The Aerobee rocket was one of the United States' most produced and productive sounding rockets. Developed by the Aerojet Corporation, the Aerobee was designed to combine the altitude and launching capability of the V-2 with the cost effectiveness and mass production of the WAC Corporal. More than 1000 Aerobees were launched between 1947 and 1985, returning vast amounts of astronomical, physical, aeronomical, and biomedical data.
Research using V-2 rockets after World War II produced valuable results concerning the nature of cosmic rays, the solar spectrum, and the distribution of atmospheric ozone. However, the limited supply and the expense of assembling and firing the V-2 rockets, as well as the small payload capacity of the first purpose-built sounding rocket, the WAC Corporal, created demand for a low cost sounding rocket to be used for scientific research. An Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) effort led by James Van Allen led to a contract presented 17 May 1946 by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to Aerojet, at the time a producer of WAC Corporal rockets, for the procurement of 20 liquid-fueled sounding rockets capable of carrying a 150 pounds (68 kg) payload to an altitude of 300,000 feet (91,000 m). 15 of the new rockets would be allocated to APL, and 5 to NRL. Aerojet was to be the prime contractor while Douglas Aircraft, also a producer of WAC Corporals, would provide aerodynamic engineering and take on some of the production. [2]
The Aerojet designation for the new rocket was "Aerobee", a contraction of Aerojet, manufacturer of the engine, and Bumblebee, a Navy guided missile program. [3] : 57 [4] It was a single-stage, liquid-fueled, fin-stabilized rocket, using a solid-propellant rocket motor as a booster. This booster was jettisoned after 2.5 seconds of operation. The nose cone containing the telemetry transmitter and the scientific payload was recoverable and returned to earth on a parachute. [5] As with its progenitor, the WAC Corporal, the Aerobee required a tall launch tower to provide the necessary stability until the relatively slowly accelerating rocket gained enough speed for its fins to be effective in controlling attitude. [5] Launch towers were adjustable in inclination and azimuth to compensate for wind. [3] : 59
On 25 September 1947, a dummy Aerobee attached to a live engine was launched from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico for flight testing. This was followed (after two more dummy tests in October [6] ) by the first complete Aerobee launch on 24 November. The flight was terminated after 35 seconds when the rocket's tail began yawing back and forth. [2] This Aerobee was the first rocket fired by the US Navy at White Sands [3] : 66 and the subject of the first comprehensive missile range safety program. [3] : 59
The next Aerobee launch, on 5 March 1948, was a complete success, achieving an altitude of 73 miles (117 km) and breaching the 62-mile (100 km) boundary of space (as defined by the World Air Sports Federation [1] ). [2]
The original Aerobee design was designated RTV-N-8 by the Navy and XASR-1 by Aerojet and the Army. This rocket was powered by the XASR-1, a 11.5 kilonewtons (2,600 lbf) [5] version of the 21AL-2600 engine also used in the Nike Ajax. [7] [3] : 70
The XASR-1 engine was superseded by the XASR-2, which used helium for fuel tank pressurization instead of compressed air. First flying in late 1949, Aerobees using the new engine were designated RTV-N-10(a) by the Navy and RTV-A-1 by the Air Force. Variants on this design employed by the Air Force included the RTV-A-1a, which used an Aerojet AJ10-25 sustainer with 18 kilonewtons (4,000 lbf) of thrust, but with a shorter duration; the RTV-A-1c, identical but without a solid rocket booster; the RTV-A-1b, using the XASR-1 engine, but with chemical pressurization; and the RTV-A-1d, using the 18 kilonewtons (4,000 lbf) engine of the −1a, with chemical pressurization, and launched without booster. [5]
