Space traffic management

Last updated

Space traffic management is defined by the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) as "the set of technical and regulatory provisions for promoting safe access into outer space, operations in outer space and return from outer space to Earth free from physical or radio-frequency interference." [1]

Contents

Space traffic includes launch vehicles, as well as orbiting objects such as satellites of all sizes and the International Space Station. Space debris risk mitigation is major concern, due to the fact that collision with space debris can destroy vehicles and other space assets. [2]

Policy Making

Policy making can be performed on a different scales on a national level and on an international level, to establish international cooperation that will coordinate the activities of all nations to avoid collision, space debris, and the loss of space assets and services. The United Nations bureau most concerned with space traffic management is the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA).

United Nations Activities

In 2007 the resolution A/RES/62/101 about the Recommendations on enhancing the practice of States and international intergovernmental organizations in registering space objects [3] was released by United Nations. Furthermore resources and reference Material was released for States & Organizations to register space objects [4] provided the initial results of discussions and raise international awareness about an international cooperation for space traffic management. Space traffic management can be regarded as part of international space law. [5]

National Policies

In the United States, President Donald Trump signed Space Policy Directive-3 on 18 June 2018, which defined Space Traffic Management (STM) as "the planning, coordination, and on-orbit synchronization of activities to enhance the safety, stability, and sustainability of operations in the space environment. [6]

Space diplomacy & Space traffic

Bringing objects into outer space and provide a specific service for earth observation, communication or any other scientific, commercial or military application is not only about technical and domain specific problem solving. Space Diplomacy is involved if specific international negotiations are involved to represent national interests in an international Space Traffic Management. E.g the Global Positioning System (GPS) as a satellite-based infrastructure developed by the U.S. Department of Defense provides the globally available signal for navigation for civilian users and additional encrypted services of U.S. and allied military forces. The European Union (EU) decided to provide an alternative to GPS by building "Galileo" as an independent European satellite navigation system. Space diplomacy is relevant to deal with conflicting national interest and identify international regulations that assure security, efficiency and cooperation for space activities in a sustainable way.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space debris</span> Pollution around Earth by defunct artificial objects

Space debris are defunct human-made objects in space – principally in Earth orbit – which no longer serve a useful function. These include derelict spacecraft, mission-related debris, and particularly-numerous in-Earth orbit fragmentation debris from the breakup of derelict rocket bodies and spacecraft. In addition to derelict human-made objects left in orbit, space debris includes fragments from disintegration, erosion, or collisions; solidified liquids expelled from spacecraft; unburned particles from solid rocket motors; and even paint flecks. Space debris represents a risk to spacecraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space law</span> Area of national and international law governing activities in outer space

Space law is the body of law governing space-related activities, encompassing both international and domestic agreements, rules, and principles. Parameters of space law include space exploration, liability for damage, weapons use, rescue efforts, environmental preservation, information sharing, new technologies, and ethics. Other fields of law, such as administrative law, intellectual property law, arms control law, insurance law, environmental law, criminal law, and commercial law, are also integrated within the space law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs</span> Space agency

The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) is an office of the U.N. Secretariat that promotes and facilitates peaceful international cooperation in outer space. It works to establish or strengthen the legal and regulatory frameworks for space activities, and assists developing countries in using space science and technology for sustainable socioeconomic development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Generation Advisory Council</span> Non-governmental organisation

The Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC), in support of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications, is a non-governmental organization and professional network whose goal is to convey the perspectives of students and young space professionals to the United Nations (UN), space industry, space agencies, and academia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</span> United Nations committee

The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) is a United Nations committee whose main task is to review and foster international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space, as well as to consider legal issues arising from the exploration of outer space.

The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) is a Paris-based non-government association for the field of astronautics. It was founded in Stockholm, Sweden) on August 16, 1960, by Dr. Theodore von Kármán. It was recognised by the United Nations in 1996.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space advertising</span> Use of advertisements in outer space

Space advertising is the practice of advertising in space. This is usually done using product placement during crewed space missions.

