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| Turnout | 60.16% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Venezuelaportal |
General elections were held in Venezuela on 5 December 1993. [1] The presidential elections were won by Rafael Caldera of National Convergence, who received 30.5% of the vote. [2] Democratic Action remained the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies and Senate, which were elected on separate ballots for the first time. [3] Voter turnout was 60.2%, the lowest since World War II. [4]
The election campaign was dominated by the corruption charges brought against sitting President Carlos Andrés Pérez, which led to his impeachment on 20 May 1993. He was replaced by Octavio Lepage as Acting President until Ramón José Velásquez was elected by Congress as interim President on 5 June. An atmosphere of economic and political crisis prevailed, with general economic problems compounded by a banking crisis, and a declining legitimacy of the traditional main parties, Democratic Action and Copei. The previous year had seen two coup attempts in February and November, reflecting widespread popular discontent with the political establishment.
Rafael Caldera, founder of Copei, rejected his old party and led a "National Convergence" of 17 smaller parties — including the Movement for Socialism, the Democratic Republican Union, the People's Electoral Movement and the Communist Party of Venezuela. His campaign promises included pardoning the 1992 coup plotters, including Hugo Chávez.
The presidential election was held under first-past-the-post voting, while the Congressional elections were the first held under a mixed member proportional representation system, [5] modelled on the German system, with some variations. [6] The traditionally dominant Democratic Action and Copei "supported it because it looked the most like the system under which they had prospered". [5] The MMP system continued to use the old formula of assigning seats to states based on multiplying the total population by 0.55%, with a minimum of three deputies from each state (thus over-representing sparsely populated states). [5] Half each state's seats were then elected in single seat districts, and the remainder by closed party list. Parties could receive up to five additional seats based on their national vote total, to provide greater proportionality. [7]
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rafael Caldera | National Convergence | 1,710,722 | 30.46 | |
| Claudio Fermín | Democratic Action | 1,325,287 | 23.60 | |
| Oswaldo Álvarez Paz | Copei | 1,276,506 | 22.73 | |
| Andrés Velásquez | Radical Cause | 1,232,653 | 21.95 | |
| Modesto Rivero | Authentic Renewal Organization | 20,814 | 0.37 | |
| Nelso Ojeda Valenzuela | Independent Popular Force | 18,690 | 0.33 | |
| Luis Alberto Machado | Intelligence Revolution | 6,851 | 0.12 | |
| Fernando Bianco | Community on the Move | 5,590 | 0.10 | |
| José Antonio Cova | New Democratic Generation | 4,937 | 0.09 | |
| Gabriel Puerta Aponte | Movement for Popular Democracy | 3,746 | 0.07 | |
| Rhona Ottolina | Formula 1 | 3,633 | 0.06 | |
| Romuló Abreu Duarte | Guiding Venezuelan Spiritual Force | 1,554 | 0.03 | |
| Jesús Tang | National Party | 1,251 | 0.02 | |
| Blas García Núñez | Venezuelan Ecological Party | 1,198 | 0.02 | |
| Juán Chacín | Democratic Organised Power of Renewal Structure | 981 | 0.02 | |
| Carmen de González | Nationalist Civic Crusade | 866 | 0.02 | |
| Felix Díaz Ortega | New Order | 780 | 0.01 | |
| Temistocles Fernández | Total Independent | 640 | 0.01 | |
| Total | 5,616,699 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 5,616,699 | 96.35 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 212,517 | 3.65 | ||
| Total votes | 5,829,216 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 9,688,795 | 60.16 | ||
| Source: Nohlen, PDBA | ||||
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
| Democratic Action | 1,165,322 | 24.08 | 16 | –6 | |
| Copei | 1,103,896 | 22.81 | 14 | –6 | |
| Radical Cause | 1,005,816 | 20.78 | 9 | +9 | |
| National Convergence | 650,352 | 13.44 | 6 | New | |
| Movement for Socialism | 526,197 | 10.87 | 5 | – | |
| Authentic Renewal Organization | 41,157 | 0.85 | 0 | 0 | |
| People's Electoral Movement | 26,545 | 0.55 | 0 | 0 | |
| Democratic Republican Union | 25,732 | 0.53 | 0 | 0 | |
| National Integration Movement | 23,459 | 0.48 | 0 | New | |
| Communist Party of Venezuela | 18,862 | 0.39 | 0 | 0 | |
| New Democratic Generation | 14,159 | 0.29 | 0 | –1 | |
| National Opinion | 13,794 | 0.28 | 0 | 0 | |
| Independent Popular Force | 12,908 | 0.27 | 0 | – | |
| Formula 1 | 12,524 | 0.26 | 0 | 0 | |
| Emerging People | 10,709 | 0.22 | 0 | – | |
| PCI | 10,092 | 0.21 | 0 | – | |
| GP | 9,901 | 0.20 | 0 | – | |
| Community Development | 9,656 | 0.20 | 0 | – | |
| Nationalist United Front | 8,791 | 0.18 | 0 | – | |
| National Renewal Movement | 8,322 | 0.17 | 0 | – | |
| Advanced Popular | 8,256 | 0.17 | 0 | – | |
| Movement for Popular Democracy | 8,117 | 0.17 | 0 | – | |
| OCIM | 6,352 | 0.13 | 0 | – | |
| GIRASOL | 5,647 | 0.12 | 0 | – | |
| Active Democratic Nationalist Organisation | 5,089 | 0.11 | 0 | – | |
| Venezuelan Ecological Party | 4,613 | 0.10 | 0 | – | |
| UVI | 4,494 | 0.09 | 0 | – | |
| Renewal | 4,208 | 0.09 | 0 | – | |
| Popular Democratic Force | 4,002 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| MERY | 3,883 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| Community on the Move | 3,830 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| Patriotic Union | 3,018 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| Socialist League | 2,858 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| New Order | 2,772 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| CARICUAO DECIDE | 2,597 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| U | 2,574 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| FT | 2,440 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| The People to Power | 2,297 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| MACARIO | 2,283 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| CUMANAGOTOS | 2,060 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Democratic Organised Power of Renewal Structure | 2,045 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Social Project | 1,979 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Democratic Factor | 1,972 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Nationalist Organisation | 1,938 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| OI | 1,897 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Integral Democratic Movement | 1,844 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Out of Love for Venezuela | 1,733 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Common Sense | 1,678 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| National Party | 1,478 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| ASI | 1,387 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| UO | 1,313 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Electoral Renewal Integration | 1,310 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Independents with Change | 1,266 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| National Integration Front | 1,215 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| FACTOR