Transport in Vietnam

Bắc Sum Pass on National Road 4C

Transportation in Vietnam is improving rapidly in terms of both quantity and quality. Road traffic is growing rapidly but the major roads are dangerous and slow to travel on due to outdated design and an inappropriate traffic mix. In recent years, the construction of expressways has accelerated. Air travel is also important for long distance travel. Metro systems are under construction in the two metropolises of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

Vietnamese road traffic is dominated by motorcycles.

Road transport

National Road 4E milestone

Yên Bái Provincial Road 163 milestone

The total length of the Vietnamese road system is about 222,179 km with 19.0% paved, mainly national roads and provincial roads (source: Vietnam Road Administration, 2004). The national road system length is 17,295 km with 27.6% of its length paved. The provincial road system is 27,762 km of length with 23.6% paved. The road network is relatively well developed, but in poor condition. ^[1] Due to congestion and lack of safety, the average speed on the national roads is a mere 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph). ^[2]

Road financing comes from a number of sources including the government, overseas donors such as the ADB, WB, JBIC and business organizations. Road investment recovery is mainly through tolls collected on bridges and roads, in accordance with laws mentioned above.

Vietnam's road system is classified according to the administrative hierarchy. Each classification is assigned a milestone color and abbreviation.

• National roads (quốc lộ, abbreviated QL) are administered by the central government. They are marked by white milestones with red tops. ^{[3] [4]} On direction signs, they were historically denoted by white on blue markers, but since 2015 are denoted by black on white markers. ^{[5] [6]}
  • Expressways or freeways (đường cao tốc, CT) are denoted by black on yellow markers on direction signs. Guide signs along expressways are green, in contrast to the blue guide signs along surface roads. ^{[5] [6]}
• Provincial roads (tỉnh lộ or đường tỉnh, TL or ĐT) are managed by provinces. They are marked by white milestones with blue or green tops. ^[3] On direction signs, they are denoted by black on white markers. ^{[5] [6]}
• District roads (hương lộ or đường huyện, HL or ĐH) are managed by rural districts. They are marked by white milestones with brown tops. ^[3]
• Commune roads (đường xã, ĐX) are managed by communes.
• Urban roads (đường đô thị, ĐĐT) are managed by cities and towns.
• Certain service roads (đường chuyên dùng, ĐCD) may be marked by white milestones with yellow tops. ^[3]

