2012 Catalan independence demonstration

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2012 Catalan independence demonstration
La Union i el Fenix P1160234.JPG
View of the demonstration running through Passeig de Gràcia in front of La Unión and el Fénix Building.
Date11 September 2012 (2012-09-11)
Location
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

41°23′07″N2°10′36″E / 41.3854°N 2.1767°E / 41.3854; 2.1767
Caused byIncrease of Catalan independentism boosted by the Spanish Constitutional Court banning some articles of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia in 2010 and the 2008–13 Spanish financial crisis [1] [2] [3]
Goals Independence of Catalonia
Methods Protest march, street protest
Protesters going to the march 2012 Catalan independence protest (102).JPG
Protesters going to the march
A big estelada (Catalan independentist flag) unfurled from the building of a radio station at Passeig de Gracia Fanals-Banc P1150940.JPG
A big estelada (Catalan independentist flag) unfurled from the building of a radio station at Passeig de Gràcia

The 2012 Catalan independence demonstration was a protest which occurred in central Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain, on 11 September 2012 during the National Day of Catalonia. [4] [5] [6] The protestors demanded the independence of Catalonia and its establishment as a sovereign state under the slogan "Catalonia, new state in Europe" (Catalan : "Catalunya, nou estat d'Europa"). [7] [8] [9] It was organized by the Catalan National Assembly (ANC) and headed together with the Association of Municipalities for Independence as the most prominent of a series of events known as "March towards Independence" (Catalan : "Marxa cap a la Independència") which began on 30 June 2012 in Lleida. [10] [11]

Contents

The estimated number of participants ranges widely, from 600,000 people quoted by some media, [12] statisticians such as Llorenç Badiella from the Autonomous University of Barcelona [13] or the delegation of the Spanish government in Catalonia [14] [15] [16] to 1.5 million according to Catalan public sources such as Barcelona's Municipal Police or Catalonia's Department of the Interior, with a maximum estimate of about 2 million according to the organizers. [12]

The city centre was crowded for hours and it was feared that the massive influx of people was going to bring mobile phone networks to a standstill. [17] [18] Many newspapers and other news agencies described it as a "historic" demonstration and considered it to be the biggest protest march ever held in Catalonia since the restoration of democracy in Spain, [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] surpassing other major demonstrations, including the 2010 Catalan autonomy protest. [25] [26]

Background

The 2010 Catalan autonomy protest was a demonstration held in central Barcelona on 10 July 2010 against the limits set to the autonomy of Catalonia within Spain, and particularly against a then recent decision of the Spanish Constitutional Court to annul or reinterpret several articles of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia. [26] The estimates regarding the number of people taking part in the demonstration ranged widely, from 425,000 estimated by some media [27] to 1.1 million according to the local police, with a maximum estimate of 1.5 million according to the organisers. [28] [29] A private company specialising in reporting demonstration attendance numbers, Lynce, made an estimate of 56,000–74,400 by measuring a single street at 20h30, 15 minutes after the demonstration had finished, [30] judging from the circumstances and other estimates in the hundreds of thousands, this was likely a gross understimate.

The mobilisation was described as "unprecedented" by the mayor of Barcelona. [31] Barcelona daily El Periódico de Catalunya described it as "without a doubt one of the biggest protest marches that have ever occurred in Catalonia, and possibly the biggest". [28]

The demonstration was led by a banner with the Catalan slogan Som una nació. Nosaltres decidim. (in English, "We are a nation. We decide."). [32]

Changes in government

Several analysts believe that the demonstration on 10 July was a turning point in relations between Catalonia and Spain. [33] An election to the Catalan Government was held on 28 November 2010 with Artur Mas (CiU) emerging as president.

A general election was held in Spain the following year in which the People's Party won an absolute majority with 187 of the 350 seats in the chamber. Party leader Mariano Rajoy was sworn in as president of the Spanish Tenth Legislature shortly afterwards.

