2014 Catalan self-determination referendum

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2014 Catalan self-determination referendum
9 November 2014

Do you want Catalonia to become a state?

In case of affirmative answer, do you want this state to become independent?

Contents

Catalan self-determination referendum, 2014.svg
Map of the Yes-Yes vote share by vegueria:   60%   65%   70%   75%   80%   85%   90%   95%
Website participa2014.cat
Results
Yes–Yes
 
80.76%
Yes–No
 
10.07%
Yes–Blank
 
0.97%
No
 
4.54%
Blank
 
0.56%
Location of Catalonia (dark green) in Spain (light green) and Europe. LocationCataloniaInEurope.png
Location of Catalonia (dark green) in Spain (light green) and Europe.

A non-binding Catalan self-determination referendum, also known as the Citizen Participation Process on the Political Future of Catalonia, [1] was held on Sunday, 9 November 2014, to gauge support on the political future of Catalonia. While also referred to as "Catalan independence referendum", [2] [3] [4] the vote was rebranded as a "participation process" by the Government of Catalonia, after a "non-referendum popular consultation" on the same topic and for the same date had been suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain. [5]

The ballot papers carried two questions: "Do you want Catalonia to become a State?" and "Do you want this State to be independent?" The second question could only be answered by those who had answered Yes to the first one. [6] The Catalan government gave notice on 10 November, the day after voting, that 2,305,290 votes had been cast overall, [7] but it did not provide a percentage figure for the turnout. Estimates for the turnout as published by the news media ranged from 37.0%, as given in The Economist and El País among others, [8] [9] [10] to 41.6% as per the Catalan government's preliminary data. [11] 80.8% of the cast votes supported the Yes–Yes option, 10.1% the Yes–No, 4.5% the No option.

Holding a referendum about the "political future of Catalonia" in 2014 was one of the items of the governance agreement ratified by Artur Mas from Convergence and Union (CiU) and Oriol Junqueras from Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) on 18 December 2012, [12] [13] [14] [15] that allowed Artur Mas to be voted in as President of the Generalitat of Catalonia for a second term.

On 19 September 2014, the Catalan parliament approved a call for a referendum on independence. [16] Eight days later Artur Mas announced that the vote was to be held on 9 November 2014. [17] The same day the Spanish government announced that it would block the effort by appealing to the Constitutional Court of Spain. [18] The Court decided to hear the Spanish government's case on 29 September 2014, and provisionally suspended the vote. [19] The Catalan Government subsequently announced the "temporary suspension" of the referendum campaign. [20]

On 14 October, Artur Mas proposed a "process of citizen participation" as an alternative to the original referendum. [21] The Spanish government announced that it would also block this effort by appealing to the Constitutional Court, which decided to hear the Spanish government's case on 4 November 2014, and provisionally suspended the vote. The Catalan Government, however, pushed forward with the "citizen participation" process, in defiance of the Constitutional Court, [22] and voting took place as planned on 9 November 2014.

Background

2009–2012

Unofficial Catalan independence referendums

In 2009 and 2011 unofficial referendums took place in hundreds of Catalan towns as one of the many actions included in the independentist-wing-parties' platforms; in the referendums the pro-independence option won an overwhelming majority of the votes cast, although the participation rate was very low.

Demonstrations in Barcelona

In 2010 and 2012 different demonstrations took place in Barcelona. The first one took place on 10 July 2010. It featured a Catalan regionalist ideological leadership. The second one on 11 September 2012 was openly in favor of Catalan independence and had as a slogan "Catalonia, next state in Europe". As a consequence of this second demonstration, the Rt. Hon. Artur Mas, President of the Generalitat of Catalonia at that time, called a snap election, and the "Agreement for Freedom" was negotiated between Artur Mas (CiU "Conservativel local party") and Oriol Junqueras (ERC, Republican and socialistic-style left party).

