303rd Rifle Division

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303rd Rifle Division (July 10 – December 27, 1941)
303rd Rifle Division (January 1, 1942 – 1946)
Soviet Major General Konstantin Stepanovich Fyodorovskiy.jpg
Maj. Gen. K. S. Fyodorovskiy, Hero of the Soviet Union
Active1941–1946
CountryFlag of the USSR (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union
Branch Red Army flag.svg Red Army
TypeInfantry
SizeDivision
Engagements Operation Barbarossa
Yelnya Offensive
Operation Typhoon
Operation Blue
Battle of Kursk
Battle of the Dniepr
First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive
Second Jassy-Kishinev Offensive
Siege of Budapest
Prague Offensive
Decorations Order of Red Banner.svg   Order of the Red Banner
Battle honours Upper Dniepr
Beltsy
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Col. Nikolai Pavlovich Rudnev
Col. Alexsandr Gavrilovich Moiseevskiy
Col. Lev Ivanovich Ostroukhov
Maj. Gen. Konstantin Stepanovich Fyodorovskiy Hero of the Soviet Union medal.png
Col. Ivan Dmitrievich Panov

The 303rd Rifle Division began service as a standard Red Army rifle division shortly after the German invasion, and in its first formation fought in the central part of the Soviet-German front for a few months, taking part in the first offensive success of the Red Army at Yelnya, before being encircled and annihilated in the fighting around Vyasma. A second 303rd was raised a few months later and fought on, mainly in the central sector of Ukraine. The men and women of the division first distinguished themselves during the summer offensive of 1943, making an assault crossing of the Dniepr River at Verkhnodniprovsk and gaining a battle honor for it. A second such honor was won in the spring of 1944 for the division's role in the liberation of the city of Beltsy in Moldova. It ended the war at Prague, after advancing through Romania, Hungary and Austria. The division was disbanded in 1946.

Contents

1st Formation

The division began forming on July 10, 1941 at Voronezh in the Oryol Military District. [1] Col. Nikolai Pavlovich Rudnev was appointed as commanding officer on the same day. The division's order of battle was as follows:

Less than a month after forming, the 303rd was assigned to Reserve Front, moving to 43rd Army of that Front on August 10, just as that Army was itself forming up. By the end of August it had been shifted to 24th Army, and took part in the third counteroffensive against the Yelnya salient, beginning on August 30. The division led the southern Shock Group as part of the planned concentric attack to seal off the salient, and advanced 2km on the first day, and again on the second. After standing off German counterattacks for two days, it again advanced on September 3, with assistance from a tank battalion. It was still about 8km short of linking up with the northern Group when German Army Group Center ordered its forces to withdraw from the salient, which was carried out over the next four days. Army General G.K. Zhukov gave the 303rd little credit for this success, stating that "The 303rd... operated poorly and without initiative". Consequently, it was not chosen to become one of the first four Guards rifle divisions. As of September 12 the rifle regiments of the division averaged only 400 men each, indicating excessive casualties. [3]

By the end of September the division was reassigned yet again, to 49th Army of Reserve Front some 200km to the north in the area of Sychevka. Before this move could get well underway, the 303rd was swept up in the German Operation Typhoon, and by October 10 was deeply encircled north of Spas-Demensk. [4] By the end of the month the division was effectively destroyed as a fighting unit, but a cadre survived, and Col. Alexsandr Gavrilovich Moiseevskiy was appointed to its command on October 31. The division lingered on the official order of battle until December 27. [5]

2nd Formation

A new rifle division, initially numbered the 448th, [6] began forming on January 1, 1942, at Topki in the Siberian Military District. Its first commander, Col. Lev Ivanovich Ostroukhov, was assigned on that date. It was largely formed from men drafted out of the Kuzbass coal mining region, and in March was re-designated as the second 303rd Rifle Division. At this time its composition by nationality was recorded as 40% Russian and 60% Siberian and others. [7] It remained in the Siberian District until April. Its order of battle remained the same as that of the 1st formation, although an unknown numbered antitank battalion would have also been included.