Public response

Catalonia saw several local referendums for independence take place in hundreds of villages between 13 September 2009 and April 2011, with an overwhelming number of "yes" votes being cast. However, turnout was low at 27.41%.

Several citizens' initiatives arose in 2011 and 2012 in response to perceived slights by Spain, such as the No vull pagar ("I don't want to pay") campaign, which protested against toll fees by private companies present in Catalonia that were seen as abusive compared with those in other parts of Spain. The protest began in early April 2012 in Catalonia, with minor extensions in Valencia and the Balearic Islands by the following month. [34] [35]

At an institutional level, several municipalities of Catalonia came together to create the Associació de Municipis per la Independència ("Association of Municipalities for Independence"), an organisation officially established on 14 December 2011 in Vic which brings local organisations together to further the national rights of Catalonia and promote its right to self-determination. [36]

Support for independence

Institution/mediaDateYes (%)No (%)
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 1996 [37] 33.653.5
Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials2011 [38] 41.422.9
El Periódico de Catalunya Jan 2012 [39] [40] 53.632.0
Centre d'Estudis d'OpinióMarch 2012 [41] 44.624.7
Centre d'Estudis d'OpinióJune 2012 [42] 51.121.1
Diari Ara Jul 2012 [43] 50.423.8
Telecinco (GESOP)Sep 2012 [44] 50.918.6

Changes in support for independence in Catalonia through time can be seen by comparing the results of a survey conducted by Spain's Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas in 1996, which asked: "Personally, would you support or reject Catalonia becoming independent?" with more recent surveys carried out in 2011 and 2012, revealing the level of support in a referendum on the independence of Catalonia.

Controversies

Demonstration

Route followed by the march Recorregut manifestacio 11 de setembre de 2012.png
Route followed by the march
Via Laietana, Barcelona 11s2012 Via Laietana.JPG
Via Laietana, Barcelona
Marques de l'Argentera street, and the stage, next to the Estacio de Franca Manifestacio "Catalunya, nou estat d'Europa" 3.JPG
Marquès de l'Argentera street, and the stage, next to the Estació de França

Institutional events

During the morning, like every year, wreaths were laid on the monument to Rafael Casanova in Barcelona's Ronda Sant Pere. An official ceremony was then held in Parc de la Ciutadella where, according to government spokesman Francesc Homs, "our national sentiment" and especially "the Catalan language, after the recent attacks" would be celebrated. The event was led by playwright John Ollé and emceed by the previous director of the Catalan public TV, journalist Mònica Terribas. The official ceremony began with a parade by the Catalan police, the Mossos d'Esquadra. Then, the town Capmany—symbolising the "fight against fire" after its comarca of Alt Empordà suffered a serious wildfire this summer—delivered the Catalan flag to President Artur Mas. [56]

During the ceremony, several local bands played songs and read poems by Catalan authors. Portuguese singer Maria de Medeiros performed as guest artist, singing a poem by Ausiàs March, a Valencian medieval author. The Government also commemorated several anniversaries, including those of Antoni Maria Alcover, Montsalvatge, Eduard Toldrà and Pere Calders. The official image of the National Day was a reproduction of the painting The Catalan Spirit (1971), by Antoni Tàpies. [57]

Route

The march officially began at the intersection of Gran Via and Passeig de Gràcia (near Plaça de Catalunya) at 6:00 pm, descending Pau Claris street to the Via Laietana, finally ending, near the Parliament of Catalonia building in the Parc de la Ciutadella, at the intersection of Marquès de l'Argentera street and Passeig de Picasso, where a stage was set up. Núria de Gispert, the President of the Catalan Parliament, received a delegation from the Catalan National Assembly (ANC), the organisers of the march, who called for the process leading to secession from Spain to be started. [58]

Organisation

A banner with the slogan "Catalonia: New European State" led the march. The banner was presented on 5 September in the central Plaça Catalunya, the same day that Carme Forcadell, in the press conference for the presentation, said "The people are prepared, and we need the government and our institutions to take a step forward, because we want a free and sovereign country, we want independence." [59]