E | 1,140 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Guiding Venezuelan Spiritual Force | 1,132 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| AGAIN | 1,107 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| DCARA | 1,098 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| DECISION COJEDENA | 1,062 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Republican Movement | 1,060 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| FIE | 1,018 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| CHACAO 92 | 944 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Union for Progress (Venezuela) | 924 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| CPPP | 889 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| IDEAL | 864 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Nationalist Civic Crusade | 862 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| New Republic | 849 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| NI | 830 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| MAR | 798 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| VO | 794 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| PND | 785 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Action Force | 781 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| MIPO | 766 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| CD | 725 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| UCII | 678 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| FOVE | 654 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Socialist Workers' Party | 649 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| CIPREA | 644 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Agricultural Action | 630 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| VCI | 583 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| M93 | 575 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| DDP | 546 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PEM | 539 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MAP | 505 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MIAP | 482 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PUNI | 482 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| FURIA | 426 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MIO | 415 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| JL | 396 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MRI | 384 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| UPC | 364 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MDIPG | 357 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MONCHO | 350 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| LVP | 350 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| EREDE | 344 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PENSAMIENTO NACIONAL | 340 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| VIA | 319 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| New Time | 318 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MIL | 308 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| DAR | 304 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Majoritarian Independent Committee | 303 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| GRITO VECINAL | 289 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| BP | 286 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| FIG | 277 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| VEA | 275 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Committee | 258 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| EPI | 251 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PODER 7 | 232 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PINDD | 230 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| REPO | 225 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIP | 209 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GEVE | 198 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIRE | 198 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Solidarity | 197 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| National Authentic Party | 195 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FIC | 188 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| ARDE | 181 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIIDEA | 174 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CRA | 173 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CDA | 172 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| ACONA | 172 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| RA | 147 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MDV | 133 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CIN | 124 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FUPSSB | 121 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MINERO | 118 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| SOL | 118 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| AVI | 116 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIDV | 114 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| ISA | 113 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FE | 111 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MICA | 94 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GEIJM | 93 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| LVY | 89 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MNVI | 84 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CADEM | 80 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CP | 75 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PEIP | 75 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GDP | 72 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MPN | 66 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| TNSD | 57 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MAICITO | 54 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| ORI | 50 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| EEF 94 | 39 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Apureño Independent Movement | 36 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FEG | 36 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GAP | 25 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| YIP | 25 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIPAYCA | 24 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MAICITO | 21 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CIV | 11 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIDEAS | 11 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| OIPLR | 10 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Republican Democratic Party | 5 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MEIAMA | 4 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| AUV | 3 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PE | 1 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Total | 4,840,047 | 100.00 | 50 | +4 | |
| Valid votes | 4,840,047 | 83.03 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 989,169 | 16.97 | |||
| Total votes | 5,829,216 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 9,688,795 | 60.16 | |||
| Source: Nohlen, Cavuta | |||||
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
| Democratic Action | 1,099,728 | 23.34 | 55 | –42 | |
| Copei | 1,065,512 | 22.62 | 53 | –14 | |
