List of disasters in Canada by death toll

This list of Canadian disasters by death toll includes major disasters (excluding acts of war) that occurred on Canadian soil or involved Canadian citizens, in a definable incident, where the loss of life was 10 or more.

200 or more deaths

Fatalities	Year	Article	Type	Location	Comments
55,000+	1918-1919	1918 influenza pandemic	Pandemic	Canada	Fatalities are estimated
53,000+	2020-present	COVID-19	Pandemic	Canada	Ongoing
26,000+	1981-present	HIV/AIDS	Pandemic	Canada	Ongoing
20,000+	1847-1848	Canadian typhus	Pandemic	Canada	Fatalities are estimated
7,000	1957-1958	Asian flu	Pandemic	Canada
6,000	1890-1891	Russian flu	Pandemic	Canada
4,000	1775 [1]	Newfoundland Hurricane of 1775	Hurricane	Newfoundland
4,000	1968	Hong Kong flu	Pandemic	Canada
Unknown, likely several thousand	1700	1700 Cascadia earthquake	Earthquake	British Columbia coast	True figures unknown. Many coastal First Nations villages (such as Kiix-in) were completely wiped out. [2] [3] [4]
2,000	~1700 [5]	Tseax Cone eruption	Volcanic eruption	Northwestern British Columbia
2,000	1917	Halifax Explosion	Explosion	Halifax, Nova Scotia	Estimate; 1,950 recorded names
1,012	1914	RMS Empress of Ireland	Shipwreck	St. Lawrence River, Quebec
676	2021	2021 Western North America heat wave	Heat wave	Alberta and British Columbia	610 excess deaths in BC and 66 excess deaths in Alberta during the week [6] [7] [8]
500+	1953	Polio	Epidemic	Canada
562	1873	RMS Atlantic	Shipwreck	Mars Island, Nova Scotia
428	2009-2010	Swine flu	Pandemic	Canada	out of 3 million Canadians infected
360	1758	Duke William	Shipwreck	Atlantic Ocean near the coast of France	during the expulsion of the Acadians [9]
353	1918	SS Princess Sophia	Shipwreck	Near Juneau, Alaska	en route from Vancouver and Victoria to northern BC and Alaska
340	1805	Aeneas	Shipwreck	Isle aux Morts, Newfoundland
300	1758 [10]	Violet	Shipwreck	Atlantic Ocean near the coast of England	during the expulsion of the Acadians bound for France
316	1834	Sybelle	Shipwreck	St. Paul Island, Nova Scotia	Emigrant ship wreck
300	1885 [11] [12]	Great Labrador Gale of 1885	Hurricane	Labrador coast
298	1875	SS Pacific	Shipwreck	near Cape Flattery out of Victoria, British Columbia
268 (Canadians)	1985	Air India Flight 182	Terrorism	Atlantic Ocean near the coast of Ireland	flight out of Montréal–Mirabel International Airport, bomb exploded off the coast of Ireland. 268 out of 329 total fatalities were Canadian.
256	1985	Arrow Air Flight 1285	Plane crash	Gander, Newfoundland	As of 2024, it is the deadliest aviation accident to occur on Canadian soil. [13]
253	1857	SS Montreal	Shipwreck	St. Lawrence River, Quebec	Caught on fire near Quebec City [14]
250	1913	Great Lakes Storm of 1913	Blizzard/Storm	Great Lakes, Ontario	Estimate is for both Canadian and U.S. fatalities
238	1797	HMS Tribune	Shipwreck	Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia
237	1863 [15]	SS Anglo Saxon	Shipwreck	Cape Race, Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland	Allan Line shipwreck
229	1998	Swissair Flight 111	Plane crash	St. Margarets Bay, Nova Scotia
223-600	1873	Nova Scotia hurricane of 1873	Hurricane	Nova Scotia	The Monthly Weather Review, published by the American Meteorological Society, set the death toll at 223 but the New York Times set the toll at 600
223	1916	Matheson Fire	Forest fire	Black River-Matheson, Ontario	Official estimate [16]
205	1860 [17]	SS Hungarian	Shipwreck	Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia	Allan Line passenger ship wrecked Cape Sable, NS
203	1942	USS Pollux (AKS-2) and USS Truxtun (DD-229)	Shipwreck	Placentia Bay, Newfoundland	Wreck of the USS Pollux resulted in 93 fatalities and USS Truxtun 110; the USS Wilkes (DD-441) also grounded, but there were no fatalities.