The Navy also evolved their XASR-2 Aerobees. The RTV-N-10b used a variant of the −10a's engine with a higher specific impulse; the RTV-N-10c was a production variant of the −10b. The USAF fielded a production version of the RTV-N-10b, which did not get an official designation. [5]
On 2 December 1949, the Air Force launched its first Aerobee from Holloman AFB Launch Complex A. Though the rocket flew to nearly 60 miles (97 km) in altitude and took the first color motion-pictures of the Earth from space, the payload was lost and not recovered until 13 July 1950, by which point the film (as well as x-ray emulsions that has also been carried aboard) were unsalvageable. This inauspicious beginning was followed by 32 more Aerobee flights, most of which were successful, including the first successful flight of a monkey, on 18 April 1951. [2]
By the early 1950s Aerobee was the sounding rocket of choice being flown by the Navy Research Laboratory, USAF, and Army Signal Corps. The cost of lofting a pound of scientific payload to altitude was significantly lower than that of any competitor. [8] [9] In 1955, the USAF's RTV-A-1 rockets were redesignated X-8 (X-8a-d corresponding with the old RTV-A-1a-d series). [5]
The first major derivative version, the Aerobee-Hi (first launched in 1955) featured an increase in length, fuel capacity and improved engineering design. There were two versions of the Aerobee-Hi. The Air Force Aerobee Hi, (MX-1960, XRM-84) and the slightly longer Navy Aerobee-Hi (RV-N-13, PWN-2A). Engine development continued with the AJ11-6, AJ11-18, AJ11-20, AJ11-21, and AGVL0113C/F/H/I of the Aerobee-Hi. [10] : 265 [5] The Aerobe-Hi was boosted by the 2.5 KS-18000 booster. [3] : 75 The Navy Aerobee-Hi was considerably different from the Air Force Aerobee-Hi, using the fuel pressure regulator from the Nike Ajax, a delayed start function and a pressure sealed tail cone to allow better measurement of the external upper atmosphere. [3] : 79–80
Following the creation of NASA, development of Aerobees became largely guided by NASA. Exceptions developed for the armed services included the Aerobee 170, aka Nike-Aerobee, which combined the Nike M5E1 booster with the Aerobee 150, and the Aerobee 300 which used a AIM-7 Sparrow missile motor in its second stage; the Aerobee 300 was also known as the Sparrowbee. There were versions of Aerobee-Hi such as the Aerobee 150 and 150A in which case the difference was in the number of fins, the 150 having three and the 150A four. The Aerobee 100 was essentially a shortened Aerobee 150 with an AJ11 engine. By far the largest of the Aerobee series was the Aerobee 350, composed of four clustered Aerobee 150s boosted by a Nike M5E1. [11] [12] Though they bore the Aerobee appellation, the Aerobee 75 and proposed Aerobee 90 were not actually related to the others in that they were solid propellant rockets with the 75 having a HAWK motor, the 90 was a 75 with a Sparrow second stage. [13]
Over the decades of development Aerobees were flown with many related engines including the XASR-1 (21AL-2600), 45AL-2600, AJ10-24, AJ10-25, AJ10-27, AJ10-34, AJ11-6, and AJ60-92. Later versions of the AJ10 and AJ-11 engines produced 17.8 kilonewtons (4,000 lbf) of thrust. [3] : 70 Boosters included surplus Nike M5E1 boosters and VKM-17 and VKM-20s as we'll as the original 2.5KS-18000. [14]
