3C 186

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3C 186
3C 186 SDSS 2.jpg
The quasar 3C 186.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
Constellation Lynx
Right ascension 07h 44m 17.486s
Declination +37° 53′ 17.36″
Redshift 1.065505
Heliocentric radial velocity 319,430 km/s
Distance 8 Gly
Apparent magnitude  (V)18.14
Apparent magnitude  (B)17.5
Characteristics
Type CSS
Notable featuresDisplaced supermassive black hole
Other designations
4C 38.21, LHE 208, LEDA 2817581, NRAO 273, OHIO I 368, QSO J0744+3753, QSO B0740+38, NVSS J074417+375316

3C 186 is a radio-loud quasar in the constellation of Lynx. Discovered in 1972, [1] the object has a redshift of (z) 1.069 [2] and is classified as a Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) source whose age is estimated to be ~105 yr. [3] [4] [5] It is associated with an X-ray cluster and is considered a recoiling supermassive black hole candidate. [6] [7] Its luminosity is estimated to be 1047 erg s-1. [5]

Contents

Description

The host of 3C 186 is classified as an elliptical galaxy with a region of diffused emission being located both southwest and northeast. [2] It has a star formation rate estimated to be 65 ± 20 Mʘ yr-1 with a relatively mature stellar population aged around 200 million years. [7] In addition, the host shows a distorted appearance with tidal features, indicating a late stage galaxy merger. [8] Observations also found the host galaxy has a molecular gas reservoir with a mass of 8 x 1010 Mʘ probably accreted from the merger. [9]

The radio structure of 3C 186 can be described as an S-shaped source. Based on MERLIN radio mapping images, the source is made up of a knotty jet and two radio lobes on opposite sides which the jet is targeted at. There is a southernmost component showing a 90° bend angle suggesting there is a continuation of the jet. [10] Radio images made by very long baseline interferometry at 50 centimeters showed the source has southeast and northwest components, interpreted as the brighter structures of the lobes. [11] The central radio core of the object is self-absorbed. [12] [13] When shown in optical-ultraviolet wavelengths, its spectrum is found to be mainly dominated by a blue bump component with emission lines. The source has an approximate angular size of 2". [14]

Black hole

Hubble Space Telescope image of 3C 186. 3C 186.tif
Hubble Space Telescope image of 3C 186.

3C 186 has a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 3 x 109 Mʘ and an Eddington luminosity rate of 4 x 1047 erg s-1. [6] However unlike other active galactic nuclei whose black holes are found in the center, the black hole is found displaced by 11.1 ± 0.1 kiloparsecs away from the host galaxy. When looking at the velocity shift between its narrow and broad emission lines, the result shows a value of -2140 ± 390 km s-1 suggesting the AGN is moving at a slower speed compared to the host galaxy. [15]

The most likely hypothesis for the displacement of the black hole is the merger of two black holes from two colliding galaxies about 1-2 billion years ago. When the black holes coalesced, the creation of strong gravitational waves caused by the merger generated a kick, resulting the newly formed black hole to be flung out from the center of the galaxy. [16] [8]

X-ray cluster

3C 186 is found to be located in the center of a cool-core galaxy cluster. [9] Based on observations, the cluster is X-ray luminous showing a slight temperature of 7.8+2.4-1.9 keV in the outer regions and a decreased temperature of 3.11+0.91-0.64 keV in its central region. Apart from that, the cluster also has a cooling core with an elongated morphology. [6]

