| Abrodictyum caudatum | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Hymenophyllales |
| Family: | Hymenophyllaceae |
| Genus: | Abrodictyum |
| Species: | A. caudatum |
| Binomial name | |
| Abrodictyum caudatum | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Abrodictyum caudatum is an epiphytic fern, found in rainforests in eastern Australia. [2]
The species was first described as Trichomanes caudatum by William Brackenridge in 1854, based on material collected in Tahiti by the United States Exploring Expedition. [3] Filmy ferns (family Hymenophyllaceae) were historically divided into two genera, Trichomanes and Hymenophyllum by most pteridologists, based largely on the morphology of their indusia. After reviewing the Old World species of filmy ferns, Edwin Copeland came to believe that this arrangement was arbitrary, with a continuum of variation between indusial shapes, and lumped together disparate elements in each genus. Accordingly, he published a revised treatment of the family in 1938, splitting it into no less than thirty-three genera. [4] One of these was the former Trichomanes subgenus Macroglena; he assigned T. caudatum there as Macroglena caudata. [5]
While Copeland's system was adopted by some botanists, others considered his genera to be unduly narrow. [4] Kunio Iwatsuki's system of 1984 consolidated several of Copeland's genera, including Macroglena, into Cephalomanes. Peter Bostock transferred T. caudatum to that genus as Cephalomanes caudatum in the Flora of Australia treatment in 1998. [6] The advent of molecular techniques allowed Atsushi Ebihara and coworkers to redefine filmy fern genera based on molecular phylogeny. Their classification retained the traditional Hymenophyllum while dividing Trichomanes sensu lato into nine genera. They adopted a narrower classification of Cephalomanes, placing T. caudatum in Abrodictyum subg. Abrodictyum as A. caudatum. [7] Subsequent authors have typically either used this name for the species or, reverting to the bigeneric system, T. caudatum.
In 1861, Roelof van den Bosch described the species Trichomanes milnei based on a collection from Balade, New Caledonia. [8] It has subsequently been treated as a synonym of A. caudatum, although Mary Tindale felt that it probably warranted recognition as a distinct species. [9]
The Hymenophyllaceae, the filmy ferns and bristle ferns, are a family of two to nine genera and about 650 known species of ferns, with a subcosmopolitan distribution, but generally restricted to very damp places or to locations where they are wetted by spray from waterfalls or springs. Fossil evidence shows that ferns of the family Hymenophyllaceae have existed since at least the Upper Triassic.
Trichomanes is a genus of ferns in the family Hymenophyllaceae, termed bristle ferns. The circumscription of the genus is disputed. All ferns in the genus are filmy ferns, with leaf tissue typically 2 cells thick. This thinness generally necessitates a permanently humid habitat, and makes the fronds somewhat translucent. Because of this membrane-like frond tissue, the plant is prone to drying out. “Filmy ferns” in the taxa Hymenophyllaceae grow in constantly wet environments. Many are found in cloud forests such as “Choco” in Colombia. There are also members of the taxa that can grow submersed in water.
Polyphlebium tenuissimum, synonym Trichomanes tenuissimum, is a species of fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. In 2006, in a taxonomic revision of the family Hymenophyllaceae, Ebihara et al. assigned this species to the genus Polyphlebium rather than Trichomanes. However the combination does not appear to have been formally published; hence the "comb. ined." in the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World.
Hymenophyllum nephrophyllum, the kidney fern, is a filmy fern species native to New Zealand. It commonly grows on the forest floor of open native bush. Individual kidney-shaped fronds stand about 5–10 cm tall. In hot weather they shrivel up to conserve moisture, but open up again when the wet returns. This species has very thin fronds which are only four to six cells in thickness. In the Māori language they are also called raurenga.
Crepidomanes is a genus of ferns in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It is mostly distributed through the old world but has one species Crepidomanes intricatum in North America. The genus includes the following taxa according to Ebihara et al. 2006.
Crepidomanes intricatum, synonym Trichomanes intricatum, is known as the weft fern. The genus Crepidomanes is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, but not by some other sources. As of October 2019, Plants of the World Online sank the genus into a broadly defined Trichomanes, treating this species as Trichomanes intricatum.