Free Catalan Territories

Also, during 2012, dozens of Catalan towns declared themselves Free Catalan Territory stating that "the Spanish legislation and regulations have effect only in Spain, so this town will wait for new legislation and regulation from the Catalan Government and the Parliament of Catalonia."

Resolution of the Catalan Parliament for Holding an Independence Referendum

The Catalan independence referendum is planned to take place during the tenth legislature of the Parliament of Catalonia. According to a resolution adopted by the Parliament of Catalonia on 27 September 2012:

The Parliament of Catalonia confirms the need for the people of Catalonia to be able to freely and democratically determine their collective future and urges the government to hold a referendum during the following legislature. [25]

The resolution was adopted after the general policy debate. It received 84 favourable votes, 21 against and 25 abstentions. [26] The President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, Artur Mas, declared in a speech to Parliament that it was time for the people of Catalonia to exercise the right of self-determination. [27]

2013

Declaration of Sovereignty

Results of the votes for the "Declaration of sovereignty" at the Catalan Parliament, on 23 January 2013 Votacio per a la declaracio de Sobirania.svg
Results of the votes for the "Declaration of sovereignty" at the Catalan Parliament, on 23 January 2013

On 23 January 2013 the Parliament of Catalonia adopted by 85 favourable votes, 41 against, and 2 abstentions the "Declaration of Sovereignty and of the Right to Decide of the Catalan People". [28] [29] [30] It states that "The people of Catalonia have – by reason of democratic legitimacy – the character of a sovereign political and legal entity." Five Socialist MPs did not vote. It is based on the following principles: sovereignty, democratic legitimacy, transparency, dialogue, social cohesion, Europeanism, legality, role of the Catalan Parliament and participation. [31] [32] [33]

In accordance with the democratically expressed will of the majority of the Catalan public, the Parliament of Catalonia initiates a process to bring to promote the right of the citizens of Catalonia to collectively decide their political future. [31]

The political parties Convergence and Union (CiU) (50 yes), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) (21 yes) and Initiative for Catalonia Greens-United and Alternative Left (ICV-EUiA) (13 yes) totally supported the statement of sovereignty. On the other hand, the People's Party of Catalonia (PPC) (19 no) and Citizens – Party of the Citizenry (C's) (9 no) totally opposed the proposal. 15 members of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) voted against; 5 did not vote despite being present in the Chamber, thus disobeying the orders of the party whips to vote against the proposal. Finally, the Popular Unity Candidature (CUP) gave a "critical yes", with 1 vote in favour and 2 abstentions. [32]

On 8 May 2013 this purely political declaration was provisionally suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain. [34] [35]

Date and wording

On 12 December 2013, the Government of Catalonia announced that a deal between Catalan nationalist parties had set the date and wording for the referendum on independence. The date would be 9 November 2014 and that it will contain a question with two sections: "Do you want Catalonia to become a State?" and "In case of an affirmative response, do you want this State to be independent?". [36] [37]

The date was chosen as it would allow for discussions with the Spanish Government in order "to stage the consultation legally", but the Spanish Government stated shortly thereafter its intention to block the referendum, stating: "Such a poll will not be held." [38] [39] Mariano Rajoy, Spanish Prime Minister, said that the referendum would be considered illegal and that "any discussion or debate on this is out of the question". [38] [40]

Ballot questions

Ballot question (in Catalan and Spanish) Papcons.png
Ballot question (in Catalan and Spanish)

According to the consultation decree, "in the consultation there is a first question followed successively by a second question, and they are worded as follows: a) Do you want Catalonia to become a State? (Yes/No); If so: b) Do you want this State to be independent? (Yes/No). You can only answer the question under Letter b) in the event of having answered "Yes" to the question under Letter a)." [6] The "participation process" that has replaced the "non-referendum consultation" maintains the same two questions.

Eligibility

The participation process does not have an official electorate. [41] The vote has been called by the Catalan government for people who are at least 16 years of age on 9 November 2014 and who meet one of the following criteria: [42]

Catalan people who are resident in other Spanish regions, and Spanish citizens who live in Catalonia but are not resident there, cannot vote.

