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The 1660 destruction of Tiberias [1] occurred during the Druze power struggle in the Galilee, in the same year as the destruction of Safed. The destruction of Tiberias by the Druze resulted in abandonment of the city by its Jewish community, [2] [3] until it was rebuilt by Zahir al-Umar in early 18th century. Altshuler however attributes the destruction of Tiberias in 1660 to an earthquake. [4] The destruction could have also been a combination of both events.
As the Ottoman Empire expanded along the southern Mediterranean coast under sultan Selim I, the Catholic Monarchs began establishing Inquisition commissions. Many Conversos, (Marranos and Moriscos) and Sephardic Jews fled to the Ottoman provinces, settling at first in Constantinople, Salonika, Sarajevo, Sofia and in Anatolia. The sultan encouraged them to settle in Palestine. [5] [6]
In 1558, a Portuguese-born marrano, Doña Gracia, was granted tax collecting rights in Tiberias and its surrounding villages by Suleiman the Magnificent. She envisaged the town becoming a refuge for Jews and obtained a permit to establish Jewish autonomy there. [7] In 1561 her nephew Joseph Nasi, the sultan-appointed lord of Tiberias, [8] encouraged Jews to settle in Tiberias. [9] Securing a firman from the sultan, he and Joseph ben Ardut or ibn Adret (converso name: Pomar), whom he sent to Tiberias, rebuilt the city walls and laid the groundwork for a textile (silk) industry, planting mulberry trees and urging craftsmen to move there. [9] [10] [11] [12] In 1624, when the sultan recognized Fakhr-al-Din II as lord of Arabistan (a specially created realm stretching from Aleppo to the borders of Egypt), [13] the Druze leader made Tiberias his capital.
The destruction of Tiberias by the Druze resulted in the Jewish community fleeing entirely. [2] [3] Unlike Tiberias, which became desolate for many years, the nearby city of Safed recovered from its destruction by Druze in 1660 relatively quickly, [14] not becoming entirely abandoned, [15] remaining an important Jewish center in the Galilee.
In the 1720s, Zahir al-Umar, a Bedouin ruler of Ottoman Galilee, fortified Tiberias and signed an agreement with the neighboring Bedouin tribes to prevent looting. Richard Pococke, who visited Tiberias in 1738, witnessed the building of a fort to the north of the city, and the strengthening of the old walls, attributing it to a dispute with the pasha (ruler) of Damascus. [16] Under Zahir's patronage, Jewish families were encouraged to settle in Tiberias. [17] He invited Chaim Abulafia of Smyrna to rebuild the Jewish community. [1]
Sultan Seliman surrounded it with a wall in 5300 (1540), and it commenced to revive a little, and to be inhabited by the most distinguished Jewish literati; but it was destroyed again in 5420 (1660).Also at Archived 2018-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned...
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Long before the culmination of Sabbathai's mad career, Safed had been destroyed by the Arabs and the Jews had suffered severely, while in the same year (1660) there was a great fire in Constantinople in which they endured heavy losses...
In Safed, too, the [Sabbatai] movement gathered strength during the autumn of 1665. The reports about the utter destruction, in 1662 [sic], of the Jewish settlement there seem greatly exaggerated, and the conclusions based on them are false. ... Rosanes' account of the destruction of the Safed community is based on a misunderstanding of his sources; the community declined in numbers but continued to exist.