Hymenophyllum australe, commonly known as austral filmy fern, is a relatively large rupestral and epiphytic fern, indigenous to eastern Australia and New Zealand. It belongs to the unique Hymenophyllum genus, which are characterised by their thin membranous fronds that are seldom more than one cell thick, with the exception of regions over and around veins. Hymenophyllum australe is distinctive in that the fronds are typically thicker than other Hymenophyllum species, often being up to 2-3 cells thick.
Hymenophyllum flabellatum, the shiny filmy-fern, is a species of fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. This delicate fern is commonly epiphytic and is between 5 and 25 cm in length. It is distinct, with its thin, one-celled thick, membranous leaves. It is from the family Hymenophyllaceae and is dispersed world wide. The species is dispersed highly throughout Tasmanian rainforests and in the south east of mainland Australia, with small pockets of the population seen in northern Queensland.
Didymoglossum is a tropical genus of ferns in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It comprises more than 30 epilithic or low-epiphytic species under two subgenera. The genus is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, but not by some other sources which sink it into a broadly defined Trichomanes.
Hymenophyllum tunbrigense, the Tunbridge filmy fern or Tunbridge filmy-fern, is a small, fragile perennial leptosporangiate fern which forms large dense colonies of overlapping leaves from creeping rhizomes. The common name derives from the leaves which are very thin, only a single cell thick, and translucent, giving the appearance of a wet film. The evergreen fronds are bipinnatifid, deeply and irregularly dissected, about 3 to 6 cm long, 2 cm across with dark winged stipes. In contrast to the similar H. wilsonii the fronds are more divided, flattened, appressed to the substrate and tend to have a bluish tint.
Polyphlebium venosum, the veined bristle-fern or bristle filmy fern, is a fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It is only found in wet forests, mainly growing as an epiphyte on the shady side of the soft tree fern, Dicksonia antarctica. It also grows on logs, trunks of trees and rarely on trunks of Cyathea species or on wet rock-faces. It is found in the wetter parts of Eastern Australia and New Zealand. P. venosum has poor long-distance dispersal compared to other ferns due to its short lived spore. Notable features of Polyphlebium venosum include it being one cell layer thick, 5–15 cm in length, having many branching veins and a trumpet shaped indusium.
Callistopteris is a fern genus in the family Hymenophyllaceae. The genus is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 but not by some other sources, which sink it into a broadly defined Trichomanes.
Polyphlebium is a fern genus in the family Hymenophyllaceae. The genus is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 but not by some other sources.
Vandenboschia is a fern genus in the family Hymenophyllaceae. The genus is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 but not by some other sources.
Abrodictyum is a fern genus in the family Hymenophyllaceae. The genus is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 but not by some other sources, which sink it into a broadly defined Trichomanes.
Hymenophyllum rarum, the narrow filmy-fern, is a species of fern from the family Hymenophyllaceae. This thin-leaved fern is commonly found in New Zealand and Tasmania, growing in patches on rocks and is epiphytic on trees and tree ferns, growing in moist gullies or rainforests. A rather drought tolerant species often found at exposed sites ranging from coastal to montane areas. Forming extensive, interwoven and creeping patches with its thin long (creeping) rhizomes sparsely covered in red-brown hairs, easily recognised by its membranous grey-green fronds, the smooth margins of the pinnae, ultimate segments and indusia; and by the sunken sori in the uppermost segments of the uppermost pinnae. The species can be found throughout Tasmanian rainforests as well as occurring in New South Wales, Victoria and New Zealand on the North and South Islands as well as, Stewart, Chatham and Auckland Islands.
Hymenophyllum peltatum, also known as alpine filmy-fern, is a species of filmy fern widely distributed across Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, South America. It is predominantly a rainforest species with delicate foliage arrangements. Members of the Hymenophyllaceae family display almost translucent fronds, bearing thickness of just a single cell.
Crepidomanes minutum is small fern in the filmy fern family which grows throughout the Pacific. It is commonly referred to as tiny bristle fern. The specific epithet 'minutum' means small in Latin, referring to the small fronds
Hymenophyllum axsmithii is an extinct species of fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae related to the modern hayscented ferns. The species is known from fossil fronds found in early Eocene sites of northern Washington state, United States, and central British Columbia, Canada. The species is included in Hymenophyllum subgenus Sphaerocionium, with a suggestion to be closest to a group of tropical species in the subgenus that are all specialized as sheltered epiphytes.
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