National roads

National Route 1A: Huu Nghi Quan Border Gate (Lạng Sơn) – Cà Mau Province National Route 1B: Thái Nguyên – Lạng Sơn Province National Route 1C: Khánh Hòa National Route 1D: Qui Nhơn – Sông Cầu National Route 1K: Ho Chi Minh City – Biên Hòa National Route 2A: Hanoi – Hà Giang (border checkpoint Thanh Thuy) National Route 2B: Vĩnh Phúc National Route 2C: Hanoi – Tuyên Quang National Route 2D: Vĩnh Phúc – Tuyên Quang National Route 3A: Hanoi – Cao Bằng (border checkpoint Ta Lung) National Route 3B: Bắc Kạn – Tuyên Quang National Route 3C: Thái Nguyên – Bắc Kạn National Route 3E: Lạng Sơn National Route 4 (Ring road 1): 4A (Lạng Sơn – Cao Bằng), 4B (Quảng Ninh – Lạng Sơn), 4C (Hà Giang), 4D (Lào Cai – Lai Châu), 4H (Điện Biên) National Route 4E: Lào Cai National Route 4G: Sơn La National Route 5A: Hanoi – Haiphong National Route 5C: Haiphong National Route 6A: Hanoi – Điện Biên National Route 6B: Sơn La National Route 7A: Nghệ An National Route 7B: Nghệ An National Route 8A: Hà Tĩnh National Route 8B: Hà Tĩnh National Route 9: Quảng Trị National Route 9A: Quảng Trị National Route 9B: Quảng Bình National Route 9C: Quảng Bình National Route 9D: Quảng Trị National Route 9E: Quảng Bình National Route 9G: Quảng Bình National Route 10: Quảng Ninh – Thanh Hóa National Route 12: Điện Biên – Lai Châu (border checkpoint Ma Lu Thang) National Route 12A: Quảng Bình National Route 12B: Ninh Bình – Hòa Bình National Route 12C: Sơn Dương - Vũng Áng Port – Quảng Bình Province National Route 13: Ho Chi Minh City – Bình Phước (border checkpoint Hoa Lư) National Route 14A: Quảng Trị – Bình Phước National Route 14B: Da Nang – Quảng Nam National Route 14C: Gia Lai – Đắk Nông Province National Route 14D: Quảng Nam National Route 14E: Quảng Nam National Route 14G: Quảng Nam – Da Nang National Route 15: Đồng Nai National Route 15A: Hòa Bình – Quảng Trị National Route 15B: Hà Tĩnh National Route 15C: Thanh Hóa National Route 15D: Quảng Trị National Route 16: Quảng Bình National Route 17: Hanoi – Thái Nguyên National Route 17B: Quảng Ninh – Haiphong National Route 18: Hanoi – Quảng Ninh (border checkpoint Mong Cai) National Route 18C: Quảng Ninh National Route 19A: Bình Định – Gia Lai National Route 19B: Bình Định National Route 19C: Bình Định – Đắk Lắk National Route 20: Đồng Nai – Lâm Đồng National Route 21A: Hanoi – Nam Định National Route 21B: Hanoi – Ninh Bình National Route 21C: Hanoi – Ninh Bình National Route 22A: Ho Chi Minh City – Tây Ninh (border checkpoint Moc Bai) National Route 22B: Tây Ninh National Route 23: Hanoi – Vĩnh Phúc National Route 24A: Quảng Ngãi – Kon Tum National Route 24B: Quảng Ngãi National Route 24C: Quảng Ngãi National Route 25: Phú Yên – Gia Lai National Route 26A: Khánh Hòa – Đắk Lắk National Route 26B: Khánh Hòa National Route 27A: Ninh Thuận – Đắk Lắk National Route 27B: Ninh Thuận – Khánh Hòa National Route 27C: Khánh Hòa – Lâm Đồng National Route 28A: Bình Thuận – Đắk Nông Province National Route 28B: Bình Thuận – Lâm Đồng National Route 29: Phú Yên Province – Đắk Lắk Province National Route 30: Tiền Giang – Đồng Tháp National Route 31: Bắc Giang – Lạng Sơn National Route 32: Hanoi – Lai Châu National Route 32B: Phú Thọ – Sơn La National Route 32C: Phú Thọ – Yên Bái National Route 34: Cao Bằng – Hà Giang National Route 35: Ninh Bình National Route 36: Nghệ An – Thanh Hóa National Route 37A: Thái Bình – Sơn La National Route 37B: Thái Bình Province – Hà Nam National Route 37C: Nam Định province – Hòa Bình National Route 38A: Bắc Ninh – Hà Nam National Route 38B: Hải Dương – Ninh Bình National Route 39A: Hưng Yên Province – Thái Bình Province National Route 39B: Hưng Yên – Thái Bình Province National Route 40A: Kon Tum National Route 40B: Quảng Nam – Kon Tum National Route 43: Sơn La National Route 45: Ninh Bình – Thanh Hóa National Route 46A: Nghệ An National Route 46B: Nghệ An National Route 46C: Nghệ An National Route 47: Thanh Hóa National Route 47B: Thanh Hóa National Route 47C: Thanh Hóa National Route 48A: Nghệ An National Route 48B: Nghệ An National Route 48C: Nghệ An National Route 48D: Nghệ An National Route 48E: Nghệ An National Route 49A: Thừa Thiên Huế National Route 49B: Quảng Trị – Thừa Thiên Huế National Route 49C: Quảng Trị National Route 50: Ho Chi Minh City – Tiền Giang National Route 51: Đồng Nai – Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu National Route 52: Ho Chi Minh City – Đồng Nai National Route 53: Vĩnh Long – Trà Vinh National Route 54: Đồng Tháp – Trà Vinh National Route 55A: Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu – Lâm Đồng National Route 55B: Bình Thuận National Route 56: Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu – Đồng Nai National Route 56B: Đồng Nai – Tây Ninh National Route 57A: Bến Tre – Vĩnh Long National Route 57B: Bến Tre National Route 57C: Bến Tre National Route 60: Tiền Giang – Sóc Trăng National Route 61A: Hậu Giang – Kiên Giang National Route 61B: Hậu Giang – Sóc Trăng National Route 61C: Cần Thơ – Hậu Giang National Route 62: Long An National Route 63: Kiên Giang – Cà Mau National Route 70A: Phú Thọ – Lào Cai National Route 70B: Phú Thọ – Hòa Bình National Route 71: Hà Tĩnh National Route 80: Vĩnh Long – Kiên Giang National Route 91A: Cần Thơ – An Giang National Route 91B: Cần Thơ National Route 91C: Cần Thơ – Bạc Liêu National Route 100: Lai Châu National Route 217: Thanh Hóa National Route 217B: Thanh Hóa National Route 279: Quảng Ninh – Điện Biên (border checkpoint Tay Trang) National Route 279D: Lai Châu – Sơn La National Route 280: Tuyên Quang – Hà Giang National Route 281: Hà Tĩnh National Route N1: Long An – Kiên Giang National Route N2: Bình Dương – Kiên Giang Ho Chi Minh Highway: Cao Bằng – Cà Mau Quan Lo - Phung Hiep Highway: Hậu Giang – Cà Mau