Estimates of the number of people eligible to vote range between 5.4 million [43] and 6.2 million. [44] [45]

Legality

On 25 March 2014, the Spanish Constitutional Court finally ruled that the sovereignty part of the "Declaration of Sovereignty and of the Right to Decide of the Catalan People" was "unconstitutional and null", and therefore did not allow a self-determination referendum to be held in Catalonia. [46] It however allows the part of the right to decide (allows to check the Catalan people's opinion by a legal consultation).[ citation needed ] The Catalan government declared that this ruling would "have no effect on the process". [47]

On 8 April 2014, the Spanish Congress rejected the Catalan parliament's request to give it the power to organize the self-determination referendum. The bill was voted down 299 (PP, PSOE, UPyD, UPN and Foro Asturias) to 47 (CiU, Izquierda Unida, PNV, BNG, Amaiur, ERC, Compromís and Geroa Bai), with one abstention (NC-CC). [48] [49]

Consultation and other forms of citizen participation Law

On 19 September 2014 the Parliament of Catalonia approved by 106 favourable votes, 28 against, the Consultation law. According to pro-consultation parties, this law will provide the legal basis for the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, Artur Mas, to hold the consultation (non-binding self-determination referendum) on independence from Spain on 9 November. [50]

Non-binding independence referendum decree

On 27 September 2014, Catalan President Artur Mas signed a decree calling for a consultation on independence. [17] On 29 September 2014, the Spanish Constitutional Court provisionally suspended the vote. [19] The Catalan Government subsequently announced the "temporary suspension" of the referendum campaign. [20]

Citizen participation process

On 14 October, the Catalan President proposes a "process of citizen participation" as an alternative for the original referendum [21] The Spanish government announced that it would block the effort by appealing to the Spanish Constitutional Court, which decided to hear the Spanish government case on 4 November 2014, which provisionally suspended the vote. The Catalan Government announced they would push forward with the vote, in defiance of the Constitutional Court of Spain. [22] On 5 November, Catalan representatives complained against the Spanish Government to international organizations for blocking self-determination. [51]

Positions

Catalonia

Position of the parties with parliamentary representation in Catalonia (sorted by votes):

Rest of Spain

Catalan independence flag hoisted on the Gipuzkoa Regional Govt headquarters on 9 November 2014. Gipuzkoako Aldundia.jpg
Catalan independence flag hoisted on the Gipuzkoa Regional Govt headquarters on 9 November 2014.
Spanish Government

The Spanish Government "will not allow" and "will not negotiate" on Catalonia's self-determination vote. [38] [65]

Parties

Position of the parties with parliamentary representation in the Parliament of Spain (sorted by seats):

Regional Governments

The Basque Government supports the Catalan agreement to hold the referendum and calls on the Spanish government to recognise the referendum and allow it to be celebrated. [77]

International reactions

Organisations
States
European parties
Media
Individuals

Opinion polling

Attitudes in Catalonia

Surveys with the referendum questions

Since December 2013, several surveys had been carried out on the two stated questions of the referendum. The "Yes/Yes"-option indicates the percentage of voters in favour of Catalonia becoming an independent state and the "Yes/No"-option indicates the percentage in favour of Catalonia becoming a state but against independence. Voters who vote in the first question no, are against Catalonia becoming a state.

Date
published		Polling organisationYes/YesYes/NoYes/UndecidedNoUndecided/Abstention
Sep 2014 El Mundo 34.6%4.5%2.3%39.5%19.2%
Mar 2014 El Periódico de Catalunya 46.1%4.4%2.8%31.9%14.8%
5 Feb 2014 8 al dia Archived 27 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine 40.7%3.8%3.5%24.4%27.5%
16-19 Dec 2013 La Vanguardia 44.9%8.4%-36.6%10.1%
12-13 Dec 2013 El Mundo 35.2%5.5%2.3%39.1%17.9%
12-13 Dec 2013 El Periódico de Catalunya 44.1%5.8%2.4%30.4%17.3%

