| AAMP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | AAMP , angio associated migratory cell protein | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 603488; MGI: 107809; HomoloGene: 846; GeneCards: AAMP; OMA:AAMP - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Angio-associated, migratory cell protein, also known as AAMP, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the AAMP gene. [5] This protein has been conserved in evolution and is so common to many mammals. [6] and it also has a yeast homolog which is the protein YCR072c. [7] [8]
The gene is located on the second human chromosome, near the end of the chromosome's arm (2q35), between the codons 85-87 and 1387–1389. It contains 6042 bp and 11 exons [6] When transcribed, it gives a 1859 bp mRNA. . [6] The vascular endothelial growth factor is a promoting factor of the protein synthesis and localisation in the different parts of the cells. [9] The protein's expression is higher in the intracellular than in the extracellular space. [7]
The gene product is an immunoglobulin-type protein of 434 amino acids and 49 kDa. [6] It is found to be expressed strongly in the cytosol of endothelial cells, cytotrophoblasts, and poorly differentiated colon adenocarcinoma cells found in lymphatics and has been observed at the luminal edges of endometrial cells and in the extracellular environment of vascular-associated mesenchymal cells. [6]
The protein contains a WD40 domain which permits multi-proteins complexes formation [6] and a heparin-binding domain which mediates heparin-sensitive cell adhesion. [5] AAMP helps to regulate vascular endothelial cell migration regulation and angiogenesis, with other signaling pathway like RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling. [9] A malfunction can therefore lead to different diseases (see Associated diseases). For example, in the smooth muscle cells, if AAMP is overexpressed, it activates RhoA, which activates Rho-kinase (this one generates GTP) and it finally leads to increased smooth muscle cell migration and division, causing atherosclerosis and restenosis. [10]
Note : In all these diseases [6] we can observe the expression of the AAMP gene. This one can either remain stable, increase or decrease depending on the disease.
List of the diseases : gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) (for this disease and the ductal carcinomas, the expression levels are to correlate with necrosis in situ [11] ), myeloid leukemia (chronic (CML) and acute (AML) forms), lymphoma, breast cancer, glial brain tumors, colon neoplasia, epidermoid carcinoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, pulmonary cancer, atherosclerosis, restenosis.
Angiomotin (AMOT) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMOT gene. It belongs to the motin family of angiostatin binding proteins, which includes angiomotin, angiomotin-like 1 (AMOTL1) and angiomotin-like 2 (AMOTL2) characterized by coiled-coil domains at N-terminus and consensus PDZ-binding domain at the C-terminus. Angiomotin is expressed predominantly in endothelial cells of capillaries as well as angiogenic tissues such as placenta and solid tumor.
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) also known as cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PECAM1 gene found on chromosome17q23.3. PECAM-1 plays a key role in removing aged neutrophils from the body.
Angiogenin (ANG) also known as ribonuclease 5 is a small 123 amino acid protein that in humans is encoded by the ANG gene. Angiogenin is a potent stimulator of new blood vessels through the process of angiogenesis. Ang hydrolyzes cellular RNA, resulting in modulated levels of protein synthesis and interacts with DNA causing a promoter-like increase in the expression of rRNA. Ang is associated with cancer and neurological disease through angiogenesis and through activating gene expression that suppresses apoptosis.
RAGE, also called AGER, is a 35 kilodalton transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin super family which was first characterized in 1992 by Neeper et al. Its name comes from its ability to bind advanced glycation endproducts (AGE), which include chiefly glycoproteins, the glycans of which have been modified non-enzymatically through the Maillard reaction. In view of its inflammatory function in innate immunity and its ability to detect a class of ligands through a common structural motif, RAGE is often referred to as a pattern recognition receptor. RAGE also has at least one other agonistic ligand: high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1). HMGB1 is an intracellular DNA-binding protein important in chromatin remodeling which can be released by necrotic cells passively, and by active secretion from macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells.
Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 also known as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) or cluster of differentiation 106 (CD106) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VCAM1 gene. VCAM-1 functions as a cell adhesion molecule.
Thrombospondin 1, abbreviated as THBS1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THBS1 gene.
CTGF, also known as CCN2 or connective tissue growth factor, is a matricellular protein of the CCN family of extracellular matrix-associated heparin-binding proteins. CTGF has important roles in many biological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, angiogenesis, skeletal development, and tissue wound repair, and is critically involved in fibrotic disease and several forms of cancers.
CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), also known as the fractalkine receptor or G-protein coupled receptor 13 (GPR13), is a transmembrane protein of the G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPCR1) family and the only known member of the CX3C chemokine receptor subfamily.
Enolase 1 (ENO1), more commonly known as alpha-enolase, is a glycolytic enzyme expressed in most tissues, one of the isozymes of enolase. Each isoenzyme is a homodimer composed of 2 alpha, 2 gamma, or 2 beta subunits, and functions as a glycolytic enzyme. Alpha-enolase, in addition, functions as a structural lens protein (tau-crystallin) in the monomeric form. Alternative splicing of this gene results in a shorter isoform that has been shown to bind to the c-myc promoter and function as a tumor suppressor. Several pseudogenes have been identified, including one on the long arm of chromosome 1. Alpha-enolase has also been identified as an autoantigen in Hashimoto encephalopathy.
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family of proteins that in humans is encoded by the HBEGF gene.
ROCK1 is a protein serine/threonine kinase also known as rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1. Other common names are ROKβ and P160ROCK. ROCK1 is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA and is a regulator of the actomyosin cytoskeleton which promotes contractile force generation. ROCK1 plays a role in cancer and in particular cell motility, metastasis, and angiogenesis.
Heparanase, also known as HPSE, is an enzyme that acts both at the cell-surface and within the extracellular matrix to degrade polymeric heparan sulfate molecules into shorter chain length oligosaccharides.
Placental growth factor(PlGF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PGF gene.
RhoC is a small signaling G protein, and is a member of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases. It is encoded by the gene RHOC.
C-fos-induced growth factor (FIGF) is a vascular endothelial growth factor that in humans is encoded by the FIGF gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-A5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA5 gene.
Neuronal cell adhesion molecule is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRCAM gene.
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VEGFA gene.
Tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 1 also known as TIE1 is an angiopoietin receptor which in humans is encoded by the TIE1 gene.
Ras-interacting protein 1(Rain), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASIP1 gene.
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