugal.

Renewables supply a quarter of energy in Turkey, including heat and electricity. Some houses have rooftop solar water heating, and hot water from underground warms many spas and greenhouses. In parts of the west hot rocks are shallow enough to generate electricity as well as heat. Wind turbines, also mainly near western cities and industry, generate a tenth of Turkey’s electricity. Hydropower, mostly from dams in the east, is the only modern renewable energy which is fully exploited. Hydropower averages about a fifth of the country's electricity, but much less in drought years. Apart from wind and hydro, other renewables; such as geothermal, solar and biogas; together generated almost a tenth of Turkey’s electricity in 2022. Türkiye has ranked 5th in Europe and 12th in the world in terms of installed capacity in renewable energy. The share of renewables in Türkiye’s installed power reached to 54% at the end of 2022.

China's greenhouse gas emissions are the largest of any country in the world both in production and consumption terms, and stem mainly from coal burning, including coal power, coal mining, and blast furnaces producing iron and steel. When measuring production-based emissions, China emitted over 14 gigatonnes (Gt) CO_2eq of greenhouse gases in 2019, 27% of the world total. When measuring in consumption-based terms, which adds emissions associated with imported goods and extracts those associated with exported goods, China accounts for 13 gigatonnes (Gt) or 25% of global emissions.

World energy supply and consumption refers to the global supply of energy resources and its consumption. The system of global energy supply consists of the energy development, refinement, and trade of energy. Energy supplies may exist in various forms such as raw resources or more processed and refined forms of energy. The raw energy resources include for example coal, unprocessed oil & gas, uranium. In comparison, the refined forms of energy include for example refined oil that becomes fuel and electricity. Energy resources may be used in various different ways, depending on the specific resource, and intended end use. Energy production and consumption play a significant role in the global economy. It is needed in industry and global transportation. The total energy supply chain, from production to final consumption, involves many activities that cause a loss of useful energy.

References

1 2 Select "Power Capacity and Generation" and then "Electricity generation". Select all for each category but only one year, and at the bottom select "Comma delimited with heading". "IRENASTAT Online Data Query Tool". IRENA. Retrieved 19 Dec 2023.
↑ "A Record $495 Billion Invested in Renewable Energy in 2022". bnef.com. 2 Feb 2023. Retrieved 19 Dec 2023.
↑ "Record Growth in Renewables Achieved Despite Energy Crisis". IRENA. 21 Mar 2023. Retrieved 19 Dec 2023.
↑ "Renewables Jobs Nearly Doubled in Past Decade, Soared to 13.7 Million in 2022". IRENA. 28 Sep 2023. Retrieved 19 Dec 2023.

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[IRENA-1] 1 2 Select "Power Capacity and Generation" and then "Electricity generation". Select all for each category but only one year, and at the bottom select "Comma delimited with heading". "IRENASTAT Online Data Query Tool". IRENA. Retrieved 19 Dec 2023.

[2] "A Record $495 Billion Invested in Renewable Energy in 2022". bnef.com. 2 Feb 2023. Retrieved 19 Dec 2023.

[3] "Record Growth in Renewables Achieved Despite Energy Crisis". IRENA. 21 Mar 2023. Retrieved 19 Dec 2023.

[4] "Renewables Jobs Nearly Doubled in Past Decade, Soared to 13.7 Million in 2022". IRENA. 28 Sep 2023. Retrieved 19 Dec 2023.

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List of countries by renewable electricity production

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