255th Rifle Division

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255th Rifle Division (July 10, 1941 – August 3, 1942)
255th Rifle Division (July 6, 1943 – April 30, 1955)
Active1941–1955
CountryFlag of the USSR (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union
Branch Red Army
Soviet Army
TypeInfantry
SizeDivision
Engagements Battle of Kiev (1941)
Battle of Rostov (1941)
Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive
Second Battle of Kharkov
Case Blue
Soviet invasion of Manchuria
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Maj. Gen. Ivan Terentievich Zamertsev
Col. Fyodor Aristarovich Makulkin
Maj. Gen. Yakov Filippovich Yeryomenko
Col. Ivan Matveevich Sukhov

The 255th Rifle Division was formed in the Odessa Military District as a reserve infantry division of the Red Army about two weeks after the German invasion of the USSR. It was based on the shtat (table of organization and equipment) of April 5, 1941 with modifications due to the emergency. Once formed, in late August it was assigned to the 2nd formation of the 6th Army in Southern Front; this Army was soon reassigned to Southwestern Front. The division saw its first major combat in the Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive in January 1942 which carved out the Izium salient, but it suffered significant losses which were never adequately replaced. Due to its low strength it was removed from the salient and served as a reserve formation until the beginning of the German summer offensive. In the second week of July, while serving in 9th Army, it was largely encircled by elements of German 6th Army near Millerovo. While a cadre was able to escape and retreat south toward the Caucasus the division was too badly damaged to be rebuilt and it was disbanded.

Contents

A new 255th was formed in July 1943 in the 15th Army of Far Eastern Front. It remained under these commands on this quiet sector until the buildup to the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945. In the event the division was given a defensive assignment while being on call as a possible reserve for 15th Army, but it saw no combat before the Japanese surrender. Despite its undistinguished career the 255th continued to serve in the Far East until April 1955, when it was redesignated as the 2nd formation of the 35th Rifle Division.

1st Formation

The 255th began forming on July 10 at Pavlohrad in the Odessa Military District. [1] Once formed from militia and reservists in the area the division had following order of battle:

Col. Ivan Terentievich Zamertsev took command of the division on the day it began forming. As Pavlohrad was east of the Dniepr River the division did not suffer the same fate as the 1st formation of the 253rd Rifle Division, which was overrun near Kryvyi Rih as it was attempting to form. After about seven weeks it was assigned to 6th Army in Southern Front. [3] When the final stage of the Battle of Kyiv began in September the 6th Army was east of 1st Panzer Army's breakthrough across the Dniepr and was not swept up in the encirclement. [4] By the beginning of October the Army, which now comprised the 255th, 270th and 275th Rifle Divisions, plus the 26th and 28th Cavalry Divisions, was part of the rebuilding Southwestern Front. [5]

In mid-October the STAVKA, hard-pressed on the approaches to Moscow and with few available reserves, ordered the Southwestern and Southern Fronts to establish a new defense line along the Oskol, Northern Donets, and Mius rivers between October 17-30. On October 25 the German 6th Army drove Southwestern Front's 38th Army out of Kharkiv after five days of fighting. In the following days, Southwestern Front was able to establish a stabilized line in defenses some 70-80km east of the line designated by STAVKA. [6]

On November 9 Marshal S. K. Timoshenko, commander of the Southwestern Direction as well as Southwestern Front, submitted proposals to the STAVKA to attack German concentrations in the Rostov area. Stalin and Marshal B. M. Shaposhnikov gave their general approval but made it clear that reinforcements could not be expected. Timoshenko's plan largely relied on forces of Southern Front in its initial phase. The counteroffensive turned out to be a surprise success which drove 1st Panzer Army out of the city in the last days of the month and set the stage for an expanded push westward. [7]

Barvenkovo–Lozovaya Offensive

Timoshenko soon approached Stalin with his plan for a broad offensive by the Bryansk, Southwestern and Southern Fronts, to take place in January-February 1942 and consisting of two major operations. The second operation would be mounted by the left wing of the Southwestern and Southern Fronts to free the Donbas and bring Soviet troops up to the Dniepr, with northern cover for this being provided by Southwestern Front forces also moving into the Kharkiv area. Timoshenko's request for reinforcements for this effort was entirely unrealistic and Shaposhnikov directed him to scale back. In the revised plan the new commander of Southwestern Front, Lt. Gen. F. Ya. Kostenko, would prepare to attack with his 6th and 38th Armies in the Chuhuiv – Balakliia – Izium area and seize Kharkiv and Krasnohrad, thereby covering the Southern Front's operations from the northwest. [8]