Launch towers for Aerobee rockets were built at the White Sands Missile Range and Holloman AFB in New Mexico; Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia; Eglin AFB in Florida; Churchill Rocket Research Range in Manitoba, Canada; and Woomera, South Australia. Aerobees were also launched from Centro de Lancamento da Barreira do Inferno (CLBI), Natal, Rio Grande N, Brazil; Kauai Test Facility, Barking Sands, Kauai; Nouadhibou, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Mauritania; Vandenberg AFB, California; Walker's Cay, Bahamas; and aboard the research vessel USS Norton Sound. [14] Two Seabee missiles were launched from the sea off Point Mugu, California. The Seabee's (Sea launched Aerobees) were launched from a position floating in water as part of Robert Truax's Sea Dragon project for Aerojet. [15] The Aerobees launched from overseas locations such as the Bahamas used a modified launch tower that had originally been used on the USS Norton Sound. NASA further modified that tower into the Mobile Aerobee Launch Facility (MALF) which was first used in 1966 for launches from Natal, Brazil. [11] : 56
A total of 1,037 Aerobees (including variants) were launched from all locations with a success rate in excess of 97%. More than half of these were Aerobee 150/150As. [6] The last Aerobee, a 150 MI, flew an Airglow payload at White Sands on 17 January 1985. [16]
The Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the United States of America regarding the Launching of Three Aerobee Rockets was established in Canberra, March 1970. [17] A similar treaty was agreed to in 1973 for seven launches, [18] and in 1977 for six launches [19] for various astronomical and solar experiments conducted by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
In 1974, the US DARPA through Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory and Australia agreed to launch three rockets under project Hi Star South. [20]
A total of 20 Aerobee launches were made at Woomera Test Range: [21]
The scientific research done with the Aerobee family included photography, biomedical research, biology, the study of energetic particles, ionospheric physics, meteorology, radio astronomy, solar physics, aeronomy, spectrometry, signals intelligence research, infrared studies, magnetometry, ultraviolet and X-ray astronomy, as well as many other fields such as aerodynamic research and missile technology development. [11] : 82 Aerobees were a vital part of America's efforts in the International Geophysical Year, comprising more than half of the allocated IGY sounding rocket budget. [11] : 31
The earliest space biomedical missions were launched via Aerobee: Three Air Force missions carrying mice and monkeys, launched 1951–52, determined that the brief (~15 minutes) exposure to acceleration, reduced gravity, and high altitude cosmic radiation did not have significant negative effects. [2]
An Aerobee 150 launched on 19 June 1962 (UTC) detected the first X-rays emitted from a source outside our solar system [22] [23] (Scorpius X-1). [24]
On 16 October 1957, Aerobee USAF-88 [25] was launched from Holloman LC-A in New Mexico to hurl the first artificial objects into interplanetary space. Several varieties of aluminum cones packed with explosive charges were mounted in the rocket's nose cone. 91 seconds after liftoff, at an altitude of 85 km (53 mi), the charges were fired. A bright green flash ensued, observable from Palomar Observatory 1,000 km (620 mi) away. Post-launch analysis suggested that at least two fragments from the exploding charges had soared away from the Earth with twice the kinetic energy necessary to reach escape velocity and become the first artificial satellites of the sun. [26] When the achievement was announced the following month, it was compared favorably in the contemporary press to the Soviet launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, just 12 days before the Aerobee launch. [27] However, subsequent analysis by space historian Jonathan McDowell suggests that none of the payload fragments actually achieved escape velocity. [25]
An artifact of the Aerobee programs, which remains in use today, is the large enclosed launch tower built for the Aerobee 350 at White Sands Launch Complex 36. [28]