Short-term polling

Date
published		Polling organisationSupportRejectUndecidedLead
Sep 2013 Cadena SER Archived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine 52.3%24.1%23.6%28.2%
Jun 2013 Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine 55.6%23.4%21%32.2%
May 2013 El Periódico de Catalunya 57.8%36%6.2%21.8%
Feb 2013 Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 54.7%20.7%24.6%34%
Sep 2012 Telecinco (GESOP) 50.9%18.6%30.5%32.3%
Jul 2012 Diari Ara 50.4%23.8%25.8%26.6%
Jun 2012 Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 51.1%21.1%27.8%30%
Mar 2012 Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió Archived 27 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine 44.6%24.7%30.7%19.9%
Jan 2012 El Periódico de Catalunya 53.6%32%14.4%21.6%

Long-term surveys

Trends in support for Catalan independence can be observed by comparing more recent surveys with that carried out by Spain's Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas in 1996, which asked "Personally, would you support or reject Catalonia becoming independent?".

Date
published		Polling organisationSupportRejectUndecidedLead
2011 Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials 41.4%22.9%35.7%18.5%
1996 Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 33.6%53.5%13.1%19.9%

Results

The Catalan government indicated that 2,305,290 votes were cast overall, [7] out of 5.4m eligible voters. [95] The Catalan government did not provide a final turnout percentage figure. Turnout estimates published by media outlets range between 37.0% [8] [9] [10] and 41.6% (the latter figure, based on the Catalan government's preliminary data). [11] 80.8% of the cast votes supported the Yes-Yes option, 10.1% the Yes-No, 4.5% the No option.

ChoiceVotes %
Yes/Yes1,861,75380.76
Yes/No232,18210.07
Yes/Blank ballots22,4660.97
Total Yes2,116,40191.80
No104,7604.54
Total No104,7604.54
Blank ballots12,9860.56
Others71,1313.09
Total2,305,290100.00
Source: Generalitat of Catalonia

Turnout varied greatly across the 41 administrative districts of Catalonia. It was higher than 50% in twelve of them, whereas in two it was lower than 25%. The proportion of Yes-Yes votes over the total electorate ranged between 12.9% (Val d'Aran) and 56.9% (Priorat). In the most populous district (Barcelonès) turnout was 32.5% and the overall proportion of Yes-Yes votes reached 24.9%. [96]

By District

Below is a table outlining the results of the referendum by district. The table does not consider turnout.