The offensive began on January 18, at which time the 6th Army had five rifle divisions and one cavalry division under command. [9] Over the next four days the 6th and 57th Armies pushed some 32km to the west, but at Balakliia and Sloviansk two German infantry divisions held on in a desperate effort to stop the Soviet breakthrough from widening. At Balakliia, 6th Army, in the whipping winds of deep winter, crashed into attack after attack against this vital corner post of the German defenses, the northern shoulder of the Izium bend penetration. The Soviet forces fought from their snow forts while the German forces huddled in the warmth of huts and houses. On January 24 Timoshenko introduced the 9th Army to operate between 37th and 57th Armies. On both sides of Izium the salient was expanded until Lozovaya was taken on the 27th. This marked the culmination of the offensive as German reserves arrived from Kharkiv. [10] Late in the month the 255th was transferred to the reserves of Southern Front. [11]

Second Battle of Kharkiv

Izium salient and the Second Kharkiv offensive Map of 1942 Kharkov offensive.png
Izium salient and the Second Kharkiv offensive

During February the division was reassigned to 57th Army, still in Southern Front, where it remained into April. [12] The Army was deployed in the southwestern sector of the Izium salient, generally in the Lozova Raion. [13] On March 27, Colonel Zamertsev was promoted to the rank of major general. In preparation for a renewed offensive to retake Kharkiv the 255th was removed from the salient under terms of STAVKA Order No. 13986 to help form a Southern Front commander's reserve of seven rifle divisions that could only be employed with the explicit permission of the High Command. [14]

As a result of being removed from 57th Army the 255th was able to avoid the disaster that enveloped the Soviet forces in the salient in late May. [15] In a report dated June 7 to the Red Army General Staff, Lt. Gen. R. Ya. Malinovskii, commander of Southern Front, noted in passing that in mid-April the 255th, which had been detached to the Voroshilovgrad area, had not fully recovered from the winter battles and numbered only 5,434 personnel. [16]

Case Blue

By the beginning of June it was becoming clear that Army Group South was gearing up for its summer offensive in the same area where the Red Army had just suffered such devastating losses. The 255th was now assigned to 24th Army, still in Southern Front. As the STAVKA scrambled to build a defense the division was moved again, now to 9th Army in Southwestern Front. [17] General Zamertsev left the division on June 30 to take command of the 3rd Guards Rifle Corps. He would lead several other Corps during the coming years and ended the war as acting commandant of Budapest. He was replaced by Lt. Col. Daniil Antonovich Ivanchenko, who would remain in command for the brief remainder of the 1st formation's existence.

9th Army was under command of Lt. Gen. A. I. Lopatin and was on the left (south) flank of the Front, tying in with 38th Army near Kupiansk and then southward along the eastern banks of the Oskil and Northern Donets to Krasnyi Lyman. As of July 8 Lopatin had five divisions (318th, 296th, 51st, 140th and 255th) in his first echelon, backed up by three more divisions plus two "destroyer" (antitank) brigades. At dawn that day the commander of Army Group South, Field Marshal F. von Bock, recognizing that the 9th and 38th Armies were beginning to withdraw, authorized the infantry forces on 1st Panzer Army's right wing and center to advance over the Oskil and Northern Donets in pursuit. The XI and XXXXIV Army Corps crossed the two rivers and advanced 10-15km eastward. By nightfall they reached the approaches to the Krasnaya River, which by now was defended by 9th Army and the weaker half of 38th Army. The same day, the 1st Panzer Army hastily shifted its III and XIV Panzer Corps forward into positions from which they could mount their main thrust against the left wing of Southwestern Front and the right wing of Southern Front the next morning. [18]

Beginning on July 6 the XVII Army Corps and XXXX Panzer Corps of 6th Army had scattered the 28th Army and by July 9 most of 38th Army to its south had been encircled. This Army formed a combat group that was eventually able to withdraw north of the Don River, while much of the rest of the two Armies was trapped between the Aidar and the Chertkovo Rivers. German intelligence identified the 255th as part of the "bag", despite it still being part of 9th Army. Apparently enough of the division, including the command cadre, escaped this catastrophe that as of August 1 it was still listed as part of the reorganizing 9th Army in North Caucasian Front. [19] This was a temporary respite; some Soviet sources state it was disbanded on July 15 due to heavy losses while others state it was written off on August 3. [20]