| Version | Operator | Payload Capacity | Maximum flight altitude | Engine | Liftoff Thrust | Total Mass | Core Diameter | Total Length | First Launch | Last Launch | Total Launches |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobee RTV-N-8 | NRL | 68 kg (150 lb) | 118 km (73 mi) | XASR-1 | 11.5 kN (2,600 lbf) | 745 kg (1,642 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.9 m (26 ft) | 25 September 1947 | 14 February 1950 | 19 |
| Aerobee XASR-SC-1 | Army Signal Corps | 68 kg (150 lb) | 117 km (73 mi) | XASR-1 | 11.5 kN (2,600 lbf) | 745 kg (1,642 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.9 m (26 ft) | 9 December 1948 | 10 August 1956 | 21 |
| Aerobee RTV-A-1 | U.S. Air Force | 68 kg (150 lb) | 116 km (72 mi) | XASR-2 | 11.5 kN (2,600 lbf) | 745 kg (1,642 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.9 m (26 ft) | 2 December 1949 | 12 December 1952 | 28 |
| Aerobee RTV-N-10 | NRL | 68 kg (150 lb) | 143 km (89 mi) | XASR-2 | 11.5 kN (2,600 lbf) | 700 kg (1,500 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.9 m (26 ft) | 15 January 1950 | 17 September 1957 | 27 |
| Aerobee XASR-SC-2 | Army Signal Corps | 68 kg (150 lb) | 124 km (77 mi) | XASR-2 | 11.5 kN (2,600 lbf) | 700 kg (1,500 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.9 m (26 ft) | 26 April 1950 | 1 September 1953 | 13 |
| Aerobee RTV-A-1b | U.S. Air Force | 68 kg (150 lb) | 116 km (72 mi) | XASR-2 | 11.5 kN (2,600 lbf) | 745 kg (1,642 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.9 m (26 ft) | 30 August 1951 | 30 August 1951 | 1 |
| Aerobee RTV-A-1a | U.S. Air Force | 68 kg (150 lb) | 130 km (81 mi) | AJ10-25 | 17.8 kN (4,000 lbf) | 770 kg (1,700 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.8 m (26 ft) | 17 October 1951 | 12 November 1956 | 31 |
| Aerobee RTV-A-1c | U.S. Air Force | 68 kg (150 lb) | 0 km (0 mi) | AJ10-25 | 17.8 kN (4,000 lbf) | 510 kg (1,120 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.8 m (26 ft) | 19 February 1952 | 19 February 1952 | 1 |
| Aerobee RTV-N-10b | NRL | 68 kg (150 lb) | 158 km (98 mi) | AJ10-24 | 17.8 kN (4,000 lbf) | 770 kg (1,700 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.8 m (26 ft) | 5 October 1954 | 5 October 1954 | 1 |
| Aerobee RTV-N-10c | NRL | 68 kg (150 lb) | 185 km (115 mi) | AJ10-34 | 17.8 kN (4,000 lbf) | 770 kg (1,700 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.8 m (26 ft) | 21 February 1955 | 29 March 1957 | 6 |
| Aerobee Hi | All | 68 kg (150 lb) | 240 km (150 mi) (Navy variant) 270 km (170 mi) (USAF variant) | 45AL-2600 | 11.7 kN (2,600 lbf) | 930 kg (2,050 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 9.5 m (31 ft) | 21 April 1955 | 19 April 1960 | 44 |
| Aerobee AJ10-27 | U.S. Air Force | 68 kg (150 lb) | 203 km (126 mi) | AJ10-27 | 17.8 kN (4,000 lbf) | 770 kg (1,700 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.8 m (26 ft) | 16 June 1955 | 13 December 1955 | 4 |
| Aerobee RTV-N-10a | NRL | 68 kg (150 lb) | 142 km (88 mi) | AJ10-25 | 17.8 kN (4,000 lbf) | 770 kg (1,700 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.8 m (26 ft) | 13 July 1955 | 13 December 1955 | 2 |
| Aerobee AJ10-34 | U.S. Air Force | 68 kg (150 lb) | 146 km (91 mi) | AJ10-34 | 17.8 kN (4,000 lbf) | 770 kg (1,700 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.8 m (26 ft) | 8 May 1956 | 13 February 1960 | 15 |
| Aerobee AJ10-25 | U.S. Air Force | 68 kg (150 lb) | 61 km (38 mi) | AJ10-25 | 17.8 kN (4,000 lbf) | 770 kg (1,700 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.8 m (26 ft) | 9 April 1957 | 9 April 1957 | 1 |
| Aerobee 100 | USAF/NRL/NASA | 68 kg (150 lb) | 110 km (68 mi) | Aerobee 100 | 17.8 kN (4,000 lbf) | 770 kg (1,700 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 7.8 m (26 ft) | 18 February 1958 | 20 November 1962 | 18 |
| Aerobee 75 | USAF/Army | 68 kg (150 lb) | 60 km (37 mi) | Aerobee 75-1 | 7 kN (1,600 lbf) | 400 kg (880 lb) | .35 m (1 ft 2 in) | 6 m (20 ft) | 23 May 1958 | 22 November 1958 | 4 |
