3-Mercaptopropionitrile

Last updated
3-Mercaptopropionitrile
3-HSC2H4CN.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3-Sulfanylpropanenitrile
Other names
β-Mercaptopropionitrile, 2-Cyanoethanethiol, 3-Mercaptopropanenitrile
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.012.438 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 213-682-1
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C3H5NS/c4-2-1-3-5/h5H,1,3H2
    Key: FCTXEFOUDMXDPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • C(CS)C#N
Properties
C3H5NS
Molar mass 87.14 g·mol−1
AppearanceColorless liquid
Density 1.0696 g/cm3
Boiling point 30–32 °C (86–90 °F; 303–305 K) 0.08-0.12 mm
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Warning
H302, H312, H315, H319, H332, H335
P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

3-Mercaptopropionitrile is the organosulfur compound with the formula HSCH2CH2CN. [1] Containing both thiol and nitrile functional groups, it is a bifunctional compound. A colorless liquid, the compound has found some use as a masked form of thiolate.

Preparation and reactions

it is typically prepared from 3-chloropropionitrile via initial reaction with thiourea. The resulting isothiouronium salt hydrolyzes to the thiol. [2] A A variation on this preparation involves isolation of the disulfide (SCH2CH2CN)2. Zinc reduction of this disulfide gives the thiol. [3]

Thioethers derived from S-alkylation of 3-mercaptopropionitrile react with strong bases to give thiolate and acrylonitrile:

RSCH2CH2CN + KOBu-t → RSK + CH2=CHCN + HOBu-t

The conversion illustrates the retro-Michael reaction. The thiolate is then hydrolyzed

RSK + H+ → RSH + K+

Related Research Articles

In biochemistry, a disulfide refers to a functional group with the structure R−S−S−R′. The linkage is also called an SS-bond or sometimes a disulfide bridge and is usually derived by the coupling of two thiol groups. In biology, disulfide bridges formed between thiol groups in two cysteine residues are an important component of the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. Persulfide usually refers to R−S−S−H compounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thiol</span> Any organic compound having a sulfanyl group (–SH)

In organic chemistry, a thiol, or thiol derivative, is any organosulfur compound of the form R−SH, where R represents an alkyl or other organic substituent. The −SH functional group itself is referred to as either a thiol group or a sulfhydryl group, or a sulfanyl group. Thiols are the sulfur analogue of alcohols, and the word is a blend of "thio-" with "alcohol".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulfide (organic)</span> Organic compound with an –S– group

In organic chemistry, an organic sulfide or thioether is an organosulfur functional group with the connectivity R−S−R' as shown on right. Like many other sulfur-containing compounds, volatile sulfides have foul odors. A sulfide is similar to an ether except that it contains a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen. The grouping of oxygen and sulfur in the periodic table suggests that the chemical properties of ethers and sulfides are somewhat similar, though the extent to which this is true in practice varies depending on the application.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methanethiol</span> Chemical compound

Methanethiol is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula CH
3
SH
. It is a colorless gas with a distinctive putrid smell. It is a natural substance found in the blood, brain and feces of animals, as well as in plant tissues. It also occurs naturally in certain foods, such as some nuts and cheese. It is one of the chemical compounds responsible for bad breath and the smell of flatus. Methanethiol is the simplest thiol and is sometimes abbreviated as MeSH. It is very flammable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thioester</span>

In chemistry thioesters are compounds with the functional group R–S–CO–R'. They are analogous to carboxylate esters with the sulfur in the thioester playing the role of the linking oxygen in the carboxylate ester. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol. In biochemistry, the best-known thioesters are derivatives of coenzyme A, e.g., acetyl-CoA.

In organic chemistry, a nitrile is any organic compound that has a −C≡N functional group. The prefix cyano- is used interchangeably with the term nitrile in industrial literature. Nitriles are found in many useful compounds, including methyl cyanoacrylate, used in super glue, and nitrile rubber, a nitrile-containing polymer used in latex-free laboratory and medical gloves. Nitrile rubber is also widely used as automotive and other seals since it is resistant to fuels and oils. Organic compounds containing multiple nitrile groups are known as cyanocarbons.

Organosulfur compounds are organic compounds that contain sulfur. They are often associated with foul odors, but many of the sweetest compounds known are organosulfur derivatives, e.g., saccharin. Nature abounds with organosulfur compounds—sulfur is essential for life. Of the 20 common amino acids, two are organosulfur compounds, and the antibiotics penicillin and sulfa drugs both contain sulfur. While sulfur-containing antibiotics save many lives, sulfur mustard is a deadly chemical warfare agent. Fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are derived from ancient organisms, necessarily contain organosulfur compounds, the removal of which is a major focus of oil refineries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xanthate</span> Salt that is a metal-thioate/O-esters of dithiocarbonate

Xanthate usually refers to a salt with the formula ROCS
2
M+
(R = alkyl; M+ = Na+, K+), thus they are the metal-thioate/O-esters of dithiocarbonate. The name xanthates is derived from Ancient Greek ξανθός xanthos, meaning “yellowish, golden”, and indeed most xanthate salts are yellow. They were discovered and named in 1823 by Danish chemist William Christopher Zeise. These organosulfur compounds are important in two areas: the production of cellophane and related polymers from cellulose and (in mining) for extraction of certain ores. They are also versatile intermediates in organic synthesis. Xanthate can also refer to the O,S-ester of xanthic acid. These esters have the structure ROC(=S)SR′.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dithiothreitol</span> Chemical compound