2nd Formation

A new 255th Rifle Division was formed on July 6, 1943 in the 15th Army of Far Eastern Front. [21] Its order of battle was very similar to that of the 1st formation:

Col. Fyodor Aristarovich Makulkin was appointed to command on the same date and would remain in this position until March 4, 1944. He was replaced by Maj. Gen. Yakov Filippovich Yeryomenko, who had previously led both the 116th and 169th Rifle Divisions. On July 13, Yeryomenko was placed at the disposal on the military council of the Front. He would later command both the 24th Guards and the 67th Guards Rifle Divisions, but died of illness in February 1945. Col. Ivan Matveevich Sukhov took over the 255th and would remain in this post until February 10, 1949. When the fighting ended in Europe it was still in 15th Army, along with the 34th, 361st and 388th Rifle Divisions and the 102nd Fortified Region. [23] The 476th SU Battalion, equipped with SU-76s, was added in 1945, in common with many other rifle divisions in the Far East, in order to provide mobile firepower over the difficult terrain in the region.

Soviet Invasion of Manchuria

Soviet Invasion of Manchuria Man'chzhurskaia operatsiia.jpg
Soviet Invasion of Manchuria

At the beginning of August the 255th was still in 15th Army in Far Eastern Front. In preparation for the offensive against the Japanese in Manchuria the Front was split into 1st and 2nd Far Eastern Fronts, with 15th Army in the latter. The division was removed to the Front reserves, [24] and was deployed to cover the city of Khabarovsk while providing a potential reserve for 15th Army. The area opposite the Army was defended by the Japanese 134th Infantry Division, based at Jiamusi. [25] As the offensive proceeded so rapidly there was no need for the division to be committed before the campaign ended on August 20. [26]

Postwar

The 255th remained in service for nearly 10 more years. As of the beginning of January 1948 it was in the 137th Rifle Corps of the Far Eastern Military District, and it was still serving under those commands three years later. On April 18, 1955 it was reinforced with the 2150th Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment. At this time the division was in the 43rd Rifle Corps (former 137th) at Ust-Bolsheretsk, Kamchatka Krai, and by the end of the month it was redesignated as the 35th Rifle Division, which would be reorganized in May 1957 as the 125th Motorized Rifle Division of the 43rd Army Corps. [27] The division was disbanded in 1958. [28]

Postwar commanders

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The 212th Rifle Division was formed as an infantry division of the Red Army after a motorized division of that same number was badly damaged and then redesignated about five weeks after the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union.

The 219th Rifle Division was formed as an infantry division of the Red Army after a motorized division of that same number was redesignated about 10 weeks after the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Due to a chronic lack of vehicles, and especially tanks, the division had been effectively serving as a motorized rifle brigade since June 22, so the redesignation was a formality and it was soon destroyed in the encirclement battle east of Kiev.

The 226th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, originally formed as one of the first reserve rifle divisions following the German invasion of the USSR. After being hastily organized it arrived at the front along the lower Dniepr River as part of 6th Army and in the wake of the German victory in the Kiev encirclement it fell back toward, and then past, Kharkiv and spent the winter fighting in this area. During the Second Battle of Kharkov in May 1942 it scored early successes but was soon forced back by counterattacking panzers and barely escaped destruction in the first phases of the German summer offensive. After rebuilding in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command the division returned to the front north of Stalingrad where it joined the 66th Army. It took heavy losses in one of the last efforts to break through to the city before Operation Uranus cut off the German 6th Army, but it still played an important role in the reduction of the pocket during Operation Ring and as a result was redesignated as the 95th Guards Rifle Division in May 1943.

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The 231st Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, originally formed out-of-sequence in the Ural Military District in February 1942. It continued training and forming until late May when it was assigned to 8th Reserve Army and began moving toward the Stalingrad area. By the end of August it had reached the fighting front as part of 66th Army in Stalingrad Front and was almost immediately committed to the first of the Kotluban offensives, attempting to cut off the XIV Panzer Corps that had penetrated to the Volga River north of Stalingrad about a week earlier. The division suffered heavy casualties from the outset of these efforts, attacking across flat and open terrain against well dug-in opposition. Devastated in these attacks the 231st was soon relegated to second-echelon duties until, with only about 600 infantry and sappers still on strength, it was officially disbanded on November 2.