| Aerobee 300 (Sparrowbee) | USAF/UoM | 45 kg (99 lb) | 418 km (260 mi) | Aerobee 150-2 | 18 kN (4,000 lbf) | 983 kg (2,167 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 9.90 m (32.5 ft) | 22 October 1958 | 20 March 1965 | 21 |
| Aerobee 150 | USAF/NASA/NRL | 68 kg (150 lb) | 325 km (202 mi) | AJ11-21 | 18 kN (4,000 lbf) | 930 kg (2,050 lb) | 0.38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 9.30 m (30.5 ft) | 5 February 1959 | 22 September 1983 | 453 |
| Aerobee 150A | NASA | 68 kg (150 lb) | 370 km (230 mi) | AJ11-21 | 18 kN (4,000 lbf) | 900 kg (2,000 lb) | 0.38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 9.30 m (30.5 ft) | 25 March 1960 | 23 May 1973 | 68 |
| Aerobee 300A | NASA | 45 kg (99 lb) | 415 km (258 mi) | Aerobee 150-2 | 18 kN (4,000 lbf) | 983 kg (2,167 lb) | .38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 9.90 m (32.5 ft) | 3 August 1960 | 29 January 1964 | 21 |
| Aerobee 350 | NASA | 227 kg (500 lb) | 374 km (232 mi) | Aerobee 150 x4 | 217 kN (49,000 lbf) | 3,839 kg (8,464 lb) | 0.56 m (1 ft 10 in) | 15.90 m (52.2 ft) | 11 December 1964 | 9 May 1984 | 20 |
| Aerobee 150 MI | NASA | 68 kg (150 lb) | 370 km (230 mi) | AJ11-21 | 18 kN (4,000 lbf) | 900 kg (2,000 lb) | 0.38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 9.30 m (30.5 ft) | 13 September 1968 | 17 January 1985 | 20 |
| Aerobee 170 | NASA/NRL/USAF | 68 kg (150 lb) | 270 km (170 mi) | Nike + AJ11-21 | 225 kN (51,000 lbf) | 1,270 kg (2,800 lb) | 0.42 m (1 ft 5 in) | 12.60 m (41.3 ft) | 16 September 1968 | 19 April 1983 | 111 |
| Aerobee 150 MII | NASA | 68 kg (150 lb) | 168 km (104 mi) | AJ11-21 | 18 kN (4,000 lbf) | 900 kg (2,000 lb) | 0.38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 9.30 m (30.5 ft) | 2 July 1970 | 2 July 1970 | 1 |
| Aerobee 170B | NASA | 68 kg (150 lb) | 191 km (119 mi) | Nike + AJ11-21 | 225 kN (51,000 lbf) | 1,270 kg (2,800 lb) | 0.42 m (1 ft 5 in) | 12.60 m (41.3 ft) | 9 July 1971 | 9 July 1971 | 1 |
| Aerobee 170A | NASA | 68 kg (150 lb) | 214 km (133 mi) | Nike + AJ11-21 | 217 kN (49,000 lbf) | 1,270 kg (2,800 lb) | 0.42 m (1 ft 5 in) | 12.40 m (40.7 ft) | 10 August 1971 | 16 November 1978 | 26 |
| Aerobee 200A | NASA | 68 kg (150 lb) | 297 km (185 mi) | Nike + AJ60-92 | 225 kN (51,000 lbf) | 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) | 0.42 m (1 ft 5 in) | 12.60 m (41.3 ft) | 20 November 1972 | 4 February 1978 | 51 |
| Aerobee 200 | USAF | 68 kg (150 lb) | 248 km (154 mi) | Nike + AJ60-92 | 225 kN (51,000 lbf) | 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) | 0.42 m (1 ft 5 in) | 12.60 m (41.3 ft) | 4 September 1974 | 11 May 1976 | 4 |
| Aerobee 150 MIII | NASA | 68 kg (150 lb) | 172 km (107 mi) | AJ11-21 | 18 kN (4,000 lbf) | 900 kg (2,000 lb) | 0.38 m (1 ft 3 in) | 9.30 m (30.5 ft) | 10 March 1973 | 10 March 1973 | 1 |
| Sources: [5] [6] | |||||||||||
(an additional 36 Aerobees of unknown type were launched by the Army, Navy and Air Force 1957–59) [6]
| Version | Booster | Stage 1 | Stage 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobee AJ10-25 | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee AJ10-25 | - |
| Aerobee AJ10-27 | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee AJ10-27 | - |
| Aerobee AJ10-34 | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee AJ10-34 | - |
| Aerobee Hi | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee 150 | - |
| Aerobee RTV-A-1 (X-8) | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee XASR-1 | - |
| Aerobee RTV-A-1a (X-8A) | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee AJ10-25 | - |
| Aerobee RTV-A-1b (X-8B) | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee XASR-1 | - |
| Aerobee RTV-N-10 | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee XASR-1 | - |
| Aerobee RTV-N-10a | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee AJ10-25 | - |
| Aerobee RTV-N-10b | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee AJ10-24 | - |