| Radical Cause | 974,190 | 20.68 | 40 | +37 | |
| National Convergence | 651,918 | 13.84 | 26 | New | |
| Movement for Socialism | 509,068 | 10.81 | 24 | – | |
| Authentic Renewal Organization | 41,085 | 0.87 | 1 | –1 | |
| National Integration Movement | 29,433 | 0.62 | 1 | New | |
| People's Electoral Movement | 27,635 | 0.59 | 1 | –1 | |
| Democratic Republican Union | 26,299 | 0.56 | 1 | –1 | |
| Communist Party of Venezuela | 21,180 | 0.45 | 0 | –1 | |
| New Democratic Generation | 16,680 | 0.35 | 1 | –5 | |
| National Opinion | 13,725 | 0.29 | 0 | –1 | |
| Formula 1 | 13,091 | 0.28 | 0 | –2 | |
| Independent Popular Force | 12,730 | 0.27 | 0 | – | |
| Emerging People | 12,525 | 0.27 | 0 | – | |
| Community Development | 10,541 | 0.22 | 0 | – | |
| Movement for Popular Democracy | 9,680 | 0.21 | 0 | – | |
| Nationalist United Front | 9,333 | 0.20 | 0 | – | |
| PCI | 8,293 | 0.18 | 0 | – | |
| National Renewal Movement | 8,223 | 0.17 | 0 | – | |
| Advanced Popular | 7,754 | 0.16 | 0 | – | |
| GIRASOL | 6,815 | 0.14 | 0 | – | |
| OCIM | 6,685 | 0.14 | 0 | – | |
| Renewal | 5,538 | 0.12 | 0 | – | |
| GP | 5,459 | 0.12 | 0 | – | |
| Venezuelan Ecological Party | 5,363 | 0.11 | 0 | – | |
| UVI | 4,853 | 0.10 | 0 | – | |
| Active Democratic Nationalist Organisation | 4,842 | 0.10 | 0 | – | |
| Socialist League | 4,063 | 0.09 | 0 | – | |
| MELI | 3,995 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| Community on the Move | 3,558 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| Popular Democratic Force | 3,409 | 0.07 | 0 | – | |
| Patriotic Union | 3,341 | 0.07 | 0 | – | |
| CARICUAO DECIDE | 2,957 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| Common Sense | 2,915 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| New Order | 2,759 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| The People to Power | 2,546 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| FT | 2,516 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| Democratic Factor | 2,423 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| U | 2,281 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| OI | 2,232 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| National Party | 2,059 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Out of Love for Venezuela | 1,999 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Social Project | 1,986 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Democratic Organised Power of Renewal Structure | 1,975 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| MACARIO | 1,962 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Integral Democratic Movement | 1,910 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| UO | 1,654 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| CUMANAGATOS | 1,611 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Electoral Renewal Integration | 1,555 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| National Integration Front | 1,495 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| FACTOR E | 1,436 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Guiding Venezuelan Spiritual Force | 1,412 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| MRM | 1,377 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| ASI | 1,367 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Republican Movement | 1,229 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Nationalist Organisation | 1,119 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| AGAIN | 1,092 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| DE CHACAO 93 | 991 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| FIE | 988 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Union for Progress | 978 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| MAR | 975 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Nationalist Civic Crusade | 970 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| IDEAL | 944 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| MONCHO | 931 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| PND | 929 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Action Force | 914 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| NI | 909 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| UCII | 883 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| MIPO | 855 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| CD | 816 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| VO | 814 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Agricultural Action | 800 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| M93 | 793 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| DCARA | 766 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| GIO | 755 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Independents with Change | 719 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| DECISION COJEDENA | 719 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| TMSD | 702 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| LIDER | 669 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Socialist Workers' Party | 629 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| LSN | 621 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| FURIA | 613 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| UPC | 548 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| DDP | 536 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Organised Independent Movement | 518 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| VCI | 506 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MIAP | 496 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| National Authentic Party | 487 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| CPPP | 443 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PUNI | 440 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| EREDE | 409 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| ACONA | 401 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MDIPG | 372 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MOREPO 34 | 352 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MRI | 351 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| DAR | 344 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| EEF 94 | 331 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Majoritarian Independent Committee | 319 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MS | 316 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| VIA | 313 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| ISA | 310 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| VIENE | 308 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Solidarity | 301 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| LVP | 299 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MIDV | 296 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| GRITO VECINAL | 278 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| New Republic | 271 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| FIC | 258 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Committee | 251 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MIL | 247 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| AMIGOS DE ANZOATEC | 240 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PODER 7 | 237 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PENSAMIENTO