Dithiothreitol (DTT) is the common name for a small-molecule redox reagent also known as Cleland's reagent, after W. Wallace Cleland. DTT's formula is C4H10O2S2 and the chemical structure of one of its enantiomers in its reduced form is shown on the right; its oxidized form is a disulfide bonded 6-membered ring (shown below). The reagent is commonly used in its racemic form, as both enantiomers are reactive. Its name derives from the four-carbon sugar, threose. DTT has an epimeric ('sister') compound, dithioerythritol (DTE).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thiophenol</span> Chemical compound

Thiophenol is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6H5SH, sometimes abbreviated as PhSH. This foul-smelling colorless liquid is the simplest aromatic thiol. The chemical structures of thiophenol and its derivatives are analogous to phenols except the oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to the aromatic ring is replaced by a sulfur atom. The prefix thio- implies a sulfur-containing compound and when used before a root word name for a compound which would normally contain an oxygen atom, in the case of 'thiol' that the alcohol oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom.

A chemical depilatory is a cosmetic preparation used to remove hair from the skin. Common active ingredients are salts of thioglycolic acid and thiolactic acids. These compounds break the disulfide bonds in keratin and also hydrolyze the hair so that it is easily removed. Formerly, sulfides such as strontium sulfide were used, but due to their unpleasant odor, they have been replaced by thiols.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2-Mercaptoethanol</span> Chemical compound

2-Mercaptoethanol (also β-mercaptoethanol, BME, 2BME, 2-ME or β-met) is the chemical compound with the formula HOCH2CH2SH. ME or βME, as it is commonly abbreviated, is used to reduce disulfide bonds and can act as a biological antioxidant by scavenging hydroxyl radicals (amongst others). It is widely used because the hydroxyl group confers solubility in water and lowers the volatility. Due to its diminished vapor pressure, its odor, while unpleasant, is less objectionable than related thiols.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organomercury</span> Group of chemical compounds containing mercury

Organomercury refers to the group of organometallic compounds that contain mercury. Typically the Hg–C bond is stable toward air and moisture but sensitive to light. Important organomercury compounds are the methylmercury(II) cation, CH3Hg+; ethylmercury(II) cation, C2H5Hg+; dimethylmercury, (CH3)2Hg, diethylmercury and merbromin ("Mercurochrome"). Thiomersal is used as a preservative for vaccines and intravenous drugs.

The Herz reaction, named after the chemist Richard Herz, is the chemical conversion of an aniline-derivative (1) to a so-called Herz salt (2) with disulfur dichloride, followed by hydrolysis of this Herz salt (2) to the corresponding sodium thiolate (3):

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triiron dodecacarbonyl</span> Chemical compound

Triiron dodecarbonyl is the organoiron compound with the formula Fe3(CO)12. It is a dark green solid that sublimes under vacuum. It is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents to give intensely green solutions. Most low-nuclearity clusters are pale yellow or orange. Hot solutions of Fe3(CO)12 decompose to an iron mirror, which can be pyrophoric in air.The solid decomposes slowly in air, and thus samples are typically stored cold under an inert atmosphere. It is a more reactive source of iron(0) than iron pentacarbonyl.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thiophosphoryl chloride</span> Chemical compound

Thiophosphoryl chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula PSCl3. It is a colorless pungent smelling liquid that fumes in air. It is synthesized from phosphorus chloride and used to thiophosphorylate organic compounds, such as to produce insecticides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulfenyl chloride</span>

A sulfenyl chloride is a functional group with the connectivity R–S–Cl, where R is alkyl or aryl. Sulfenyl chlorides are reactive compounds that behave as sources of RS+. They are used in the formation of RS–N and RS–O bonds. According to IUPAC nomenclature they are named as alkyl thiohypochlorites, i.e. esters of thiohypochlorous acid.

<i>tert</i>-Butylthiol Chemical compound

tert-Butylthiol, also known as 2-methylpropane-2-thiol, 2-methyl-2-propanethiol, tert-butyl mercaptan (TBM), and t-BuSH, is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)3CSH. This thiol is used as an odorant for natural gas, which is otherwise odorless. It may also have been used as a flavoring agent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transition metal thiolate complex</span>

Transition metal thiolate complexes are metal complexes containing thiolate ligands. Thiolates are ligands that can be classified as soft Lewis bases. Therefore, thiolate ligands coordinate most strongly to metals that behave as soft Lewis acids as opposed to those that behave as hard Lewis acids. Most complexes contain other ligands in addition to thiolate, but many homoleptic complexes are known with only thiolate ligands. The amino acid cysteine has a thiol functional group, consequently many cofactors in proteins and enzymes feature cysteinate-metal cofactors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate</span> Chemical compound

Methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate is the organic compound with the formula CH2=C(NHC(O)CH3)CO2CH3. It is the methyl ester of an N-acetylacrylic acid, which in turn is a derivative of the unstable compound dehydroalanine. Acetylation of the amine in the latter compound prevents tautomerization. It is a white solid.

References

  1. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (1 ed.). Wiley. 2001-04-15. doi:10.1002/047084289x.rn02347. ISBN   978-0-471-93623-7. S2CID   242662674.
  2. R. Eric Gerber; Carlos Hasbun; Larisa G. Dubenko; Mei Fong King; Donald E. Bierer (2000). "β-Mercaptopropionitrile". Organic Syntheses. 77: 186. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.077.0186.
  3. Klose, J.; Reese, C. B.; Song, Q. (1997). "Preparation of 2-(2-cyanoethyl)sulfanyl-1H-isoindole-1,3-(2H)-dione and related sulfur-transfer agents". Tetrahedron. 53 (42): 14411–14416. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(97)00924-1.