The International Designator, also known as COSPAR ID, is an international identifier assigned to artificial objects in space. It consists of the launch year, a three-digit incrementing launch number of that year and up to a three-letter code representing the sequential identifier of a piece in a launch. In TLE format the first two digits of the year and the dash are dropped.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Liability Convention</span> 1972 treaty that expands on the liability rules in the Outer Space Treaty

The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, also known as the Space Liability Convention, is a treaty from 1972 that expands on the liability rules created in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. In 1978, the crash of the nuclear-powered Soviet satellite Kosmos 954 in Canadian territory led to the only claim filed under the convention.

Space policy is the political decision-making process for, and application of, public policy of a state regarding spaceflight and uses of outer space, both for civilian and military purposes. International treaties, such as the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, attempt to maximize the peaceful uses of space and restrict the militarization of space.

The spacecraft cemetery, known more formally as the South Pacific Ocean(ic) Uninhabited Area, is a region in the southern Pacific Ocean east of New Zealand, where spacecraft that have reached the end of their usefulness are routinely crashed. The area is roughly centered on "Point Nemo", the oceanic pole of inaccessibility, the location farthest from any land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Registration Convention</span> 1974 United Nations treaty

The Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 and went into force in 1976. As of February 2022, it has been ratified by 72 states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of outer space</span> Political considerations of space policy

The politics of outer space includes space treaties, law in space, international cooperation and conflict in space exploration, international economics, and the hypothetical political impact of any contact with extraterrestrial intelligence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UN-SPIDER</span> Space technology for disaster management

UN-SPIDER is a platform which facilitates the use of space-based technologies for disaster management and emergency response. It is a programme under the auspices of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA).

China Manned Space Agency is an agency of the People's Republic of China responsible for the administration of China Manned Space Program, the Chinese human spaceflight program. The agency is under the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simonetta Di Pippo</span> Italian physicist

Simonetta Di Pippo is an Italian astrophysicist and former Director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). She holds a Master’s Degree in Astrophysics and Space Physics from University "La Sapienza", and an Honoris Causa Degree in Environmental Studies, and an Honoris Causa Degree of Doctor in International Affairs. In 2008, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) named asteroid 21887 "dipippo" in honour of her contribution to space activities and in 2006, she was knighted by the President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space policy of the Donald Trump administration</span> US space policy from 2017 to 2020

The space policy of the Donald Trump administration, as of December 2020, comprises six Space Policy Directives and an announced "National Space Strategy", representing a directional shift from the policy priorities and goals of his predecessor, Barack Obama. A National Space Policy was issued on December 9, 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space sustainability</span> Activity aimed at minimising space environmental impact

Space sustainability aims to maintain the safety and health of the space environment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites</span>

The Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) is an international organization created in 1972 to coordinate the satellite systems that support global operational meteorology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aarti Holla-Maini</span> British lawyer, economist and space expert

Aarti Holla-Maini is a British lawyer, economist and space expert. Since 2023 she has been Director of United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA).

References

  1. Cosmic Study on Space Traffic Management . Paris: International Academy of Astronautics. 2006. p. 10. ISBN   2-9516787-5-4.
  2. United Nation Office of Outer Space Affairs (2015), Space traffic management and small satellites: new topics to be included in United Nations international space law discussions - Press release - UNIS/OS/449 - Not official Document - URL: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/informationfor/media/2015-unis-os-449.html - (accessed 2019/11/21)
  3. United Nations (2007) Recommendations on enhancing the practice of States and international intergovernmental organizations in registering space objects - Resolution: A/RES/62/101 URL: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/oosadoc/data/resolutions/2007/general_assembly_62nd_session/ares62101.html (accessed 2019/11/21)
  4. United Nations - Office of Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), Resources and Reference Material for States & Organizations (2010) - URL: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/spaceobjectregister/resources/index.html (accessed 2019/11/21)
  5. International Space Law: United Nations Instruments (2017) - ST/SPACE/61/Rev.2 - http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/oosadoc/data/documents/2017/stspace/stspace61rev.2_0.html (accessed 2019/11/21)
  6. "Space Policy Directive-3, National Space Traffic Management Policy". White House. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.

Further reading