The banner was carried by 10 representatives of the territorial regions of the ANC and by 10 representatives of the Association of Municipalities for Independence (AMI). Directly behind them was the president of the ANC, Carme Forcadell and the vicepresident, Carles Castellanos. They were accompanied by Joan Rigol and Ernest Benach. The third group was formed by a group of representatives of both the ANC and the AMI. [60]

Next in the march came the political parties who confirmed that they would attend: (CDC, UDC, ICV, ERC, SI, RI) and other entities like Òmnium Cultural, Plataforma Pro Seleccions, Sobirania i Progrés, and Sobirania i justícia, among others. The Popular Unity Candidates (CUP) and the Independentist Left went ahead with their own demonstration on 11 September and did not participate in the march in an official capacity, while allowing their members to join it if they wanted to. [61]

The other political parties with representation in the regional parliament of Catalonia at the time –PSC, PP and Ciutadans– had refused to participate in demonstration due to its secessionist intent, making it the first time in modern times since these rallies started by the Spanish transition to democracy when not all of the Catalan political parties participated in this kind of rally.

The fifth and largest group was formed by the public.

Attendees

Organisations, municipalities and institutions from all over Catalonia booked buses to bring people to the event. The anticipation of a massive turnout led the organisers to change the route several times. [62] The mayors of Girona, Manresa and Figueres organised special Renfe trains to Barcelona. In addition, over 1000 buses from all over the country were made available to people wishing to travel to the capital to attend the march, which makes it the event with most buses in the history of the country, as confirmed by the City Council of Barcelona. On the same day, a group of bikers held a "motorcycle separatist march" that started from Vic in the morning. As a curious aside, a marathon runner attended the rally by leaving Sant Carles de la Ràpita on 9 September to reach the march running on 11 September. [63]

After the march

Green cards

A green card printed in the Time Out Barcelona supplement of the newspaper Diari Ara three days before the demonstration Cartolina verda- ANC.JPG
A green card printed in the Time Out Barcelona supplement of the newspaper Diari Ara three days before the demonstration
Voting "yes" Voting at 2012 Catalan independence demonstration.PNG
Voting "yes"

At the stage set up at the end of the march, the organisers, the Catalan National Assembly, asked those present several questions. Green cards had been printed in various publications prior to the demonstration and people were asked to bring them along, and to hold them up to vote "yes" to these questions. Cards were also handed out at the event. The aim was to get a photograph with a sea of green voting papers in support of Catalan independence.

We want an image of the Catalan people's desire for freedom, and what better backdrop for this than the door of Parliament?

— Ferran Civit, coordinator of the march. [64]

Concerts

Òmnium Cultural organised the Festa per la Llibertat 2012 ("Party for Freedom 2012") at the end of the march, on a stage set up on Passeig Lluís Companys. The concert, which included the Pastora, Txarango and Brams bands, began at 7:30 pm with writer Màrius Serra as the host. [65]

Responses

The event has marked the Catalan political agenda and the debate about the right to hold a referendum on the independence of Catalonia has been re-opened, [66] [67] [68] [69] as well as the debate about the feasibility of an independent Catalan state and its integration into the European Union. On 25 September 2012, the president of the Generalitat of Catalonia Artur Mas announced snap elections for the Parliament of Catalonia to be held on 25 November and argued, referring to the demonstration, that "the street vocal must be moved to the polls".

On 12 October 2012, during the celebration of the National Day of Spain, an estimated 6,000 people according to Barcelona's Municipal Police up to 65,000 people according to the delegation of the Spanish government in Catalonia, rallied at Plaça de Catalunya in central Barcelona against independence as a response to 11 September demonstration. [70] [71] [72]

Following years

The protest was followed in the succeeding years by the Catalan Way (2013), the Catalan Way 2014, the Free Way to the Catalan Republic (2015) and Go ahead, Catalan Republic (2016).