100 to 199 deaths

Fatalities	Year	Article	Type	Location	Comments
190+ [18]	1758	Ruby	Shipwreck	Azores, Portugal	during the expulsion of the Acadians
189	1914	Hillcrest mine disaster	Explosion	Hillcrest, Crowsnest Pass, Alberta	Deadliest mining disaster in Canadian history
182+	1881	Victoria steamboat disaster	Shipwreck	London, Ontario	[19]
174	1914	SS Southern Cross	Shipwreck	Off the coast of Newfoundland
173	1918	SS Florizel	Shipwreck	Cappahayden, Newfoundland
173-192	1927	1927 Nova Scotia hurricane	Hurricane	Nova Scotia and surrounding area	Approximate figure, most fatalities occurred at sea
160	1825	Miramichi fire	Forest fire	Northern New Brunswick, including the towns of Fredericton, Miramichi, and Doaktown
150	1887	Nanaimo mine explosion	Explosion	Nanaimo, British Columbia
136	1906	SS Valencia	Shipwreck	Cape Beale, Vancouver Island, British Columbia
129	1845-1848	Franklin's lost expedition	Failed expedition	King William Island area, Nunavut	The final expedition of John Franklin, where the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror were lost in the Northwest Passage
128	1902	Coal Creek mine disaster	Explosion	Coal Creek, British Columbia
125	1891	First Springhill mining disaster	Explosion	Springhill, Nova Scotia
118	1949	SS Noronic	Shipwreck	Toronto, Ontario
118	1963	Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831	Plane crash	Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec
115	1828	HMS Acorn	Shipwreck	Halifax, Nova Scotia
109	1970	Air Canada Flight 621	Plane crash	Brampton, Ontario
102	1711	HMS Feversham	Shipwreck	Scatarie Island, Main-à-Dieu, Nova Scotia