| Aerobee RTV-N-10c | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee AJ10-34 | - |
| Aerobee RTV-N-8 | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee XASR-1 | - |
| Aerobee XASR-SC-1 | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee XASR-1 | - |
| Aerobee XASR-SC-2 | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee XASR-1 | - |
| Aerobee 100 (Aerobee Junior) | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee 100 | - |
| Aerobee 150 | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee 150 | - |
| Aerobee 150A | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee 150A | - |
| Aerobee 170 | Nike / M5-E1 | Aerobee 150 | - |
| Aerobee 170A | Nike / M5-E1 | Aerobee 150A | - |
| Aerobee 170B | Nike / M5-E1 | Aerobee 150B | - |
| Aerobee 200 | Nike / M5-E1 | Aerobee AJ10-92 | - |
| Aerobee 200A | Nike / M5-E1 | Aerobee AJ10-92 | - |
| Aerobee 300 | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee 150 | Sparrow |
| Aerobee 300A | Aerojet X103C10 | Aerobee 150A | Sparrow |
White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) is a United States Army military testing area and firing range located in the US state of New Mexico. The range was originally established in 1941 as the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, where the Trinity test site lay at the northern end of the Range, in Socorro County near the towns of Carrizozo and San Antonio. It then became the White Sands Proving Ground on 9 July 1945.
The Black Brant is a family of Canadian-designed sounding rockets originally built by Bristol Aerospace, since absorbed by Magellan Aerospace in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Over 800 Black Brants of various versions have been launched since they were first produced in 1961, and the type remains one of the most popular sounding rockets. They have been repeatedly used by the Canadian Space Agency and NASA.
The Vanguard rocket was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S., after the failure of Vanguard TV-3, to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket, making Vanguard 1 the second successful U.S. orbital launch.
The Aerojet General X-8 was an unguided, spin-stabilized sounding rocket designed to launch a 150 lb (68 kg) payload to 200,000 feet (61.0 km). The X-8 was a version of the prolific Aerobee rocket family.
Aerojet was an American rocket and missile propulsion manufacturer based primarily in Rancho Cordova, California, with divisions in Redmond, Washington, Orange and Gainesville in Virginia, and Camden, Arkansas. Aerojet was owned by GenCorp. In 2013, Aerojet was merged by GenCorp with the former Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne to form Aerojet Rocketdyne.
Loki, officially designated 76mm HEAA Rocket T220, was an American unguided anti-aircraft rocket based on the German Taifun. Like the Taifun, Loki never saw service in its original role, but later found widespread use as a sounding rocket. It was so successful in this role that several advanced versions were developed on the basic Loki layout, including the final Super Loki.
The WAC Corporal was the first sounding rocket developed in the United States and the first vehicle to achieve hypersonic speeds. It was an offshoot of the Corporal program, that was started by a partnership between the United States Army Ordnance Corps and the California Institute of Technology in June 1944 with the ultimate goal of developing a military ballistic missile.
The RTV-G-4 Bumper was a sounding rocket built by the United States. A combination of the German V-2 rocket and the WAC Corporal sounding rocket, it was used to study problems pertaining to two-stage high-speed rockets. The Bumper program launched eight rockets between May 13, 1948 and July 29, 1950. The first six flights were conducted at the White Sands Missile Range; the seventh launch, Bumper 8 on July 24, 1950, was the first rocket launched from Cape Canaveral.