Expressways

North-South Expressway near Ninh Binh

Main article: Expressways of Vietnam

Expressways are a rather new concept for Vietnam. Traffic is growing rapidly but the major roads are dangerous due to inappropriate design and an inappropriate traffic mix. Expressways would solve these problems along the key corridors, by separating high speed traffic from slower, local traffic.

Vietnam currently recognizes two classes of expressway. Both have a minimum of two lanes in each direction, but Class A has grade separated interchanges, while Class B has at-grade intersections. There are 4 design-speed categories: 60, 80, 100 and 120 km/h.^{[ citation needed ]} Generally all cars, buses and trucks are permitted on the expressway but công nông (agricultural vehicles) and all types motorcycles are not. ^[7]

Road vehicles

Motorbikes

Vietnam is renowned for its motorbike culture. In 1995, over 90% of trips in both Hanoi and Saigon were done by motorcycle. ^[8] In 2017, 79% of Vietnamese reported using a motorbike regularly. ^[9] With 45 million registered motorbikes on a 92 million population headcount, Vietnam has one of the highest motorbike ownership rates worldwide. ^[10] Vietnam is the 4th largest market for motorbike sales, after China, India and Indonesia. ^[10] 87% of Vietnamese households own a motorbike, a number only surpassed by Thailand. ^[11]

In recent years, the government has expressed the desire to reduce the number of motorbikes in an effort to curb congestion. ^[10]

Cars

As of 2015, 2 million passenger cars were registered. ^[12]

Car prices are kept high by import taxes and sales tax, which put Vietnam as one of the most expensive countries to buy a car, with up to 2 or 3 times the final price consisting of taxes and fees. ^{[13] [14]} In 2016, a Lexus LX was priced at 7.3 billion VND (USD 315,000), ^[15] a Toyota Innova at 800 million VND (USD 35,000), ^[16] Despite this, car sales are growing at double digit rates each year. ^[17]

Water transport

Ferries

Ferry over the Cầu River

Most river crossings have long been replaced by bridges, however ferry crossings still operate for vehicles not allowed on expressways.

• Cat Lai ferry, between Ho Chi Minh City and Long Thanh, crossing the Dong Nai River.
• Between Ho Chi Minh City and Vung Tau, a high-speed passenger ferry service is available.

Ports and harbors

• Cam Ranh – large deep water port and used by Marco Polo during his voyages to China; formerly a major military facility for the U.S. Army and US Navy during the 1960s; later used by the Soviet Navy and the Vietnamese Navy
• Da Nang – Tien Sa seaport is the third largest sea port in Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh City and Hai Phong; handles 3-4 million tons of cargo annually
• Hai Phong
• Ho Chi Minh City - Saigon Port
• Hong Gai
• Qui Nhơn
• Nha Trang
• Nghi Son (Thanh Hóa)
• Son Duong (Hà Tĩnh)
• Dung Quất (Quảng Ngãi)
• Vũng Tàu

Vietnam has 17,702 km of waterways; 5,000 km of which are navigable by vessels up to 1.8 m draft.