District [97] First questionSecond questionYes-Yes

/ total %

Valid
ballots
YesNoBlankOthYes %Yes-YesYes-NoYes-AbsY-Y %
Alt Camp 16,01851912352693.20%15,01284616093.72%87.35%17,186
Alt Empordà 39,0171,4742591,39092.59%36,1312,34953792.60%85.74%42,140
Alt Penedès 39,9061,2272191,18393.82%36,6482,84641291.84%86.16%42,535
Alt Urgell 7,4542037822293.68%6,85448511591.95%86.14%7,957
Alta Ribagorça 1,1956093791.85%1,0331501286.44%79.40%1,301
Anoia 36,8851,7051881,46091.67%33,3653,07744390.46%82.92%40,238
Bages 67,8582,4574651,65793.68%62,5934,56170492.24%86.41%72,437
Baix Camp 49,4372,4773091,70091.68%44,7794,07458490.58%83.04%53,923
Baix Ebre 25,38496222782192.66%23,4351,63831192.32%85.55%27,394
Baix Empordà 42,5391,3262491,34493.58%39,5862,46948493.06%87.08%45,458
Baix Llobregat 174,76014,9459377,11088.37%142,61130,3291,82081.60%72.12%197,752
Baix Penedès 19,9551,24011481290.21%17,7531,97722588.97%80.25%22,121
Barcelonès 569,47032,4753,46920,06091.05%479,31584,1715,98484.17%76.63%625,474
Berguedà 19,45028714947195.54%18,70661213296.17%91.89%20,357
Cerdanya 6,0191915623492.60%5,5543897692.27%85.45%6,500
Conca de Barberà 9,5341977030694.33%9,0473889994.89%89.51%10,107
Garraf 37,3981,9351861,33191.55%32,7304,26840087.52%80.12%40,850
Garrigues 9,3841739219195.37%8,83639615294.16%89.80%9,840
Garrotxa 24,68637717361795.49%23,65278924595.81%91.49%25,853
Gironès 63,6221,6873461,60794.59%59,3743,72352593.32%88.27%67,262
Maresme 137,7055,0137244,08893.34%123,17913,2361,29089.45%83.49%147,530
Montsià 21,02192116680191.76%19,2561,44532091.60%84.05%22,909
Noguera 15,50239816935894.37%14,51175823393.61%88.34%16,427
Osona 71,3971,0764411,30996.19%68,2332,61654895.57%91.93%74,223
Pallars Jussà 5,3081144414794.57%4,9812725593.84%88.74%5,613
Pallars Sobirà 2,93452247495.14%2,7381564093.32%88.78%3,084
Pla d'Urgell 14,69839814734094.32%13,81769918294.01%88.67%15,583
Pla de l'Estany 14,8181778523196.78%14,18748314895.74%92.66%15,311
Priorat 5,132822812495.64%4,8871776895.23%91.07%5,366
Ribera d'Ebre 9,4913109028293.30%8,84153111993.15%86.91%10,173
Ripollès 12,46528810233494.51%11,76253416994.36%89.18%13,189
Segarra 8,2191996724794.13%7,71539610893.87%88.35%8,732
Segrià 60,8252,8434681,92692.07%54,5385,54574289.66%82.56%66,062
Selva 49,1051,8712721,65292.83%45,2493,29456292.15%85.54%52,900
Solsonès 5,9151065613995.16%5,5722836094.20%89.64%6,216
Tarragonès 48,6783,9712942,00388.59%42,4725,63557187.25%77.30%54,946
Terra Alta 4,7731844216692.41%4,4042828792.27%85.27%5,165
Urgell 14,91932811238794.75%14,02370119593.99%89.06%15,746
Val d'Aran 1,3652232413178.31%1,0912413379.93%62.59%1,743
Vallès Occidental 234,12914,2541,2559,17790.46%199,43332,4022,29485.18%77.06%258,815
Vallès Oriental 118,0316,0476584,13691.59%103,85012,9591,22287.99%80.58%128,872
Catalonia2,116,401104,77212,98671,13191.81%1,861,753232,18222,46687.97%80.76%2,305,290

Reactions

Catalan president Artur Mas said the vote was "a lesson in democracy." Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy called the vote a "deep failure" because "two-thirds of Catalans did not participate" and he claimed it violated a ruling of the Constitutional Court. [98]

On 6 February 2017, a trial against the former president of the Government of Catalonia Artur Mas, the former vice president Joana Ortega and the former Catalan education minister Irene Rigau was held by the Supreme Court of Catalan Justice. They were accused of serious civil disobedience and perverting the course of justice for having authorized the unofficial vote on 9 November 2014 in defiance of its prohibition by the Constitutional Court of Spain. Prosecutors were calling for Artur Mas to be disqualified from office for 10 years, while Ortega and Rigau for 9. The trial focused on the events since the suspension decided by the Constitutional Court on 4 November 2014, until the beginning of the popular vote, on 9 November. [99] [100] [101]

In the event, in March 2017 Mas was barred from public office for two years by a court in Barcelona for organizing an illegal vote in defiance of the Spanish courts. He was also fined 36,500 euros; Joana Ortega and Irene Rigau, were also convicted, barred 21 months and 18 months, respectively, as well as receiving lesser fines. [102]

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Joan Ignasi Elena i Garcia is a Spanish lawyer and politician from Catalonia, former member of the Parliament of Catalonia and the current Minister of the Interior of Catalonia.