The 242nd Rifle Division was the lowest-numbered infantry division of the Red Army to be formed from scratch following the German invasion of the USSR. It was largely based on what would become the shtat of July 29, 1941 and was very quickly assigned to the new 30th Army of Western Front. Despite many shortages of equipment and specialist personnel, and a near-complete absence of formation training, the division joined the active army on July 15, thrown into the fighting near Smolensk. In late August and early September it took part on the Front's offensives toward Dukhovshchina, in an ultimately unsuccessful effort to encircle and destroy a large part of the German 9th Army. At the start of Operation Typhoon on October 2 it was defending part of the sector attacked by 9th Army and 3rd Panzer Group south of Bely and was quickly overwhelmed. After fighting in encirclement for most of the rest of the month its remaining men were able to break out and reach Soviet-held territory, but the losses were to too great to justify rebuilding and the division was disbanded.

The 244th Rifle Division was the second of a group of 10 regular rifle divisions formed from cadres of NKVD border and internal troops as standard Red Army rifle divisions, very shortly after the German invasion, in the Moscow Military District. It was largely based on what would become the shtat of July 29, 1941, with several variations. Initially assigned to the 31st Army, it was soon reassigned to 30th Army in Western Front northeast of Smolensk; under this command it took part in the first Dukhovshchina offensive against German 9th Army before being transferred to 19th Army in the third week of August for the second attempt to take this objective. After this failed the division went over to the defense at the boundary between the 19th and 30th Armies, where it was overwhelmed by 9th Army and 3rd Panzer Group at the outset of Operation Typhoon and soon destroyed.

The 248th Rifle Division was formed in the Moscow Military District as a reserve infantry division of the Red Army just days after the German invasion of the USSR. It was based on the shtat of April 5, 1941 with modifications due to the emergency. It was formed at Vyazma and would remain in the vicinity of this city during its entire 1st formation. When the final German offensive on Moscow began it was ordered to move south by rail, abandoning its positions along the upper reaches of the Dniepr River, but was soon ordered back when the offensive became more widespread. It was mostly encircled during Operation Typhoon and destroyed.

The 253rd Rifle Division was formed in the Odessa Military District as a reserve infantry division of the Red Army about two weeks after the German invasion of the USSR. It was based on the shtat of April 5, 1941 with modifications due to the emergency. Although it was assigned to Southern Front in early August it was probably never completely formed, as its recruiting area was overrun by Army Group South in the first weeks of that month. The division was officially disbanded on September 19.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Walter S. Dunn Jr., Stalin's Keys to Victory, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 2007, p. 76
  2. ↑ Charles C. Sharp, "Red Tide", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From June to December 1941, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, vol. IX, Nafziger, 1996, p. 48
  3. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1941, p. 43
  4. ↑ David Stahel, Kiev 1941, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2012, pp. 210, 220
  5. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1941, p. 52
  6. ↑ David M. Glantz, Before Stalingrad, Tempus Publishing Ltd., Stroud, UK, 2003, p. 152
  7. ↑ John Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, UK, 1983, p. 256
  8. ↑ Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad, p. 288
  9. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942, p. 11
  10. ↑ Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad, pp. 327-38
  11. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942, p. 30
  12. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942, pp. 48, 67
  13. ↑ Glantz, Kharkov 1942, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, UK, 1998/2010, p. 95
  14. ↑ Glantz, Kharkov 1942, pp. 95-96
  15. ↑ Sharp, "Red Tide", p. 48
  16. ↑ Glantz, Kharkov 1942, pp. 308-10
  17. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942, pp. 105, 125
  18. ↑ Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2009, pp. 176-77
  19. ↑ Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, pp. 178-79, 414, 539
  20. ↑ Sharp, "Red Tide", p. 48. The August 3 date comes from Grylev (see Bibliography).
  21. ↑ Dunn Jr., Stalin's Keys to Victory, p. 133
  22. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From 1942 to 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, vol. X, Nafziger, 1996, p. 99
  23. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945, p. 182
  24. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945, pp. 194, 202, 209
  25. ↑ Glantz, August Storm, The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, Verdun Press, 2015, Kindle edition, ch. 8
  26. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm", p. 99
  27. ↑ Feskov et al. 2013, pp. 51, 53, 138, 151, 272.
  28. ↑ Kalashnikov et al. 2019, pp. 266–267.

Bibliography

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