NACION | 233 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CRA | 226 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CRA | 219 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| EPI | 218 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIIDEA | 207 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| REPO | 203 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CIPREA | 202 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIRE | 199 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GEVE | 198 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GEIJM | 196 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MNVI | 192 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PINDD | 191 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MAP | 188 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| RA | 179 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GAP | 171 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FIG | 139 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CIN | 136 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| ORI | 129 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MDV | 129 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FUPSSB | 122 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PPIM | 110 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MINERO | 102 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| ARDE | 101 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| SOL | 99 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MPN | 97 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| DCA | 95 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| LVY | 85 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| New Time | 82 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| VEA | 81 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PEM | 81 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| BP | 80 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MICA | 74 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| EEE | 74 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MAI | 69 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PEIPP | 58 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MOPAIS | 57 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MALU | 55 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FEG | 52 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CADEM | 43 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CEMI | 29 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MEIAMA | 24 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIPAYCA | 23 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FOVE | 22 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| YIP | 16 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Apureño Independent Movement | 11 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| OIPNR | 10 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MAICITO | 10 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| OAP | 9 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CIV | 8 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIIDEA | 4 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| JL | 4 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| AUV | 3 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Republican Democratic Party | 1 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Total | 4,711,218 | 100.00 | 203 | +2 | |
| Valid votes | 4,711,218 | 80.82 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 1,117,998 | 19.18 | |||
| Total votes | 5,829,216 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 9,688,795 | 60.16 | |||
| Source: Nohlen, Cavuta | |||||
Andrés Velásquez of Radical Cause gained 22%, and "filed complaints of irregularities, saying that officials from his party were prevented from witnessing vote counting." [8]
The politics of Venezuela occurs in a framework explained in Government of Venezuela.
Irene Lailin Sáez Conde is a Venezuelan politician and beauty queen who was crowned Miss Universe 1981. She has been a model, was the mayor of Chacao, Governor of the state of Nueva Esparta and a former presidential candidate.
Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez, twice elected the president of Venezuela, served for two five-year terms, becoming the longest serving democratically elected leader to govern the country in the twentieth century. His first term marked the first peaceful transfer of power to the opposition in Venezuela's history.
The National Assembly is the legislature for Venezuela that was first elected in 2000. It is a unicameral body made up of a variable number of members, who were elected by a "universal, direct, personal, and secret" vote partly by direct election in state-based voting districts, and partly on a state-based party-list proportional representation system. The number of seats is constant, each state and the Capital district elected three representatives plus the result of dividing the state population by 1.1% of the total population of the country. Three seats are reserved for representatives of Venezuela's indigenous peoples and elected separately by all citizens, not just those with indigenous backgrounds. For the 2010 to 2015 the number of seats was 165. All deputies serve five-year terms. The National Assembly meets in the Federal Legislative Palace in Venezuela's capital, Caracas.
Presidential elections were held in Venezuela on 6 December 1998. The main candidates were Hugo Chávez, a career military officer who led a coup d'état against then-president Carlos Andrés Pérez in 1992; and former Carabobo Governor Henrique Salas Römer. Both candidates represented newly formed parties, a first in a country where the main candidates always represented the parties of the bipartisanship. Chávez represented the Fifth Republic Movement (MVR), while Salas Römer represented Project Venezuela. Initially weak in the polls, Chávez ran on an anti-corruption and anti-poverty platform, condemning the two major parties that had dominated Venezuelan politics since 1958; and began to gain ground in the polls after the previous front runners faded. Despite the fact that the major parties endorsed Salas Römer, Chávez was elected into his first term as President of Venezuela.
Elections in Venezuela are held at a national level for the President of Venezuela as head of state and head of government, and for a unicameral legislature. The President of Venezuela is elected for a six-year term by direct election plurality voting, and is eligible for re-election. The National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional) has 165 members (diputados), elected for five-year terms using a mixed-member majoritarian representation system. Elections also take place at state level and local level.
Democratic Action is a Venezuelan social democratic and centre-left political party established in 1941. The party played an important role in the early years of Venezuelan democracy, leading the government during Venezuela's first democratic period (1945–1948). A decade of dictatorship under Marcos Pérez Jiménez followed, which saw AD excluded from power. With the advent of democracy in 1958, four Presidents of Venezuela came from Acción Democrática from the 1950s to the 1990s during the two-party period with COPEI.