References

  1. ↑ "9N/2014". Government of Catalonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  2. ↑ "Catalonia president signs independence referendum decree". BBC News. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  3. ↑ Moffett, Matt (27 September 2014). "Catalan Leader Signs Decree for Independence Referendum". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  4. ↑ "Catalonian leader orders referendum on independence from Spain". Reuters. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  5. ↑ "Non-referendum popular consultation on the political future of Catalonia 2014". Generalitat de Catalunya. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  6. 1 2 "DECREE 129/2014, of 27 September, on calling the non-referendum popular consultation on the political future of Catalonia" (PDF). Generalitat de Catalunya. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014. Note: The "participation process" that replaced the "non-referendum consultation" maintained the same two questions.
  7. 1 2 Generalitat de Catalunya (10 November 2014). "Vol que Catalunya esdevingui un estat? En cas afirmatiu, vol que aquest estat sigui independent?". www.participa2014.cat/resultats/dades/en/escr-tot.html. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  8. 1 2 Pérez, Fernando J.; Ríos, Pere (10 November 2014). "1,8 millones de personas votan por la independencia catalana en el 9-N". El País. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  9. 1 2 "Yes and no". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  10. 1 2 "The 9 November poll in Catalonia". Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  11. 1 2 "Catalonia vote: No smiles for Spain". BBC News. 10 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  12. ↑ "CIU and ERC came to an agreement in Catalonia: Referendum in 2014" (in Catalan). VilaWeb. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  13. ↑ Separatist Catalan Parties Announce Alliance The New York Times, 18 December 2012
  14. ↑ Agreement in Catalonia on date of independence referendum Archived 17 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine Euronews, 19 December 2012
  15. ↑ Catalonia referendum set for 2014 Financial Times, 19 December 2012
  16. ↑ "Catalan parliament approves independence vote". BBC. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  17. 1 2 "Catalonia president signs independence referendum decree". BBC . 27 September 2014.
  18. ↑ Manetto, Francesco (27 September 2014). "Sáenz de Santamaría: "Lamentamos profundamente el error de Mas"". El País. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  19. 1 2 "Spain higher court suspends Catalonia vote". 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  20. 1 2 "Spain's Constitutional Court suspends Catalan independence referendum". 4 October 2014.
  21. 1 2 "'Citizen participation' proposed for cancelled Catalonia referendum". 14 October 2014. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  22. 1 2 "Catalonia maintains November vote despite new suspension of process". 4 November 2014.
  23. ↑ "More than 1 million protest court ruling in Barcelona". CNN. 11 July 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
  24. ↑ "1.5 million take to streets of Barcelona in support of Independence". The Daily Telegraph . 11 September 2012.
  25. ↑ "Proposed resolution passed in the Parliament of Catalonia" (PDF) (in Catalan). Parliament of Catalonia. 27 September 2012.
  26. ↑ "Parliament heads for national emancipation voting for a query" (in Catalan). Ara. 27 September 2012.
  27. ↑ "It is time for the people Catalonia to exercise their right to self-determination" (in Catalan). Ara. 25 September 2012.
  28. ↑ "El Parlament acorda iniciar el procés per fer efectiu el dret de decidir, amb 85 vots a favor, 41 en contra i 2 abstencions" (in Catalan). Parliament Catalonia. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  29. ↑ "Declaration of sovereignty and of the right to decide of the Catalan nation". Vilaweb. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  30. ↑ "Catalan parliament declaration pushes self-determination". cnn. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  31. 1 2 Colomer, Marco (22 January 2013). "The declaration of sovereignty starts off in Parliament" (in Catalan). Ara.