Late in that month it moved to the Moscow Military District and was assigned to the 2nd Reserve Army in the STAVKA reserves. By July the division was in 3rd Reserve Army when it was re-designated the 60th Army for front-line service. On July 19 that Army went into Voronezh Front, and on that same date, Col. Konstantin Stepanovich Fyodorovskiy was promoted from chief of staff to divisional command. Promoted to the rank of Major General on January 17, 1944, he remained in command until late December of the same year. [8] The 303rd spent the remainder of 1942 in that Army in that Front, mounting an aggressive defense against what the STAVKA anticipated to be a German drive to the northeast towards Moscow. In early 1943 it was moved to 40th Army, and then for a month in Voronezh Front reserves for rebuilding. [9]

Following this the 303rd was transferred to Southwestern Front, and in April to 57th Army of that Front. Following the Battle of Kursk, 57th Army was moved to Steppe Front (soon to be renamed as 2nd Ukrainian Front) and in September the division was reassigned to the 7th Guards Army. The 303rd was destined to remain in that Front for the duration. [10]

Advance

It was in this period, during the Battle of the Dniepr, that the division was recognized for its efforts in a river-crossing operation at the town of Verkhnodniprovsk, and received the following unusual honorific:

"UPPER DNIEPR - Liberated on October 22, 1943 by troops of 2nd Ukrainian Front in the attack on the Krivoy Rog direction during the battle for the Dniepr... 303rd Rifle Division (Col. Fyodorovskiy, Konstantin Stepanovich)... By order of the Supreme High Command is given this name." [11]

The division was further recognized on January 8, 1944, with the award of the Order of the Red Banner. [12] In February it was moved to the 52nd Army as part of the 78th Rifle Corps, in which it liberated the Moldovan town of Beltsy on March 26, and earned its second battle honor:

"BELTSY - 303rd Rifle Division (Maj. Gen. Fyodorovskiy, Konstantin Stepanovich)... The troops who participated in the battles during the crossing of the Dniestr and the liberation of Beltsy... by order of the Supreme High Command and a commendation in Moscow on 26 March 1944 are saluted with 24 salvoes from 324 guns." [13] [14]

However, the Corps' advance ran out of steam the next month outside the Romanian city of Iași. [15]

In June the 303rd was again redeployed, this time to 4th Guards Army. In late August, after the start of the 2nd Jassy-Kishinev Offensive the division was moved to Front reserves for re-building during the swift advance through Romania. Re-building complete, in October it was back in 7th Guards Army, this time for the duration, and now serving in Hungary. For most of that period it was under the 27th Guards Rifle Corps, although in the last two months it also served in both the 24th and 25th Guards Rifle Corps. [16] During the Debrecen operation on October 19 the 303rd was urgently summoned to the Mezőtúr area in response to a surprise German tank attack. Mezőtúr was taken on October 23, and the east bank of the Tisza River was reached on the 25th. On November 1 an assault crossing was forced, and over the next four days, in cooperation with the 227th Rifle Division, the city of Szolnok was captured. For its contribution to the latter feat the 847th Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree. On the afternoon of November 6 the division began an advance in the direction of Kharomkhaz and on the 14th, along with the 227th and 409th Rifle Divisions, penetrated the southern suburbs of Jászberény. [17]

From September 18 to December 5, the 303rd was officially credited with the destruction of up to 1,000 enemy soldiers and officers, 22 tanks, 3 self-propelled guns, 4 armored personnel carriers, 4 other vehicles and 16 machine guns, as well as capturing 75 prisoners-of-war, 20 machine-guns, and other enemy equipment. During the Siege of Budapest in December, the division accounted for up to 200 more enemy troops, 8 mortars, 4 guns and 17 machine-guns destroyed, plus 3 tanks, 3 prime movers, 13 guns, 34 other vehicles, 37 machine-guns, and another 105 prisoners-of-war captured. From September 18 to December 14, soldiers of the division were awarded a total of 1,007 orders and medals, including one Order of Lenin, eight Orders of the Red Banner, 12 Orders of Alexander Nevsky, 166 Orders of the Great Patriotic War, 96 Orders of the Red Star, and 724 medals. [18]

