In biochemistry, medicine, and related sciences, inositol generally refers to myo-inositol, the most important stereoisomer of the chemical compound cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol. Its formula is C6H12O6; the molecule has a ring of six carbon atoms, each with an hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group (–OH). In myo-inositol, two of the hydroxyls, neither adjacent not opposite, lie above the respective hydrogens relative to the mean plane of the ring.
In organic chemistry, butyl is a four-carbon alkyl radical or substituent group with general chemical formula −C4H9, derived from either of the two isomers (n-butane and isobutane) of butane.
In stereochemistry, an epimer is one of a pair of diastereomers. The two epimers have opposite configuration at only one stereogenic center out of at least two. All other stereogenic centers in the molecules are the same in each. Epimerization is the interconversion of one epimer to the other epimer.
Phosphatidylinositol or inositol phospholipid is a biomolecule. It was initially called "inosite" when it was discovered by Léon Maquenne and Johann Joseph von Scherer in the late 19th century. It was discovered in bacteria but later also found in eukaryotes, and was found to be a signaling molecule.
Inositol oxygenase, also commonly referred to as myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX), is a non-heme di-iron enzyme that oxidizes myo-inositol to glucuronic acid. The enzyme employs a unique four-electron transfer at its Fe(II)/Fe(III) coordination sites and the reaction proceeds through the direct binding of myo-inositol followed by attack of the iron center by diatomic oxygen. This enzyme is part of the only known pathway for the catabolism of inositol in humans and is expressed primarily in the kidneys. Recent medical research regarding MIOX has focused on understanding its role in metabolic and kidney diseases such as diabetes, obesity and acute kidney injury. Industrially-focused engineering efforts are centered on improving MIOX activity in order to produce glucaric acid in heterologous hosts.
1D-chiro-Inositol or D-chiro-inositol is a chemical substance with formula C6H12O6, one of the nine isomers of cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol. The molecule has a ring of six carbon atoms, each bound to one hydrogen atom and one hydroxyl (OH) group. The hydroxyls on atoms 1, 2, and 4, in counterclockwise order, lie above the plane of the ring. The molecule being distinct from its mirror image, the compound is chiral, hence its name. Its enantiomer is 1L-chiro-inositol.
scyllo-Inositol, also called scyllitol, cocositol, or quercinitol, is a chemical compound with formula C6H12O6, one of the nine inositols, the stereoisomers of cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol. The molecule has a ring of six carbon atoms, each bound to one hydrogen atom and one hydroxyl group (–OH); if the ring is assumed horizontal, the hydroxyls lie alternatively above and below the respective hydrogens.
The enzyme Inositol phosphate-phosphatase is of the phosphodiesterase family of enzymes. It is involved in the phosphophatidylinositol signaling pathway, which affects a wide array of cell functions, including but not limited to, cell growth, apoptosis, secretion, and information processing. Inhibition of inositol monophosphatase may be key in the action of lithium in treating bipolar disorder, specifically manic depression.
In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formula – that is, the same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. Isomerism refers to the existence or possibility of isomers.
Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, also called tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone, tetrahydroxybenzoquinone, or tetrahydroxyquinone, is an organic compound with formula C6O2(OH)4. Its molecular structure consists of a cyclohexadiene ring with four hydroxyl groups and two ketone groups in opposite (para) positions.
The chemical compound neo-inositol is one of the nine stereoisomers cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol, the "inositols". Its formula is C6H12O6; the six carbon atoms form a ring, each of them is bonded to a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group (–OH). If the ring is assumed horizontal, three consecutive hydroxyls lie above the respective hydrogens, and the other three lie below them.
muco-Inositol is a critically important chemical in the gustatory (taste) modality of the mammalian nervous system. The generic form is coupled to a phospholipid of the outer lemma of the sensory neurons associated with the sodium ion sensitive channel of gustation.
Epi-Inositol is one of the stereoisomers of inositol.
cis-Inositol is one of the isomers of inositol.
allo-Inositol is a stereoisomer of inositol.
In organic chemistry, a cyclitol is a cycloalkane containing at least three hydroxyl, each attached to a different ring carbon atom. The general formula for an unsubstituted cyclitol is C
nH
2n-x(OH)
x or C
nH
2nO
x where 3 ≤ x ≤ n.
The chemical compound ononitol is a derivative of inositol, specifically 4-O-methyl-myo-inositol: an ether that can be described as the result of replacing the hydroxyl (–OH) in position 4 of myo-inositol by a methoxy group.
1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, also named cyclopentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol or 1,2,3,4,5-pentahydroxycyclopentane is a chemical compound with formula C
5H
10O
5 or (–CHOH–)
5, whose molecule consists of a ring of five carbon atoms, each connected to one hydrogen and one hydroxyl group. The unqualified term "cyclopentanepentol" usually refers to this compound. There are four distinct stereoisomers with this same structure.
1,2,3,4-Cyclohexanetetrol (also named cyclohexane-1,2,3,4-tetrol, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxycyclohexane, or ortho-cyclohexanetetrol) is an organic compound whose molecule can be described as a cyclohexane with four hydroxyl (OH) groups substituted for hydrogen atoms on four consecutive carbon atoms. Its formula can be written C
6H
12O
4, C
6H
8(OH)
4, or (–CH(OH)–)4(–CH
2–)2.
Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol is a family of chemical compounds with formula C6H12O6, whose molecule consists of a ring of six carbon atoms, each bound to one hydrogen atom and one hydroxyl group (–OH). There are nine stereoisomers, that differ by the position of the hydroxyl groups relative to the mean plane of the ring. All these compounds are sometimes called inositol, although this name most often refers to a particular isomer, myo-inositol, which has many important physiological roles and medical uses.