99 to 10 deaths

Fatalities	Year	Article	Type	Location	Comments
99	1864	Beloeil train disaster	Train wreck	Beloeil, Quebec	Deadliest train disaster in Canada
99	1942	Knights of Columbus Hostel fire	Fire	St. John's, Newfoundland
84	1982	Ocean Ranger	Oil platform sinking	Grand Banks, Newfoundland
81 (Canadian fatalities only)	1954	Hurricane Hazel	Hurricane	Ontario
79	1957	Maritime Central Airways Flight 315	Plane crash	Issoudun, Quebec
78	1914	1914 Newfoundland Sealing Disaster	Storm	Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland	Fatalities from the SS Southern Cross are excluded
77	1927	Laurier Palace Theatre fire	Fire	Montreal, Quebec
76	1907	First Quebec Bridge collapse	Bridge collapse	Quebec City, Quebec
74	1958	Third Springhill mining disaster	Coal mine bump	Springhill, Nova Scotia
74	2018	2018 North American heat wave	Heat wave	Quebec and Ontario	[20]
73-200	1911	Great Porcupine Fire	Forest fire	Porcupine, Ontario
70	1857	Desjardins Canal disaster	Train wreck	near Hamilton, Ontario
70	1903	Frank Slide	Rockslide	Frank, Crowsnest Pass, North-West Territories (Modern day Alberta)
64	1966	Canadian Pacific Airlines Flight 402	Plane crash	Tokyo, Japan	Crashed on landing at Haneda Airport in Tokyo with 8 survivors
63 (Canadian fatalities only)	2020	Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752	Plane shootdown	Tehran, Iran
62	1910	Rogers Pass avalanche	Avalanche	Rogers Pass, British Columbia
62	1956	Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810	Plane crash	Chilliwack, British Columbia
60	1915	Britannia Mine Jane Camp landslide	Landslide	Britannia Beach, British Columbia
59	1828	Despatch	Shipwreck	Isle aux Morts, Newfoundland	[21]
55	1896	Point Ellice Bridge disaster	Tram accident	Victoria, British Columbia
55-58	1926	1926 Nova Scotia hurricane	Hurricane	Nova Scotia	Approximate number, most deaths occurred at sea.
54	2018	2018 Eastern Canada heat wave	Heat wave	Eastern Canada	[22]
52	1854	Jeannette's Creek train wreck	Train wreck	Jeannettes Creek, Ontario
52-232	1900	1900 Galveston Hurricane	Hurricane	Eastern Canada
52	1965	Canadian Pacific Airlines Flight 21	Mass murder	near 100 Mile House, British Columbia	Crashed after a bomb exploded on board. The motive and perpetrator(s) remain unknown.
48	1979	Opémiska Community Hall fire	Fire	Chapais, Quebec
47	2013	Lac-Mégantic rail disaster	Train wreck	Lac-Mégantic, Quebec
44-63	1910	Spanish River derailment	Train wreck	Nairn, Ontario
44	1950	1950 Douglas C-54D disappearance	Suspected plane crash	Somewhere between Snag and Aishihik, Yukon Territory	42 US military personnel and 2 civilians. No trace of the plane has ever been found.
44	1997	1997 Les Éboulements bus accident	Bus crash	Les Éboulements, Quebec
43	1922	Great Fire of 1922	Wildfire	Timiskaming District, Ontario
43	2003	2003 SARS outbreak	Outbreak	Toronto, Ontario	Out of a total of 251 cases
42	1978	Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314	Plane crash	Cranbrook, British Columbia
40+	1815	HMS Penelope	Shipwreck	near Cap des Rosiers, Quebec	Many survivors later froze to death. [23]
40	1889	Quebec rockslide	Rockslide	Quebec City, Quebec
40	1901	SS Islander	Shipwreck	Lynn Canal, Alaska	Sunk by an iceberg south of Juneau
40 (Canadian fatalities only)	1912	Titanic	Shipwreck	near Newfoundland	Canadian deaths only of 1,517 total "The Demographics of Titanic Passengers".</ref>
40	1918	HMCS Galiano	Shipwreck	Queen Charlotte Sound 20 miles (32 km) of Kunghit Island, British Columbia
40	1978	Eastman bus crash	Bus crash	Eastman, Quebec
39	1928	Hollinger Mining Disaster	Mine fire	Timmins, Ontario
39	1942	Almonte train wreck	Train wreck	Almonte, Ontario
39	1956	Second Springhill mining disaster	Explosion	Springhill, Nova Scotia
39	1946	1946 American Overseas Airlines Douglas DC-4 crash	Plane crash	Stephenville, Newfoundland
38	1850	Commerce	Shipwreck	Port Maitland, Ontario
37	1867	Great Labrador Gale of 1867	Storm	Labrador, Newfoundland
37+	1869	1869 Saxby Gale	Tropical cyclone	Maritime provinces	Most deaths occurred at sea
37	1951	1951 Canadian Pacific Air Douglas DC-10 disappearance	Suspected plane crash	Pacific Ocean near Yakutat, Alaska
37	1972	Blue Bird Café fire	Arson	Montreal, Quebec
37	1921	Britannia Beach flood	Flood	Britannia Beach, British Columbia
37	1954	Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 9	Mid-air collision	Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan
36	1952	Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 324	Plane crash	Sandspit, British Columbia
35	1959	1959 Escuminac hurricane	Hurricane	Gulf of St. Lawrence, New Brunswick
35	1967	ČSA Flight 523	Plane crash	Gander, Newfoundland
32	2014	L'Isle-Verte nursing home fire	Fire	L'Isle-Verte, Quebec
32	1971	MV Meteor	Ship fire	Pacific Ocean off of Vancouver, British Columbia
32	1974	Panarctic Oils Flight 416	Plane crash	Melville Island, Northwest Territories
31	1902	Wanstead train disaster	Train wreck	Wanstead, Ontario
31	1882	Halifax Poor House fire	Fire	Halifax, Nova Scotia	[24]
31	1947	Dugald train disaster	Train wreck	Dugald, Manitoba
31	1910	West Canadian Collieries No. 1 mine explosion	Explosion	Bellevue, Alberta	21 of the deaths caused by inhaling carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
31	1971	Saint-Jean-Vianney landslide	Landslide	Saint-Jean-Vianney, Quebec	[25]
30	1930	John B. King explosion	Explosion	near Brockville, Ontario	Lightning struck a drill boat containing dynamite
30	2003	2003 Avalanche season	Avalanche	Western Canada (Alberta and British Columbia)	Deadliest avalanche season in Canada since 1970
~30	1979	Eastern Canadian blizzard of March 1971	Blizzard	Quebec
29	1929	1929 Grand Banks earthquake	Earthquake and tsunami	Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland	Mainly affecting the town of Burin
29	1975	SS Edmund Fitzgerald	Shipwreck	Northwest of Pancake Bay, Ontario in Lake Superior
29	1941	Brazeau Collieries Mine explosion	Explosion	Rocky Mountain House, Alberta
28	1912	Regina Cyclone	Tornado	Regina, Saskatchewan
28	1965	LaSalle Heights disaster	Explosion	LaSalle, Quebec
28 (Canadian fatalities only)	1998	North American ice storm of 1998	Ice storm	Ontario and Quebec
27	1931	SS Viking	Explosion	Horse Islands, Newfoundland
27	1958	Second Narrows Bridge collapse	Bridge collapse	Vancouver, British Columbia
27	1962	Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 301	Plane crash	Honolulu, Hawaii
27	1987	Edmonton tornado	Tornado	Edmonton, Alberta
27	1946	1946 Sabena DC-4 crash	Plane crash	Gander, Newfoundland
26+	1804	HMS Speedy	Shipwreck	Presqu'ile Bay, Lake Ontario
26-28	1965	Granduc Mine avalanche	Avalanche	Stewart, British Columbia
26	1992	Westray Mine methane explosion	Explosion	Plymouth, Nova Scotia
26	1948	1948 Rimouski Airlines crash	Plane crash	Anticosti Island, Quebec
24	1989	Air Ontario Flight 1363	Plane crash	Dryden, Ontario
23	1949	Québec Airways DC-3 bomb sabotage	Mass murder	Saint-Joachim, Quebec	Albert Guay, along with the assistance of two other people planted a bomb in a plan to kill his wife
23	1983	Air Canada Flight 797	Aircraft fire	Cincinnati International Airport, Kentucky
23	1986	Hinton train collision	Train wreck	Hinton, Alberta
23	2005	Legionnaire's disease outbreak	Epidemic	Toronto, Ontario	[26] [27]
23	2020	2020 Nova Scotia attacks	Mass shooting	Portapique, Enfield, Wentworth, Debert, and Shubenacaide, Nova Scotia
23	1951	1957 Queen Charlotte Airlines Canto crash	Plane crash	Mount Benson, British Columbia
23	1947	Goose Bay USAF DC-4 crash	Plane crash	CFB Goose Bay, Newfoundland
22	1980	Swift Current Broncos bus crash	Bus crash	near Swift Current, Saskatchewan	[28]
22	1958	1958 Lockheed Constellation crash	Plane crash	Argentia, Newfoundland
22	2008	2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak	Outbreak	Toronto, Ontario	Out of 57 total cases
21	1950	Canoe River train crash	Train wreck	Valemount, British Columbia
21	1943	FV Flora Alberta	Ship collision	Atlantic Ocean off of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia
21	1998	MV Flare	Shipwreck	Cabot Strait, Newfoundland
21	1949	1949 RCAF Canso crash	Plane crash	Bigstone Lake, Manitoba
21	1946	1946 RCAF Estevan C-47 Dakota crash	Plane crash	Estevan, Saskatchewan
20	1927	Beauval Indian Residential School Fire	Fire	Beauval, Saskatchewan
20	1941	American Airlines Flight 1 (1941)	Plane crash	West of St. Thomas, Ontario
19	1993	La Tuque bus disaster	Bus crash	La Tuque, Quebec
19	1910	SS Regulus	Shipwreck	Shoal Bay, Newfoundland
19	1966	Dorion level crossing accident	School bus crash	Dorion, Quebec
19	1941	Polio	Epidemic	New Brunswick	Out of a total of 427 cases
18 (Canadian fatalities only)	2019	Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302	Plane crash	Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
17	1960	Lamont school bus crash	School bus crash	near the town of Lamont, Alberta	[29]