While this offensive continued in Hungary, in the face of bitter enemy resistance, on December 21 the division reached positions from Savditse to Setikh. During this advance Major General Fyodorovskiy was mortally wounded by enemy fire, and died of his wounds a week later. [19] Col. Ivan Dmitrievich Panov replaced him in command on December 24, and led the division for the duration of hostilities. On Victory Day the 303rd was just south of Prague. By this time the men and women of the division had earned the full title of 303rd Rifle, Upper Dniepr, Beltsy, Order of the Red Banner Division. (Russian: 303-я стрелковая Верхнеднепровская Бельцская Краснознамённая дивизия.)

Postwar

The division was initially part of the Central Group of Forces. [20] The division was transferred with the 23rd Rifle Corps to the Stavropol Military District during the summer of 1945. It was based in Nevinnomyssk. The division was disbanded there before the summer of 1946, when the 23rd Rifle Corps became part of the North Caucasus Military District. [21]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">305th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)</span> Military unit

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">353rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)</span> Military unit

The 353rd Rifle Division formed on August 27, 1941, as a standard Red Army rifle division, at Krasnodar. It was assigned to the southern sector of the Soviet-German front, at first in 56th Army, and it would remain on this sector for the duration of the war. After assisting in the first liberation of Rostov-on-the-Don in late 1941, but in 1942 it retreated into the Caucasus region, and fought to hold the Axis forces from reaching the coast of the Black Sea. Following the retreat of the Germans and Romanians in the wake of their defeat at Stalingrad, the 353rd took part in the offensives that freed Ukraine in 1943 and 1944, winning a battle honor for the liberation of Dneprodzerzhinsk in October, 1943. In the summer of 1944 it participated in the offensive that finally drove Romania out of the Axis, and then advanced into the Balkan states. Shortly thereafter it was assigned to 37th Army, which was detached from the active army to garrison the southern Balkans, and the division remained on this quiet front for the duration of the war.

The 362nd Rifle Division began forming on 10 August 1941, as a standard Red Army rifle division, at Omsk. It did not reach the front until March 1942, assigned to the 22nd Army in Kalinin Front. It served under these commands for the next year, then was pulled out of the line for rebuilding before being moved south to 3rd Army of Bryansk Front, and later Belorussian Front, for the 1943 summer offensive, during which it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. It served in 50th Army during Operation Bagration, and earned a battle honor during the crossings of the upper Dniepr River near Shklov, but was soon reassigned to 33rd Army, where it remained for the duration of the war. The 362nd ended the war deep into Germany with 1st Belorussian Front, but in spite of an exemplary record of service, including three unit decorations, it was disbanded shortly thereafter.

The 19th Guards Rifle Division was formed from the first formation of the 366th Rifle Division on March 17, 1942. At this time it was in the 52nd Army of Volkhov Front, taking part in the Lyuban Offensive Operation, which was planned to encircle and defeat the enemy forces laying siege to Leningrad. However, just at that time the German 18th Army was in the process of cutting off the Soviet Lyuban grouping in a pocket, and over the following months the division was nearly destroyed. Enough survivors emerged from the swamps in June and July to rebuild the unit, and it fought in the Second Sinyavino Offensive before it was shifted south into Kalinin Front to take part in the battle and siege of Velikiye Luki in December. In the summer of 1943 the 19th Guards fought in the battles for Smolensk, and won its first battle honor, "Rudnya". in September. During the offensive in the summer of 1944 it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its successes in the fighting around Vitebsk. It was further honored in February, 1945, with the Order of Lenin for its role in the victories in East Prussia. In the summer the division was moved by rail with its 39th Army to the Far East and saw action in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August, winning its second battle honor, "Khingan", for its services. The division continued to see service well into the postwar era.