  32. 1 2 "Catalonia, a sovereign state" (in Catalan). Vilaweb. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  33. ↑ "Could Scottish, Catalan independence votes reshape Europe?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  34. ↑ "El Tribunal Constitucional suspende la declaración soberanista de Parlamento de Cataluña". abc.es. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  35. ↑ "El Constitucional suspèn la declaració de sobirania" (in Catalan). ara.cat. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  36. ↑ Catalan President Mas: "The country's good sense has made it possible to come to a consensus and agree on an inclusive, clear question, which enjoys broad support" Archived 17 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine , Government of Catalonia.
  37. ↑ Political parties announce date for vote on Catalonia independence, CNN.
  38. 1 2 3 Spain to block Catalonia independence referendum, BBC World.
  39. ↑ Spain Rejects Call for Catalonia Independence Vote, TIME.
  40. 1 2 3 "Spain rejects Catalonia referendum bid". Al Jazeera . 12 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 Noguer, Miguel (26 October 2014). "La Generalitat asume que solo los independentistas votarán el 9-N". El País. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  42. ↑ "Participa2014. Com puc participar?". Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  43. ↑ "Resultados del 9N: El apoyo a la independencia logra el 81% de los votos, por un 10% del 'sí-no'". La Vanguardia. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  44. ↑ "El 'sí-sí' a la independencia vence con el 80,7% de los votos del 9-N". El Mundo. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  45. ↑ "1,6 millones de personas votan por la independencia catalana en el 9-N". El País. 10 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  46. ↑ Parry, Roland Lloyd (25 March 2014). "Catalonia independence vote ruled unconstitutional". Yahoo News. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  47. ↑ Spain Says Catalonia Can’t Vote for Independence, But Catalans Will Go Ahead Anyway, TIME, 26 March 2014, Per Liljas
  48. ↑ Spain's parliament rejects Catalan independence bid, Daily Telegraph, 9 April 2014
  49. ↑ Garea, Fernando (9 April 2014). "86 percent of Congress votes down Catalonia referendum request". El País. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  50. ↑ "Catalan Parliament approved law allowing independence vote". VilaWeb . 19 September 2014.
  51. ↑ "Catalan representatives complain to international organisations against Spanish Government for blocking self-determination". 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  52. ↑ "Mas promises to take Catalonia towards statehood within the EU". La Vanguardia. 28 October 2012.
  53. ↑ "Duran defends a confederal model: "A Catalonia linked to Spain with the rights of an independent state"". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 16 January 2013.
  54. ↑ "Unió y Convergència harán campaña por separado ante el 9-N". El País (in Spanish). 27 October 2014.
  55. ↑ "ERC believes that the multinationals with headquarters in Catalonia would be an argument for the EU to accept the State". El Periódico de Catalunya. 7 December 2012.
  56. ↑ "Catalan Parliament election 2012 program" (PDF). esquerra.cat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  57. ↑ "Program Catalan Parliament election 2012" (PDF) (in Catalan). Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  58. ↑ "Program Catalan Parliament election 2012". ppcatalunya.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  59. ↑ "Program Catalan Parliament election 2012" (PDF). iniciativa.cat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  60. ↑ EFE (1 March 2006). "Ciutadans de Catalunya busca una alternativa al nacionalismo con un partido de 800 militantes". El Mundo . Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  61. ↑ Agencias (3 March 2006). "El nuevo partido antinacionalista Ciutadans de Catalunya inicia su proceso constituyente". 20minutos . Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  62. ↑ "2012 Catalan Parliament election manifesto" (PDF). mejorunidos.cat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  63. ↑ "What is CUP?". cup.cat. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  64. ↑ "Program Catalan Parliament election 2012". unitatpopular.cat. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  65. 1 2 3 4 "The Spanish Government "will not allow" and "will not negotiate" on Catalonia's self-determination vote". VilaWeb. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  66. ↑ "Rajoy insists he will not negotiate on Catalonia's self-determination". Catalan News Agency. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  67. ↑ The PSOE, disagrees with the PSC. and believes the Catalan referendum 'unlawful and disastrous' (Spanish) elmundo.es