17	1946 [30]	Windsor-Tecumseh tornado	Tornado	Windsor, Ontairo
17	2009	Cougar Helicopters Flight 91	Helicopter crash	Off the coast of Newfoundland
17	1907	Hochelaga Protestant School Fire	Fire	Montreal, Quebec
16	1918	Protection Island mining disaster	Elevator accident	Protection Island, Nanaimo, British Columbia	[31]
16	2018	Humboldt Broncos bus crash	Bus crash	Armley, Saskatchewan
16	1958	Oldfield Apartment Fire	Fire	Montreal, Quebec
16	1935	Galt Mine No.8 Explosion	Explosion	Coalhurst, Alberta
16	2023	Carberry bus crash	Bus crash	Carberry, Manitoba
15	1898	Cornwall railway bridge collapse	Bridge collapse	Cornwall, Ontario
15	1956	Orleans air disaster	Plane crash	Orleans, Ontario
15	1956	Canadian Pacific Airlines Flight 307	Plane crash	Cold Bay, Alaska
15 (Canadian fatalities only)	2004	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami	Earthquake and tsunami	Thailand, India, Sri Lanka	Seven Canadians died in Thailand, and one each in India and Sri Lanka
15	1934	1934 Dundas Station train collision	Train wreck	Hamilton, Ontario	Two passenger trains collide
15	1974	1974 Les Éboulements bus accident	Bus crash	Les Éboulements, Quebec
14	1985	Barrie tornado outbreak	Tornado outbreak	Barrie, Ontario
14	1989	École Polytechnique massacre	Mass shooting	Montreal, Quebec
14	1957	1957 Pacific Western Airlines DC-3 crash	Plane crash	Port Hardy, British Columbia
13	1904	Sand Point train collision	Train wreck	Sand Point, Ontario
13	1916	Second Quebec Bridge collapse	Bridge collapse	Quebec City, Quebec
13	1981	MS Arctic Explorer	Shipwreck	near St. Anthony, Newfoundland
12	1954	Lake of Two Mountains boating accident	Boat accident	L'Île-Bizard, Quebec	Twelve NCC (Negro Community Centre) children drown.
12	1970	M.F.V. Enterprise and MV Patrick Morris	Shipwrecks	off Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia	The MV Patrick Morris was responding to the mayday call of the M.F.V. Enterprise when it sank as well.
12	1989	1989 Cormier-Village hayride accident	Traffic collision	Cormier-Village, New Brunswick
12	2000	Pine Lake tornado	Tornado	Pine Lake, Alberta	A tornado hit an RV park in rural Alberta
12	2011	First Air Flight 6560	Plane crash	Resolute Bay, Nunavut
12	1958	Alexis Creek mission hospital fire	Fire	Alexis Creek, British Columbia
12	1943	1943 Aldershot train accident	Train collision	Aldershot, Ontario	a passenger train collided with a bus, splitting it in two
11	1953	1953 Canadian Pacific Air Lines Karachi crash	Plane crash	Karachi, Pakistan	[32]
11	2012	Collision between a van and an eighteen-wheeler	Traffic collision	between Stratford and Perth, Ontario	Ten of the killed were Peruvian migrant workers*
11	1889	St. George bridge derailment	Train wreck	St. George, Ontario
11	1908	1908 Medicine Hat train collision	Train wreck	Dunmore, Alberta	Collision between a locomotive and a passenger train
11	1998	Propair Flight 420	Plane crash	Montréal–Mirabel International Airport, Mirabel, Quebec
11	1919	Lac la Biche fire	Forest fire	Alberta and Saskatchewan
11	1946	Barry Hotel Fire	Fire	Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
11	1950	Vancouver Island Lockheed P2V-3W Neptune crash	Plane crash	McCreight Mountain, Vancouver Island, British Columbia
11	1925	Izumo launch collision	Shipwreck	Vancouver, British Columbia	Crew were returning to the ship on a launch after a brief excursion when the launch was struck by the tugboat Nanoose. Only 5 of the crew on board survived. [33]
10	1960	Metropolitan Store explosion	Explosion	Windsor, Ontario	[34]
10	1989	Rupert Hotel fire	Fire	Toronto, Ontario	[35]
10	2018	Toronto van attack	Terrorism	Toronto, Ontario
10	1985	1985 CFB Namao mid-air collision	Mid-air collision	CFB Namao, Edmonton, Alberta
10	1950	Leduc Hotel explosion	Explosion	Leduc, Alberta	[36]
10	1930	McGillivray Mine explosion	Explosion	Coleman
10	1976	1976 Austin Airways DHC-3 crash	Plane crash	Fraserdale, Ontario
10	2022	2022 Saskatchewan stabbings	Stabbing	Weldon, Saskatchewan
10	2004	2004 Georgian Express crash	Plane crash	Pelee, Ontario
10	1923	M.V. Orient	Shipwreck	Strait of Georgia, British Columbia	Split in two by the freighter Admiral Nulton leaving three survivors. [33]
10	1899	Thistle	Shipwreck	Johnstone Strait, British Columbia	[33]
10	2010	Glengarry Hospital Norovirus outbreak	Outbreak	Victoria, British Columbia
10	1919	Port Colborne explosion	Explosion	Port Colborne Ontario