The Communist Party of Venezuela is a communist party in Venezuela. Founded in 1931, it is the oldest active political party in Venezuela, and was the country's main leftist party until it fractured into rival factions in 1971. The PCV currently opposes the government of Nicolás Maduro.
COPEI, also referred to as the Social Christian Party or Green Party, is a Christian democratic party in Venezuela. The acronym stands for Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente, but this provisional full name has fallen out of use. The party was influential during the twentieth century as a signatory of the Puntofijo Pact and influenced many politicians throughout Latin America at its peak.
The Radical Cause, stylized as La Causa Я, is a minor left-wing political party in Venezuela, and today part of the Venezuelan opposition to president Nicolás Maduro.
The Puntofijo Pact was a formal arrangement arrived at between representatives of Venezuela's three main political parties in 1958, Acción Democrática (AD), COPEI, and Unión Republicana Democrática (URD), for the acceptance of the 1958 presidential elections and the preservation of the new democratic system. The pact was a written guarantee that the signing parties would respect the election results, prevent single-party hegemony, share power, and collaborate to prevent dictatorship.
The Republic of Venezuela was a democratic republic first established in 1953, and replaced in 1999 by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Venezuela saw ten years of military dictatorship from 1948 to 1958. After the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état brought an end to a three-year experiment in democracy, a triumvirate of military personnel controlled the government until 1952, when it held presidential elections. These were free enough to produce results unacceptable to the government, leading them to be falsified and to one of the three leaders, Marcos Pérez Jiménez, assuming the Presidency. His government was brought to an end by the 1958 Venezuelan coup d'état, which saw the advent of democracy with a transitional government under Admiral Wolfgang Larrazábal in place until the December 1958 elections. Prior to the elections, three of the main political parties, Acción Democrática, COPEI and Unión Republicana Democrática, with the notable exclusion of the Communist Party of Venezuela, signed up to the Puntofijo Pact power-sharing agreement.
General elections were held in Venezuela on 1 December 1968. The presidential election was won by Rafael Caldera of Copei, who received 29.1% of the vote. Acción Democrática remained the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies and Senate. Voter turnout was 96.7% in the presidential election and 94.5% in the Congressional elections. When Caldera took office in March 1969, it marked the first time in Venezuela's history as an independent nation that the sitting government peacefully transferred power to an elected member of the opposition.
The Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of Venezuela's legislative under its 1961 constitution; the Venezuelan Senate was the upper house. Under the 1999 constitution, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral National Assembly of Venezuela.
General elections were held in Venezuela on 14 December 1947. The presidential elections were won by Rómulo Gallegos of Democratic Action, who received 74.3% of the vote, the largest presidential win in Venezuela's modern history. His party won 83 of the 110 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 38 of the 46 seats in the Senate.
Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa, was a Venezuelan politician. A founder of Democratic Action and Minister of Education in its first government (1947–1948), he was a leader of Democratic Action after the restoration of democracy in 1958. He split from Democratic Action in 1967 when it tried to prevent his victory in district-level primary elections for the 1968 presidential race translating into Prieto Figueroa winning the nomination. He and a substantial group of supporters split from AD and founded the People's Electoral Movement, which he led until his death.
Constituent Assembly elections were held in Venezuela on 30 November 1952. After the elections, it was planned that the Assembly would nominate a provisional president and then draft a new constitution. Although taking place under military dictatorship, with the main opposition party banned, the election was fair enough to permit early results showing an unexpected defeat for the ruling military junta as the Democratic Republican Union won 62.8% of the vote. The junta then blocked the final results from being published and installed General Marcos Pérez Jiménez as provisional President, an outcome confirmed by the Constituent Assembly, which the opposition parties boycotted.
Constituent Assembly elections were held in Venezuela on 25 July 1999, following a referendum in April on convening one.
The Comisión para la Reforma del Estado was a Presidential Commission created in 1984 by President Jaime Lusinchi to examine the reform of the Venezuelan state and political system. The 35-member commission included 18 independents, as well 9 members from Democratic Action and 5 from COPEI.
El Trienio Adeco was a three-year period in Venezuelan history, from 1945 to 1948, under the government of the popular party Democratic Action. The party gained office via the 1945 Venezuelan coup d'état against President Isaías Medina Angarita, and held the first democratic elections in Venezuelan history, beginning with the 1946 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election. The 1947 Venezuelan general election saw Democratic Action formally elected to office, but it was removed from office shortly after in the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état.
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