See also

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  45. ↑ El rescat: 5.023 milions
  46. ↑ El president de La Rioja: "S'ha de tenir morro per demanar i després tenir televisió o ambaixades" 324.cat 31 August 2012
  47. ↑ Esperanza Aguirre critica que Catalunya rebi més diners que la Comunitat de Madrid 324.cat, 31 August 2012
  48. ↑ Ribeira Feijóo: "Avui paga Galícia i Catalunya demana" 324.cat, 29 August 2012
  49. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  50. ↑ "La CE admet que el futur d'una Catalunya independent s'hauria de negociar "en el marc legal internacional"" (in Catalan). El Punt Avui. 30 August 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  51. ↑ "La CE aclara que la independencia de una autonomía implica dejar la UE". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 31 August 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  52. ↑ "40 municipis converteixen les seves 'Plaça d'Espanya' en 'Plaça de la Independència'". La Vanguardia (in Catalan). Barcelona. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  53. ↑ "L'alcalde de Sant Pere de Torelló: "Instem el Parlament a assumir unilateralment la sobirania nacional"". Ara.cat. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  54. ↑ "El coronel Alamán Castro: "La independència de Catalunya? Per sobre del meu cadàver"". Ara.cat . Barcelona. 31 August 2012. ISSN   2014-010X.
  55. ↑ "Defensa no sancionará al coronel franquista que retó al independentismo catalán". 7 September 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  56. ↑ "Acte institucional. Diada de 2012", Generalitat de Catalunya, archived from the original on 2 January 2013
  57. ↑ Tugas, Roger (5 September 2012), "La Diada institucional reivindicarà la llengua catalana arran de "les agressions viscudes"", Ara, ISSN   2014-010X
  58. ↑ BATALLER, Marc, L'ANC ja té prop de 400 autocars emparaulats , El Punt Avui 31 August 2012
  59. ↑ La manifestació amb més autocars de la història Vilaweb, 5 September 2012
  60. ↑ "Més d'un milió de veus pel dret a decidir", Avui (in Catalan), 10 July 2012, archived from the original on 11 August 2010, retrieved 14 September 2012
  61. ↑ Ara, Diari, ed. (20 August 2012). "La CUP es desmarca de la manifestació de l'ANC de la Diada" (in Catalan).
  62. ↑ La previsió d'assistència creixent a la manifestació de la Diada obliga l'ANC a modificar-ne el recorregut (in Catalan)
  63. ↑ La manifestació amb més autocars de la història (in Catalan)
  64. ↑ OPJ (6 September 2012). "Una marea verda davant del Parlament simbolitzarà els anhels d'independència" (in Catalan). El Punt Avui . Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  65. ↑ Pastora, Txarango, Brams i Màrius Serra: plats forts de la Festa per la Llibertat Archived 1 January 2013 at archive.today (in Catalan)
  66. ↑ "Los partidos catalanes valoran la manifestación independentista" (in Spanish). Barcelona. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  67. ↑ "El independentismo marca la agenda política en un otoño crítico para el Estado español" (in Spanish). 23 September 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  68. ↑ "CiU, ICV-EUiA, ERC y SI negocian una resolución por la autodeterminación" (in Spanish). Barcelona. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  69. ↑ "Un 74% dels catalans estan a favor de fer un referèndum d'autodeterminació i un 20% en contra, segons el CEO" (in Catalan). Madrid. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  70. ↑ "Miles de personas se concentran en Plaça Catalunya contra la independencia" (in Spanish). Barcelona. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  71. ↑ Julve, Rafa (12 October 2012). "La manifestación antiindependentista reúne a miles de personas en la plaza de Catalunya" (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  72. ↑ Roger, Maiol; Carranco, Rebeca (12 October 2012). "El PP arropa la concentración contra la independencia en Barcelona" (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
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