Abu Musab al-Barnawi

Last updated

Abu Musab al-Barnawi
Born Borno or Yobe, Nigeria [1]
Allegiance Boko Haram (2002–2013, ?–2015)
Ansaru (c. 2013)
AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg Islamic State – West Africa Province (from 2015)
Rank
  • Leader of ISWAP (formerly)
  • Head of the ISWAP's shura
  • Member of the IS global shura (allegedly) [2]
Battles/wars Boko Haram insurgency

Abu Musab al-Barnawi, born Habib Yusuf, [3] is a Nigerian Islamic militant who served as the leader of the Islamic State's branch in West Africa (ISWAP) between August 2016 and March 2019, and again around May 2021. He also served in various other capacities within ISWAP such as head of its shura. Before pledging allegiance to IS, al-Barnawi was the spokesperson for Boko Haram. Multiple sources reported that al-Barnawi was killed in 2021, but later research by the Crisis Group , Humangle Media, and others proved that these claims were inaccurate.

Contents

Early life and Boko Haram membership

Abu Musab al-Barnawi was generally believed to be the eldest surviving son of the founder of Boko Haram, Mohammed Yusuf. [4] [1] [lower-alpha 1] According to his nom de guerre which includes al-Barnawi ("from Borno"), [6] Abu Musab was born in Nigeria's Borno State. [7] [6] Researcher Akali Omeni alternatively suggested that al-Barnawi did not refer to Abu Musab's place of birth, but instead his lineage. According to this view, Abu Musab was born in Yobe State just like his father Mohammed Yusuf. [1] His exact birth date is unclear; Omeni speculated that Abu Musab was probably born around the 1980s or 1990s. [8]

In 2009, Mohammed Yusuf launched a failed uprising; he was captured and killed in police custody. His militant group subsequently fell under the command of Abubakar Shekau. Abu Musab al-Barnawi became Boko Haram's spokesperson, [9] and gradually rose in the ranks of the rebel group. He became one of the group's chief commanders and a close advisor of Shekau. [7] However, Abu Musab was more moderate than Shekau, disagreeing with the latter's use of women and children as suicide bombers. The two frequently clashed, [9] [7] and Abu Musab even temporarily defected to Ansaru, a Boko Haram splinter group, in 2013. [9] On 27 January 2015, he released a propaganda video for Boko Haram, having rejoined the group. [10] [11]

Islamic State

On 7 March 2015, Abubakar Shekau released an audio message in which he pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and the Islamic State. Abubakar Shekau was reaffirmed as the leader of the branch in an IS video released in April 2016. [12] Despite this, unrest among his forces caused a large force of dissidents, led by Abu Musab al-Barnawi and his stepfather Mamman Nur, to break off and relocate to Lake Chad. [13] On 21 June 2016, Reuters reported Marine Lieutenant General Thomas Waldhauser as saying "Several months ago, about half of Boko Haram broke off to a separate group because they were not happy with the amount of buy-in, if you will, from Boko Haram into the IS brand," Shekau ignored IS orders to stop using children as suicide bombers. "He's been told by ISIL to stop doing that. But he has not done so. And that's one of the reasons why this splinter group has broken off," he said, adding Islamic State was trying to "reconcile those two groups." [12] However, the fracture ultimately resulted in the reemergence of a separate faction, generally called "Boko Haram", led by Shekau, and opposed to IS and ISWAP. [14] The Islamic State central initially continued its attempts to reconcile the infighting factions, to no avail. [13]

On 3 August 2016, the Islamic State reported in the 41st issue of its newspaper al-Naba, that Abu Musab al-Barnawi had been appointed the new leader of their West African branch. [15] In response, Shekau declared that he and his followers were in the right, and that "[they] will not accept any emissary except the one we can attest he is sincere and truthful for Allah and His cause". [4] Abu Musab promised in an interview with al-Naba that he would not target mosques or markets in northern Nigeria. The difference in these approaches is due to Barnawi considering the general population in the region to be Muslim whereas Shekau considered them to be non-believers. [16] Shekau responded by declaring Abu Musab and his followers "infidels", whereupon Abu Musab accused Shekau of apostasy and, together with his brother, published a book titled Cutting Off the Tumor of Shekau's Kharijites. [7] On 27 February 2018, he was made a 'Specially Designated National' by the United States Office of Foreign Assets Control. [17] [18]