See also

• Index of Canada-related articles
• List of Deadliest Canadian Traffic Accidents (by death toll)
• List of disasters in Antarctica by death toll
• List of disasters in Australia by death toll
• List of disasters in Canada (by date)
• List of disasters in Croatia by death toll
• List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll
• List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll
• List of disasters in Poland by death toll
• List of disasters in the United States by death toll
• List of anthropogenic disasters by death toll (worldwide)
• Volcanism of Canada

References

1. "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996". www.nhc.noaa.gov.
2. Meissner, Dirk (18 January 2015), "Earth will rip open like a zipper, expert says, when overdue Vancouver Island quake strikes", Toronto Star , retrieved 19 January 2015
3. "Prepare for next tsunami, says chief". Raven's Eye, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2009.
4. "Haida Gwaii Quake Brings Home the Importance of Quileute Relocation Legislation" Archived 2016-08-23 at the Wayback Machine . Indian Country Today Media Network , November 6, 2012.
5. D. Higgins, Michael (2008). "The Cascadia megathrust earthquake of 1700 may have rejuvenated an isolated basalt volcano in western Canada: Age and petrographic evidence". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 179 (1–2): 149. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.10.016. ISSN   0377-0273.
6. "Number of deaths recorded during B.C.'s heat wave up to 808, coroners say". CTV British Columbia. 2021-07-16. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
7. Potestio, Michael (2021-07-21). "Estimate on number of suspected heat-related deaths rises to 808". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
8. Johnson, Lisa (2021-07-06). "Alberta saw spike in reported deaths during heatwave, causes still under investigation". Edmonton Journal . Retrieved 2021-07-07.
9. Letter from Captain William Nichols dated December 16, 1758 says 360 passengers aboard the Duke William: London Magazine XXVII, p. 655.
10. Letter from Captain William Nichols dated December 16, 1758 says 300 passengers aboard the Violet: London Magazine XXVII, p. 655.
11. "THE GALE OFF LABRADOR; FURTHER DETAILS OF ITS DESTRUCTIVE WORK.SUFFERINGS OF THE SHIPWRECKED CREWS--OVER 75 LIVES LOST AND 80 VESSELSWRECKED--HEROIC DEEDS". New York Times. 1885-11-08.
12. Coastal Flooding: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Archived 2007-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
13. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-8-63CF N950JW Gander Airport, NL (YQX)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
14. Marine Disasters
15. Anglo Saxon wreck 1863 Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
16. Heritage Foundation of Canada Archived 2012-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
17. On the Rocks: Shipwrecks of Nova Scotia - Maritime Museum of the Atlantic, Halifax, Nova Scotia Archived 2007-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
18. Lockerby, Earle (Spring 1998). "The Deportation of the Acadians from Ile St.-Jean, 1758". Acadiensis. XXVII (2): 45–94.
19. ""THE "VICTORIA" BOAT DISASTER 1881" - London - Ontario Provincial Plaques on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com.
20. Hauen, Jack (5 July 2018). "Highlighting differences with Quebec, Ontario coroner announces investigations of three heat-related deaths". The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2 July 2018.
21. Brief History of the Workington brig Despatch / Dispatch Archived 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
22. "50 people now dead due to sweltering Quebec heat wave". Global News. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
23. "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (4987). 11 July 1815.
24. Markan, Zak (3 January 2017). "Neglect, corruption and the history behind Halifax's deadliest fire". CBC News . Retrieved 2 May 2024.
25. "CBC News Indepth: Forces of nature - Flooding".
26. Alamenciak, Tim (July 24, 2013). "Toronto sees spike in legionnaires' disease cases". Toronto Star. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
27. "People's Daily Online -- Legionnaires' disease claims another life in Toronto". english.people.com.cn.
28. "Canada's worst bus crash". Montreal Gazette. April 17, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
29. Pruden, Jana. "Survivors recall 'The Tragedy'". www.edmontonjournal.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-28. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
30. 1946 Windsor–Tecumseh, Ontario tornado
31. Lindsay, AScT, Shari (2004), Coal Mine Underground Workings Atlas, Nanaimo, BC: Pacific Spatial Systems^{[ permanent dead link ]}
32. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident de Havilland DH-106 Comet 1A CF-CUN Karachi-Mauripur RAF Station". aviation-safety.net.
33. Rogers, Fred (1992). More Shipwrecks of British Columbia. Douglas & McIntyre . Retrieved 4 May 2024.
34. Windsor Fire and Rescue Services History Archived 2012-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
35. "The horror of the Rupert Hotel fire still lingers". Spacing.ca. December 24, 2014.
36. "1950 - 10 DIE AS BLAST, FIRE RIP AT HOTEL". Greener Pasture. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

External links

• Canadian Disasters: an historical survey by Robert L. Jones
• SOS! Canadian Disasters, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
• Maritime Museum of the Atlantic: Marine Heritage Database