References

  1. ↑ Argue, A. N.; Kenworthy, C. M. (1972-01-01). "Optical positions for 21 3C objects". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 160 (2): 197–211. doi: 10.1093/mnras/160.2.197 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  2. 1 2 Hilbert, B.; Chiaberge, M.; Kotyla, J. P.; Tremblay, G. R.; Stanghellini, C.; Sparks, W. B.; Baum, S.; Capetti, A.; Macchetto, F. D.; Miley, G. K.; O’Dea, C. P.; Perlman, E. S.; Quillen, A. (July 2016). "Powerful Activity in the Bright Ages. I. A Visible/Ir Survey of High Redshift 3C Radio Galaxies and Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 225 (1): 12. arXiv: 1605.03196 . Bibcode:2016ApJS..225...12H. doi: 10.3847/0067-0049/225/1/12 . ISSN   0067-0049.
  3. ↑ Migliori, G.; Siemiginowska, A.; Celotti, A. (2010-10-01). "The CSS Quasar 3C 186: Exploring the X-ray Emission". Accretion and Ejection in AGN: A Global View. Proceedings of a Conference Held June 22-26, 2009 in Como, Italy. 427: 201. Bibcode:2010ASPC..427..201M.
  4. ↑ Siemiginowska, A.; Aldcroft, T. L.; Burke, D.; Bechtold, J.; Cheung, C. C.; Lamassa, S.; Worrall, D. M. (2008-06-01). "Evolution of a Powerful Radio Loud Quasar 3C 186 and its Impact on the Cluster Environment at z=1". Extragalactic Jets: Theory and Observation from Radio to Gamma Ray. 386: 350. arXiv: 0708.1265 . Bibcode:2008ASPC..386..350S.
  5. 1 2 Siemiginowska, Aneta; Cheung, C. C.; LaMassa, Stephanie; Burke, D. J.; Aldcroft, Thomas L.; Bechtold, Jill; Elvis, Martin; Worrall, D. M. (2005-10-10). "X-Ray Cluster Associated with thez= 1.063 CSS Quasar 3C 186: The Jet is Not Frustrated". The Astrophysical Journal. 632 (1): 110–121. arXiv: astro-ph/0506394 . Bibcode:2005ApJ...632..110S. doi:10.1086/432871. ISSN   0004-637X.
  6. 1 2 3 Siemiginowska, Aneta; Burke, D. J.; Aldcroft, Thomas L.; Worrall, D. M.; Allen, S.; Bechtold, Jill; Clarke, Tracy; Cheung, C. C. (2010-09-16). "High-Redshift X-Ray Cooling-Core Cluster Associated with the Luminous Radio-Loud Quasar 3C 186". The Astrophysical Journal. 722 (1): 102–111. arXiv: 1008.1739 . Bibcode:2010ApJ...722..102S. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/722/1/102. ISSN   0004-637X.
  7. 1 2 Morishita, T.; Chiaberge, M.; Hilbert, B.; Lambrides, E.; Blecha, L.; Baum, S.; Bianchi, S.; Capetti, A.; Castignani, G.; Macchetto, F. D.; Miley, G. K.; O’Dea, C. P.; Norman, C. A. (2022-06-01). "The Host Galaxy of the Recoiling Black Hole Candidate in 3C 186: An Old Major Merger Remnant at the Center of a z = 1 Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 931 (2): 165. arXiv: 2204.12499 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...931..165M. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac6a58 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  8. 1 2 Chiaberge, M.; Ely, J. C.; Meyer, E. T.; Georganopoulos, M.; Marinucci, A.; Bianchi, S.; Tremblay, G. R.; Hilbert, B.; Kotyla, J. P.; Capetti, A.; Baum, S. A.; Macchetto, F. D.; Miley, G.; O’Dea, C. P.; Perlman, E. S. (2017-03-30). "The puzzling case of the radio-loud QSO 3C 186: a gravitational wave recoiling black hole in a young radio source?". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 600: A57. arXiv: 1611.05501 . Bibcode:2017A&A...600A..57C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629522. ISSN   0004-6361.
  9. 1 2 Castignani, G.; Meyer, E.; Chiaberge, M.; Combes, F.; Morishita, T.; Decarli, R.; Capetti, A.; Dotti, M.; Tremblay, G. R.; Norman, C. A. (May 2022). "NOEMA observations support a recoiling black hole in 3C 186". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 661: L2. arXiv: 2204.05882 . Bibcode:2022A&A...661L...2C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243309. ISSN   0004-6361.
  10. ↑ Spencer, R. E.; Schilizzi, R. T.; Fanti, C.; Fanti, R.; Parma, P.; van Breugel, W. J. M.; Venturi, T.; Muxlow, T. W. B.; Rendong, N. (1991-05-01). "High-resolution observations of eight 3CR compact steep-spectrum radio sources". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 250 (1): 225–240. doi: 10.1093/mnras/250.1.225 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  11. ↑ Nan, Rendong; Cai, Zhengdong; Inoue, Makoto; Kameno, Seiji; Schilizzi, Richard; Fanti, Carla; Fanti, Roberto (1992-06-01). "Improved VLBI Images of Four 3CR CSS Quasars at 50 CM". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 44: 273–280. Bibcode:1992PASJ...44..273N. ISSN   0004-6264.
  12. ↑ Nan, Rendong; Schilizzi, R. T.; Fanti, C.; Fanti, R. (1991-12-01). "VLBI observations of 24 3CR CSS radio sources at 50 cm". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 252: 513–527. Bibcode:1991A&A...252..513N. ISSN   0004-6361.
  13. ↑ van Breugel, W. J. M.; Fanti, C.; Fanti, R.; Stanghellini, C.; Schilizzi, R. T.; Spencer, R. E. (1992-03-01). "Compact Steep-Spectrum 3CR sources: VLA observations at 1.5, 15 and 22.5 GHz". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 256: 56. Bibcode:1992A&A...256...56V. ISSN   0004-6361.
  14. ↑ Migliori, Giulia; Siemiginowska, Aneta; Celotti, Annalisa (2012-03-28). "Broadband Jet Emission in Young and Powerful Radio Sources: The Case of the Compact Steep Spectrum Quasar 3C 186". The Astrophysical Journal. 749 (2): 107. arXiv: 1202.3153 . Bibcode:2012ApJ...749..107M. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/749/2/107. hdl:11585/753978. ISSN   0004-637X.
  15. ↑ Boschini, Matteo; Gerosa, Davide; Salafia, Om Sharan; Dotti, Massimo (2024-06-01). "Astrophysical and relativistic modeling of the recoiling black hole candidate in quasar 3C 186". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 686: A245. arXiv: 2402.08740 . Bibcode:2024A&A...686A.245B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449596. ISSN   0004-6361.
  16. ↑ information@eso.org. "Hubble detects supermassive black hole kicked out of galactic core - Astronomers suspect gravitational waves". www.esahubble.org. Retrieved 2025-03-18.
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