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A fountain pen is a writing instrument which uses a metal nib to apply a water-based ink to paper. It is distinguished from earlier dip pens by using an internal reservoir to hold ink, eliminating the need to repeatedly dip the pen in an inkwell during use. The pen draws ink from the reservoir through a feed to the nib and deposits the ink on paper via a combination of gravity and capillary action. Filling the reservoir with ink may be achieved manually, via the use of an eyedropper or syringe, or via an internal filling mechanism which creates suction or a vacuum to transfer ink directly through the nib into the reservoir. Some pens employ removable reservoirs in the form of pre-filled ink cartridges.
Stationery refers to commercially manufactured writing materials, including cut paper, envelopes, writing implements, continuous form paper, and other office supplies. Stationery includes materials to be written on by hand or by equipment such as computer printers.
The year 1822 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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Jacques de Vaucanson was a French inventor and artist who built the first all-metal lathe which was very important to the Industrial Revolution. The lathe is known as the mother of machine tools, as it was the first machine tool that led to the invention of other machine tools. He was responsible for the creation of impressive and innovative automata. He also was the first person to design an automatic loom.
The year 1840 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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The Star of Bethlehem, or Christmas Star, appears in the nativity story of the Gospel of Matthew chapter 2 where "wise men from the East" (Magi) are inspired by the star to travel to Jerusalem. There, they meet King Herod of Judea, and ask him:
Where is He who has been born King of the Jews? For we have seen His star in the East and have come to worship Him.
James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton, KT, PRS was a Scottish astronomer and representative peer who was president of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh from its foundation in 1737 until his death. He also became president of the Royal Society, and was a distinguished patron of science, and particularly of astronomy.
Lieutenant-General Willem Anne van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle was a British soldier, diplomat and courtier.
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Sir Walter Wagstaffe Bagot, 5th Baronet of Blithfield Hall, Staffordshire was an English Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1724 and 1768.
Edward Stone (1702–1768) was a Church of England cleric who discovered the active ingredient of aspirin.
John Gregory Crace was a British interior decorator and author.
EdmondHalley was an English astronomer, mathematician and physicist. He was the second Astronomer Royal in Britain, succeeding John Flamsteed in 1720.
Edward Lionel Gregory Stones, FBA (1914–1987) was Edwards Professor of Medieval History at the University of Glasgow from 1956 to 1978.
References
- ↑ "Historic Comet Close Approaches". NASA. Archived from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ↑ Bunch, Bryan H.; Alexander Hellemans (2004). The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 776 pages. ISBN 978-0-618-22123-3 . Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ↑ "Archives Hub: Papers of David Gregory (1661–1708)". Archives Hub. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ↑ Narayanan, Vivek (2005-05-18). "Patent and Trademark History in the Fountain Pen Industry" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-02-28. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ↑ "Who invented the fountain pen?". vintagepens.com. Retrieved 2013-07-31.
- ↑ Mann, Ralph (2004). "Stone, Edward (1702–1768)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/38014 . Retrieved 2011-02-17.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)