Merchant marine

• Total: 579 ships (1,000 GT or over)
• Ships by type: barge 1, bulk 142, cargo 335, chemical tanker 23, container 19, liquified gas 7, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 48, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1
• Registered in other countries: 86 (Cambodia 1, Kiribati 2, Mongolia 33, Panama 43, Taiwan 1, Tuvalu 6) (2010)

Air transport

Main article: Air transport in Vietnam

Air travel is rapidly increasing in importance. The route between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City has been world's 7th busiest airline route by seat capacity since 2016. ^{[18] [19]}

Airports

Main article: List of airports in Vietnam

Vietnam operates 37 civil airports, including three international gateways: Noi Bai serving Hanoi, Da Nang serving Da Nang City, and Tan Son Nhat serving Ho Chi Minh City. Tan Son Nhat is the largest, handling 75 percent of international passenger traffic. Vietnam Airlines, the national airline, has a fleet of 82 aircraft that link Vietnam with 49 foreign cities. ^[20] The second largest domestic carrier is VietJet Air, serving 16 domestic destinations and 5 international destinations, and the third largest is Bamboo Airways.

Airports with civil service

• Total : 37
• Airports with runways over 3,047 m : 9
• Airports with runways from 2,438 to 3,047 m :6
• Airports with runways from 1,524 to 2,437 m :13
• Airports with runways from 914 to 1,523 m :9

Heliports

• Total: 1

Railways

Main article: Rail transport in Vietnam

The Vietnamese railway network.

The Vietnamese railway network has a total length of 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi), dominated by the 1,726 kilometres (1,072 mi) single track North–South Railway running between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The national railway network uses mainly 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge , although there are several 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge and mixed gauge lines in the North of the country. There were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network as of 2005, most of which are located along the North–South line. The Vietnamese railway network is owned and operated by the state-owned enterprise Vietnam Railways (VNR), which operates a number of different subsidiaries involved in construction, communications, training, and other activities connected to railway maintenance. ^{[21] [22] [23]}

The overall condition of railway infrastructure in Vietnam varies from poor to fair; most of the network remains in need of rehabilitation and upgrading, having received only temporary repair from damages suffered during decades of war. A joint Japanese-Vietnamese evaluation team found that the poor state of railway infrastructure was the fundamental cause for most railway crashes and derailments, of which the most common types are train collisions involving vehicles and pedestrians, especially at illegal level crossings; derailments caused by failure to decrease speed was also noted as a common cause of collisions. ^[23]

International railway links

People's Republic of China

Two railways connect Vietnam to the People's Republic of China: the western Yunnan–Vietnam Railway, from Haiphong to Kunming, and the eastern railway from Hanoi to Nanning. The railway into Yunnan is a metre gauge line, the only such line to operate inside China; it may, however, be converted to standard gauge. Railway service along the Chinese portion of the route is currently suspended. Cross-border service was available until 2002, when floods and landslides, which frequently caused delays along the route, ^[24] caused serious damage to the tracks on the Chinese side. ^[25] Hanoi–Đồng Đăng Railway access to Nanning is done through the border at Đồng Đăng, in Lạng Sơn Province. Regular service generally entails stopping at the border, changing from a Vietnamese metre-gauge train to a Chinese standard-gauge train, and continuing on to Nanning. ^[25]

The Yunnan–Vietnam Railway will form the Chinese part of the Singapore-Kunming Rail Link, which is expected to be completed in 2015. ^[26]