The 409th Rifle Division was as an infantry division of the Red Army from 1941 to 1945. It fought against the German invasion, Operation Barbarossa. It was officially considered an Armenian National division, and initially almost all its personnel were of that nationality. After forming it remained in service along the border with Turkey until nearly the end of 1942, when it was redeployed to the 44th Army in Transcaucasus Front, assisting in driving the German 17th Army into the Kuban peninsula. Following this the division was moved to the 46th Army in Southwestern Front and took part in the summer offensive through the Donbas and eastern Ukraine. In October it was moved again, now to the 57th Army in 2nd Ukrainian Front; it would remain in that Front for the duration of the war, moving to the 7th Guards Army in December. After crossing the Dniepr the 409th won a battle honor in January, 1944, then spent the spring and summer in the battles around Jassy and Kishenev in Moldova. After the defeat of Romania the division advanced into Hungary as part of the 27th Guards Rifle Corps. In October it rejoined the 7th Guards Army, where it remained for the duration, mostly in the 25th Guards Rifle Corps. After the fall of Budapest the division joined the final advances on Vienna and Prague in the spring of 1945, and was disbanded shortly thereafter.

The 414th Rifle Division was twice formed as an infantry division of the Red Army; very briefly in the winter of 1941/42, then from the spring of 1942 until after May 1945. It was officially considered a Georgian National division, having nearly all its personnel of that nationality in its second formation. After its second formation it remained in service in the Caucasus near the borders of Turkey and Iran in the 44th Army until the summer of 1942, when it was redeployed to help counter the German drive toward Grozny. As German Army Group A retreated from the Caucasus in January 1943 the division was reassigned to the 37th Army in North Caucasus Front, and during the fighting in the Taman Peninsula during the summer it served in both the 58th and 18th Armies, earning a battle honor in the process. It entered the Crimea during the Kerch–Eltigen Operation in November, and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner following the offensive that liberated that region in April and May 1944, fighting in the 11th Guards Rifle Corps of the Separate Coastal Army. After the Crimea was cleared the Coastal Army remained as a garrison and the 414th stayed there for the duration of the war. Postwar, it was relocated to Tbilisi, being renumbered as the 74th Rifle Division in 1955 and disbanded the following year.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Walter S. Dunn, Jr., Stalin's Keys to Victory, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 2007, p. 76
  2. ↑ Charles C. Sharp, "Red Tide", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From June to December, 1941, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. IX, 1996, p. 69
  3. ↑ David M. Glantz, Barbarossa Derailed, Vol. 2, Helion & Co., Ltd., Solihull, UK, 2012, pp. 330-57
  4. ↑ David Stahel, Operation Typhoon, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2013, map on p. 79
  5. ↑ Sharp, "Red Tide", p. 69
  6. ↑ Dunn, Jr., Stalin's Keys, p. 100
  7. ↑ Glantz, Colossus Reborn, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2005, p. 594
  8. ↑ Aleksander A. Maslov, Fallen Soviet Generals, trans. & ed. D. M. Glantz, Frank Cass Publishers, London, 1998, p. 165
  9. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From 1942 to 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. X, 1996, p. 114
  10. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm", p. 114
  11. ↑ "Освобождение городов".
  12. ↑ Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union 1967, p. 249.
  13. ↑ "Освобождение городов".
  14. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm", p. 114
  15. ↑ Glantz, Red Storm over the Balkans, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2007, p. 177-79
  16. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm", p. 114
  17. ↑ Maslov, p. 165-66
  18. ↑ Maslov, p. 166
  19. ↑ Maslov, p. 165
  20. ↑ Feskov et al 2013, p. 414
  21. ↑ Feskov et al 2013, pp. 516–517

Bibliography

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