The first orbital flight of an artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched in October 1957, by the Soviet Union. In November, the second orbital flight took place. The Soviet Union launched the first animal to orbit the Earth, a dog, Laika, who died in orbit a few hours after launch.
Spaceflight as a practical endeavor began during World War II with the development of operational liquid-fueled rockets. Beginning life as a weapon, the V-2 was pressed into peaceful service after the war at the United States' White Sands Missile Range as well as the Soviet Union's Kapustin Yar. This led to a flourishing of missile designs setting the stage for the exploration of space. The small American WAC Corporal rocket was evolved into the Aerobee, a much more powerful sounding rocket. Exploration of space began in earnest in 1947 with the flight of the first Aerobee, 46 of which had flown by the end of 1950. These and other rockets, both Soviet and American, returned the first direct data on air density, temperature, charged particles and magnetic fields in the Earth's upper atmosphere.
This is a list of spaceflight related events which occurred in 1956.
In 1955, both the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) announced plans for launching the world's first satellites during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58. Project Vanguard, proposed by the US Navy, won out over the US Army's Project Orbiter as the satellite and rocket design to be flown in the IGY. Development of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, the Atlas by the US and the R-7 by the USSR, accelerated, entering the design and construction phase.
The year 1954 saw the conception of Project Orbiter, the first practicable satellite launching project, utilizing the Redstone, a newly developed Short Range Ballistic Missile.
In 1952, several branches of the United States' military, often in partnership with civilian organizations, continued their programs of sounding rocket research beyond the 100 kilometres (62 mi) boundary of space using the Aerobee rocket. The University of Iowa launched its first series of rockoon flights, demonstrating the validity of the balloon-launched rocket, a comparatively inexpensive way to explore the upper atmosphere. The launch of Viking 9 at the end of the year to an altitude of 135 mi (217 km), by the Naval Research Laboratory team under the management of Milton Rosen, represented the pinnacle of contemporary operational rocket design.
The year 1951 saw extensive exploration of space by the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) using suborbital rockets. The Soviets launched their first series of biomedical tests to the 100-kilometre (62 mi) boundary of space. Several American agencies launched more than a dozen scientific sounding rocket flights between them. The US Navy launched its Viking sounding rocket for the seventh time since 1949, this time to a record-breaking 136 miles (219 km) in August 1951.
The year 1953 saw the rockoon join the stable of sounding rockets capable of reaching beyond the 100 kilometres (62 mi) boundary of space. Employed by both the University of Iowa and the Naval Research Laboratory, 22 total were launched from the decks of the USS Staten Island and the USCGC Eastwind this year. All branches of the United States military continued their program of Aerobee sounding rocket launches, a total of 23 were launched throughout 1953. The Soviet Union launched no sounding rockets in 1953; however, the Soviet Union did conduct several series of missile test launches.
USS Desert Ship (LLS-1) is a concrete blockhouse providing assembly and launch facilities simulating shipboard conditions for Navy surface-to-air weapons testing at the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) Weapons Division – White Sands.
The Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) is a system of hypergolic liquid-propellant rocket engines used on the Space Shuttle and the Orion MPCV. Designed and manufactured in the United States by Aerojet, the system allowed the orbiter to perform various orbital maneuvers according to requirements of each mission profile: orbital injection after main engine cutoff, orbital corrections during flight, and the final deorbit burn for reentry. From STS-90 onwards the OMS were typically ignited part-way into the Shuttle's ascent for a few minutes to aid acceleration to orbital insertion. Notable exceptions were particularly high-altitude missions such as those supporting the Hubble Space Telescope (STS-31) or those with unusually heavy payloads such as Chandra (STS-93). An OMS dump burn also occurred on STS-51-F, as part of the Abort to Orbit procedure.
The RTV-A-3 NATIV was an experimental missile developed by North American Aviation for the United States Air Force in the late 1940s to test and evaluate guided missile technologies. The North American Test Instrumentation Vehicle (NATIV) was developed as part of the MX-770 program which was created towards the end of WWII with the intent of developing a long range missile.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
Media related to Aerobee at Wikimedia CommonsNon-military suborbital rocket engines and motors that have flown | ||
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