Cambodia and Laos

There are currently no railway connections between Vietnam and Cambodia or Laos. As part of plans established by ASEAN, however, two new railways are under development: Saigon–Lộc Ninh Railway connecting Ho Chi Minh City to Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and one connecting the North–South Railway to Thakhek in Laos. The Vietnamese portion of the Phnom Penh railway would begin with a junction of the North–South Railway at Dĩ An Railway Station, and would end in Lộc Ninh, Bình Phước Province, close to the Cambodian border, linking up with a similar project on the Cambodian side. According to the plan established by ASEAN, this stretch is scheduled for completion by 2020; it will form part of the Kunming–Singapore railway project, overseen by the ASEAN–Mekong Basin Development Cooperation (AMBDC). ^{[26] [27]} Vientiane - Vũng Áng Railway would run between Vung Ang, a port in Hà Tĩnh Province, to connect with the North–South Railway at Tân Ấp Railway Station in Quảng Bình Province, then crossing through the Mụ Giạ Pass towards Thakhek. According to plans established by ASEAN, the line may then be extended via Thakhek all the way to the Laotian capital Vientiane. Both Laos and Thailand have expressed interest in the project as a shorter export gateway to the Pacific Ocean. ^{[26] [28]}

High-speed rail

North–South Express Railway

Main article: North–South Express Railway (Vietnam)

National railway company Vietnam Railways has proposed a high-speed rail link between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, capable of running at speeds of 300 km/h (186 mph). Once completed, the high-speed rail line—using Japanese Shinkansen technology—would allow trains to complete the Hanoi–Ho Chi Minh City journey in less than six hours, compared to around 30 hours taken on the existing railway. ^{[29] [30] [31]} Vietnamese prime minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng had originally set an ambitious target, approving a 1,630 km (1,010 mi) line to be completed by 2013, with 70 percent of funding (initially estimated at US$33 billion) coming from Japanese ODA, and the remaining 30 percent raised through loans. ^[30] Later reports raised estimated costs to US$56 billion (almost 60 percent of Vietnam's GDP in 2009) for a completion date in the mid-2030s. On June 19, 2010, after a month of deliberation, Vietnam's National Assembly rejected the high speed rail proposal due to its high cost; National Assembly deputies had asked for further study of the project. ^{[29] [31]}

In 2018 a new feasibility study was submitted and based on that the government wants to reconsider the cost-benefit of the project. ^{[32] [33]} Plans show the first phase of construction to build sections between Hanoi and Vinh, and simultaneously between Ho Chi Minh City and Nha Trang both to be finished by 2032 with the entire north-south link to be finished by 2045. ^[34]

Ho Chi Minh City–Cần Thơ Express Railway

Main article: Ho Chi Minh City–Cần Thơ Express Railway

Another high-speed rail has been proposed to connect Ho Chi Minh City to Southeast Vietnam and Can Tho.

Metro

Main articles: Hanoi Metro and Saigon Metro

Metro line under construction in Hanoi in 2016

The two biggest cities in Vietnam, Hanoi and Saigon, with Ho Chi Minh City Metro (Saigon) currently under construction, both projects have suffered from delays, budget deficits and budget overruns. The Hanoi metro system began operations on November 6, 2021, ^[35] and the Ho Chi Minh City Metro is expected to be opened in 2024.

Pipelines

In April 1995, a 125-kilometer natural gas pipeline connecting Bach Ho with a power plant near Vũng Tàu went into operation. With the subsequent addition of compressors, the volume pumped rose to more than 1 billion cubic meters per year. In 2005 a 399-kilometer underwater pipeline, the world's longest, began to carry natural gas onshore from the Nam Con Son basin. The pipeline's anticipated capacity is 2 billion cubic meters per year, while the basin has an estimated 59 billion cubic meters of natural gas reserves. ^[20] Vietnam has 28 km of condensate pipeline, 10 km of condensate/gas pipeline, 216 of natural gas line, and 206 km of pipeline for refined products.