  68. ↑ Rubalcaba: "No estem ni estarem mai a favor del dret d'autodeterminació" (Catalan), El Periódico
  69. ↑ IU defends a federal state, multi-national, social and republican recognize the right of the people of Catalonia to decide their political future. (Spanish) ABC
  70. 1 2 "PP, PSOE y UPyD tumban en el Congreso la moción sobre el derecho a decidir". Deia. 9 October 2013.
  71. ↑ Rosa Díez: «El Gobierno debe utilizar todos los medios legales para evitar el referéndum» ABC
  72. ↑ El PNV apoyará delegar la competencia del referéndum a Cataluña (Spanish) Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine EITB
  73. ↑ BNG defenderá que Cataluña no plantea "un juego de cromos", sino una petición civilizada, legal y democrática (Spanish) Europa Press
  74. ↑ Compromís votarà a favor de la proposta del Parlament de Catalunya al congrés espanyol (Catalan) Vilaweb
  75. ↑ Baldoví, de Compromís, i Sixto, d'Esquerra Unida, els dos diputats valencians que han dit 'sí' a la consulta (Catalan) Ara.cat
  76. ↑ "Sostres: "La soberanía reside en el pueblo español y es indivisible. El futuro de Cataluña nos afecta a todos"". Foro Asturias. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  77. ↑ El Gobierno vasco respalda el acuerdo soberanista (Spanish) El Periódico
  78. ↑ "Secretary-General's remarks at press conference with Prime Minister Antoni Martí of Andorra". Andorra: United Nations. 2 April 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  79. ↑ "Brussels says an independent Catalonia would need to leave EU". Euractiv.com. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  80. ↑ Source: El Pais - Wed 4 Dec 2013 (4 December 2013). "Idea of an independent Catalonia gets a NATO no-go | Tumbit News Story". Tumbit.com. Retrieved 31 January 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  81. ↑ "Merkel backs Madrid's bid to block Catalan referendum". WorldBulletin.com. 18 July 2014.
  82. ↑ "Letonia abre la puerta a reconocer una Catalunya independiente". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 13 September 2013.
  83. ↑ "El primer ministre lituà: "Cada país ha de trobar el seu propi camí i té dret a l'autodeterminació"". Catalan News Agency. 14 September 2013.
  84. ↑ Nació Digital. "Manuel Valls: "M'inquieta el referèndum català" - Nació Digital" . Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  85. ↑ CNA. "Catalan News Agency - David Cameron: "let the people decide" and do not "ignore questions of nationality, independence, identity"" . Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  86. ↑ Silva, Daniel (10 November 2014). "Catalans push on for independence after symbolic vote". Yahoo News. AFP. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  87. ↑ "Our response to the people of Catalonia". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  88. 1 2 'Donaríem la benvinguda a una república catalana', VilaWeb
  89. ↑ European Greens' Leader, Ska Keller, supports Catalonia's self-determination, Catalan News Agency
  90. ↑ "No one" can simply ban a referendum on Catalan independence, says FT International Affairs Editor, Catalan News Agency. [ dead link ]
  91. ↑ L'editor internacional del 'Financial Times': "Ningú pot prohibir una consulta", Ara.
  92. ↑ "Spain's next crisis". Financial Times. 15 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
  93. ↑ "Catalonia's future: Let them vote". The Economist. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  94. ↑ LET CATALANS VOTE
  95. ↑ "Artur Mas hopes trial will rouse Catalan separatist movement". 3 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  96. ↑ Urquizu, Ignacio (10 November 2014). "El entorno de Barcelona frena la independencia". El País. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  97. ↑ "9N|2014". Participa2014. 9 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  98. ↑ "Las principales frases de Rajoy". El País. 12 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  99. ↑ García, Jesús. "¿De qué se acusa a Artur Mas?" (in Spanish). El País . Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  100. ↑ Morel, Sandrine (6 February 2017). "Le dirigeant catalan Artur Mas jugé pour désobéissance, après avoir organisé un référendum d'indépendance". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  101. ↑ "Catalan trial: Artur Mas independence vote case draws crowds". BBC . Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  102. ↑ Duarte, Esteban (13 March 2017). "Former Catalan Leader Convicted Over 2014 on Independence". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
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