Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.
The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the executive head of state of Egypt and the de facto appointee of the official head of government under the Egyptian Constitution of 2014. Under the various iterations of the Constitution of Egypt following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the president is also the supreme commander of the Armed Forces, and head of the executive branch of the Egyptian government. The current president is Field Marshal Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who has been in office since 8 June 2014.
Gamal Al Din Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak is the younger of the two sons of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and former First Lady Suzanne Mubarak. In contrast to his older brother Alaa, Gamal had pursued an active public profile and was starting to wield some influence on political life in the country before the revolution of early 2011.
The National Democratic Party, often referred to in Egypt as simply the National Party, was the ruling political party in Egypt from 1978 to 2011. It was founded by President Anwar Sadat in 1978. The NDP wielded uncontested power in state politics, usually considered a de facto single party, with authoritarian characteristics, inside an officially multi-party system, from its creation until the resignation of Sadat's successor Hosni Mubarak in response to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011.
Kefaya is the unofficial moniker of the Egyptian Movement for Change, a grassroots coalition which prior to the 2011 revolution drew its support from across Egypt's political spectrum. It was a platform for protest against Hosni Mubarak's presidency and the possibility he might seek to transfer power directly to his son Gamal; political corruption and stagnation; "the blurring of the lines between power and wealth; and the regime's cruelty, coercion and disregard for human rights."
Ayman Abd El Aziz Nour is an Egyptian politician, a former member of the Egyptian Parliament, founder and chairman of the El Ghad party. Nour was the first man to ever compete against President Hosni Mubarak in the 2005 presidential election. However shortly after announcing his candidacy, Nour was stripped of his parliamentary immunity and arrested on 29 January 2005, a move that was widely criticized by governments around the world as a step backwards for Egyptian democracy. Due to international pressure, Nour was released to participate in the election and was unsuccessful. The election was widely considered to be a corrupt and rigged election. He was arrested again shortly after and released nearly five years later. Nour left Egypt following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état and spent time in Lebanon for treatment of a wound he sustained while in prison. Nour now resides in Istanbul, Turkey and expresses his hope for returning to Egypt.
Presidential elections were held in Egypt on September 7, 2005, the first to feature more than one candidate. Incumbent president Hosni Mubarak was re-elected for a fifth consecutive six-year term in office, with official results showing he won 88.6% of the vote. Mubarak's main opponent, Ayman Nour, of the El-Ghad Party, is estimated to have received 7.3% of the vote and Numan Gumaa received 2.8%, however, Nour claimed that prior polling results showed over 30%. Criticism of the election process has centred on the process of selecting the eligible candidates, and on alleged election-law violations during voting. Mubarak was sworn in for his new term on September 27.
Farouk Hosny is an Egyptian abstract painter who was Minister of Culture from 1987 to 2011.
Ahmed Mohamed Shafik Zaki is an Egyptian politician and former presidential candidate. He was a senior commander in the Egyptian Air Force and later served as Prime Minister of Egypt from 29 January 2011 to 3 March 2011 under Hosni Mubarak.
Xırdalan is a city, municipality and the capital of the Absheron District of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 95,200. Khyrdalan is home of country's biggest brewery Baltika Baku, previously known as Khyrdalan. A monument to Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak was erected in 2007 in the city. Similarly, a statue of Heydar Aliyev was erected in Cairo in 2008. In the wake of the 2011 Egyptian protests, the Azerbaijani opposition, led by the Musavat Party, demanded the demolition of the statue, calling it a "worship of idols". On 8 June 2011, the statue was taken down following Mubarak's resignation.
Zakaria Azmi is the former chief of presidential staff in Egypt.
A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt on 25 May 2005. Voters were asked to approve or reject an amendment to the constitution that would introduce direct elections for the presidency. Opposition parties called for a boycott of the vote, which was passed by a large majority.
Presidential elections were held in Egypt in 2012, with the first round on 23 and 24 May 2012 and the second on 16 and 17 June, the first democratic presidential election in Egyptian history. The Muslim Brotherhood declared early 18 June 2012, that its candidate, Mohamed Morsi, won Egypt's presidential election, which would be the first victory of an Islamist as head of state in the Arab world. It was the second presidential election in Egypt's history with more than one candidate, following the 2005 election, and the first presidential election after the 2011 Egyptian revolution which ousted president Hosni Mubarak, during the Arab Spring. However, Morsi's presidency was brief and short-lived, and he later faced massive protests for and against his rule, only to be ousted in a military coup in July that year.
Early parliamentary elections were held in Egypt on 6 April 1987, with a second round for nine seats on 13 April. They followed a change in the electoral law, approved by a referendum in February, which would allow independent candidates to run in the election. The result was a victory for the ruling National Democratic Party, which won 346 of the 458 seats. Following the election, the People's Assembly nominated incumbent Hosni Mubarak for the post of president, whose candidacy was put to voters in a referendum on 5 October.
Presidential elections were held in Egypt on 5 October 1987. The vote took the form of a referendum on the candidacy of Hosni Mubarak, who had been nominated by the two-thirds required in the People's Assembly on 5 July. Just over 97% of voters voted in favour with an 88.5% turnout.
Presidential elections were held in Egypt on 4 October 1993. The vote took the form of a referendum on the candidacy of Hosni Mubarak after he was nominated for the post by a 439–9 vote in the People's Assembly on 21 July. His candidacy for a third consecutive six-year term was approved by 96.3% of voters, with a turnout of 84.2%.
The 2011 Egyptian revolution, also known as the 25 January Revolution, began on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt. The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian "Police holiday" as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of Hosni Mubarak's presidency. It consisted of demonstrations, marches, occupations of plazas, non-violent civil resistance, acts of civil disobedience and strikes. Millions of protesters from a range of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Violent clashes between security forces and protesters resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured. Protesters retaliated by burning over 90 police stations across the country.
Hossam Badrawi is an Egyptian physician and politician. Badrawi owns the Nile Badrawi Hospital in Cairo’s Maadi district. He is also the founder of the Union Party.
A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt on 19 March 2011, following the 2011 Egyptian revolution. More than 14 million (77%) were in favour, while around 4 million (23%) opposed the changes; 41% of 45 million eligible voters turned out to vote.
The history of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak spans a period of 29 years, beginning with the 1981 assassination of President Anwar Sadat and lasting until the Egyptian revolution of January 2011, when Mubarak was overthrown in a popular uprising as part of the broader Arab Spring movement. His presidency was marked by a continuation of the policies pursued by his predecessor, including the liberalization of Egypt's economy and a commitment to the 1979 Camp David Accords. The Egyptian government under Mubarak also maintained close relations with the other member states of the Arab League, as well as the United States, Russia, India, and much of the Western World. However, international non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have repeatedly criticized his administration's human rights record. Concerns raised include political censorship, police brutality, arbitrary detention, torture, and restrictions on freedoms of speech, association, and assembly.
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