See also

• Vietnam portal
• Transport portal

• North–South Express Railway (Vietnam)
• North–South Expressway East
• North–South Expressway West
• Motorcycle industry in Vietnam

References

1. Jennie Litvack; Jennie Ilene Litvack; Dennis A. Rondinelli (1999). Market Reform in Vietnam: Building Institutions for Development. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 50. ISBN   978-1-56720-288-5.
2. World Bank Group; Ministry of Planning and Investment of Vietnam (7 November 2016). Vietnam 2035: Toward Prosperity, Creativity, Equity, and Democracy. World Bank Publications. p. 257. ISBN   978-1-4648-0825-8.
3. 41:2016/BGTVT, pp. 195–200, appendix I.
4. "Các loại biển báo giao thông" [Types of traffic signs] (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Expressway Services Engineering Joint Stock Company. 27 May 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
5. 41:2016/BGTVT, pp. 331–334, appendix O.
6. 83:2015/BGTVT, appendix 4.
7. "Motorbikes entering expressways in Vietnam could be confiscated". Tuoi Tre News. 27 February 2015.
8. "Urban Public Transportation in Viet Nam" (PDF). Research Institute for Development and Finance Japan Bank for International Cooperation. December 1999.
9. "The Top 5 Cycling & Motorcycling Countries in the World - Dalia Research". 23 May 2017.
10. VnExpress. "Vietnam remains kingdom of motorbikes as sales rev up in 2016 - VnExpress International".
11. "Motorcycle ownership by household - by country 2014 - Statistic". Statista.
12. "Vietnam: passenger cars in use 2015". Statista. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
13. "Challenge an inevitable reality in emerging Myanmar". Tuoi Tre News. 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
14. "How expensive are cars in Vietnam? - News VietNamNet". english.vietnamnet.vn. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
15. "Car Taxes in Vietnam Are Going up Again | Saigoneer". saigoneer.com. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
16. "Price toyota innova". Archived from the original on 2019-08-03. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
17. "Vietnam Gets Behind the Wheel as Car Ownership Soars". Forbes .
18. VnExpress. "Hanoi-Saigon is world's seventh busiest air route - VnExpress International".
19. VnExpress. "Saigon-Hanoi ranks 7th among world's busiest air routes - VnExpress International".
20. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Vietnam.pdf (public domain)
21. "Proposed Loan and Administration of Loan from Agence Française de Développement: Yen Vien–Lao Cai Railway Upgrading Project" (PDF). November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
22. "Infrastructure Maintenance and Construction". Vietnam Railways. Archived from the original on 2010-04-14. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
23. "Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh City Railway Bridge Rehabilitation Project" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. 2007. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
24. This Train Beats Walking (Sometimes) New York Times, 2000-12-03
25. "Train travel in Vietnam". Seat61. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
26. "Fact Sheet: The Singapore–Kunming Rail Link Project" (PDF). ASEAN. 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
27. Vong Sokheng (2010-10-31). "China to bridge missing rail link" . Retrieved 2011-01-05.
28. "The Study on the Development Plan of Thakek-Vung Ang Gateway between Lao PDR and Vietnam" (PDF). Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, Japan Development Institute (JDI). March 2010.
29. "Critics urge brakes on Vietnam's high-speed rail". AFP. 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
30. "High-speed train planned for Vietnam". New York Times. 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
31. "National Assembly rejects express railway project". VietNamNet Bridge. 2010-06-21. Archived from the original on 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
32. "Vietnam revives $58bn high-speed rail project despite cost hurdle". Nikkei Asian Review.
33. VnExpress. "Vietnam to step back and take relook at high-speed rail - VnExpress International". VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam.
34. VnExpress. "Bullet train to connect Hanoi with HCMC in five hours - VnExpress International". VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
35. Hose, Maria (2021-11-09). "Vietnam launches country's first metro rail service in Hanoi". Urban Transport News. Hanoi Vietnam. Retrieved 2021-11-12.

 This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

Further reading

• "Quy chuẩn kỹ thuật quốc gia về báo hiệu đường bộ" [National Technical Regulation on Traffic Signs and Signals]. regulation No. 41:2016/BGTVT of 11 January 2016 (PDF) (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 19 April 2018.
• "Quy chuẩn kỹ thuật quốc gia về biển chỉ dẫn trên đường cao tốc" [National Technical Regulation on Expressway Guidance Signs]. regulation No. 83:2015/BGTVT of 23 June 2015 (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 19 April 2018.

External links

• Ministry of Transport, Vietnam

Maps

• World Bank transport map
• UN Map