In March 2019, rumours began to circulate according to which Abu Musab had been replaced by Abu Abdullah Idris ibn Umar al-Barnawi as the governor of ISWAP. Neither the Islamic State's top leadership, nor members of its West Africa branch officially commented on the claims, resulting in speculations about the reported dismissal. Some argued that he had possibly been overthrown as part of an internal power struggle, [19] while the Multinational Joint Task Force (MJTF) claimed that he had been fired by the Islamic State's top command due to a number of defeats of his forces at the hands of MJTF. [20] Later research by the Crisis Group concluded that Abu Musab had stepped down after being challenged by other ISWAP senior commanders who considered him too young for a leader. The Islamic State central command never officially accepted Abu Musab's removal from his position. [21]

Areas under control of ISWAP and Boko Haram in 2022 BokoHaraminsurgency.png
Areas under control of ISWAP and Boko Haram in 2022

Around mid-May 2021, ISWAP released an audio declaring that Abu Musab al-Barnawi had been reinstated by the IS central command as "caretaker" leader of ISWAP. [22] [21] With Abu Musab restored to overall command, ISWAP proceeded to overrun Sambisa Forest, inflicting a major defeat on the Shekau faction and resulting in Abubakar Shekau's death. Al-Barnawi consequently declared Boko Haram dissolved, [23] and Shekau dead, condemning him as "someone who committed unimaginable terrorism". [24] Soon after, ISWAP's structure was reformed, and Abu Musab was appointed head of the ISWAP's shura (a powerful consultative assembly) and commander of Sambisa Forest. [25] According to the Daily Trust newspaper, he was killed in August 2021. Different accounts of his death circulated, alleging that he had either been killed by the Nigerian Army or as a result of inter-ISWAP power struggles. [26] [27] It was confirmed by ISWAP sources that Abu Musab had been wounded in a clash with Boko Haram loyalists around this time, though Islamic State members did not comment on the allegations of his death. [28]

The accuracy of the claim of Abu Musab's death was questioned by Crisis Group [29] and Humangle Media researchers who gathered "multiple sources" suggesting that Abu Musab had disappeared due to being promoted. According to Humangle Media journalist Aliyu Dahiru, one source reported that Abu Musab al-Barnawi was "well and alive" as of 2022. As per these claims, Abu Musab had actually been appointed to IS central's global shura (advisory) council and was involved in coordinating IS operations beyond the Chad Basin. [2] This report was mirrored by interviews by Crisis Group researchers with ISWAP members who stated that Abu Musab had been given a "larger, though unspecified, African mandate" as he was recovering from a wound. [29] In 2023, researcher Jacob Zenn stated that "al-Barnawi [...] maintains a leading role in ISWAP, but is [no longer] the official leader". [30]

Publications

Notes

  1. ↑ However, the view that Abu Musab al-Barnawi was Mohammed Yusuf's son has been disputed by some researchers. Akali Omeni argued that Abu Musab was probably a relative of the Boko Haram founder, but not his son, as he would be too young for the various positions he was appointed in Boko Haram. [5]

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Omeni 2020, pp. 50–51.
  2. 1 2 Aliyu Dahiru (1 October 2022). "ISWAP Rebrands, Expands Scope Of Operations". Humangle Media. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  3. ↑ Murtala Abdullahi (26 May 2021). "Shekau's Last Message Throws Light On Links With Global Terror Groups, ISWAP Offensive". Humangle. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  4. 1 2 "Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup". 360nobs. 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  5. ↑ Omeni 2020, pp. 51–52.
  6. 1 2 3 Omeni 2020, p. 50.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Warner et al. 2022, The Magazine Coup: Globally August 2016.
  8. ↑ Omeni 2020, p. 51.
  9. 1 2 3 "Nigeria says Iswap leader Abu Musab al-Barnawi is dead". BBC. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  10. ↑ Shideler, Kyle (29 January 2015). "FRANK GAFFNEY: Boko Haram discusses Baga massacre, ideology in new video". The Washington Times . Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  11. ↑ Matfess, Hilary (7 February 2015). "OPINION: African Union forces may exacerbate Boko Haram threat". Al Jazeera America News . Al Jazeera America. Al Jazeera . Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  12. 1 2 Stewart, Phil (21 June 2016). Choy, Marguerita (ed.). "Boko Haram fracturing over Islamic State ties, U.S. general warns". Reuters . The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  13. 1 2 Zenn (2021), p. 9.
  14. ↑ Zenn (2021), pp. 1–2.
  15. ↑ "Boko Haram in Nigeria: Abu Musab al-Barnawi named as new leader". BBC News Online . BBC Online. BBC. 3 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  16. ↑ AP (29 December 2016). "Islamic State Group Announces New Boko Haram Leader". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  17. ↑ "Counter Terrorism Designations". U.S. Department of the Treasury . United States Government. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  18. ↑ Walsh, Eric (27 February 2018). Thomas, Susan (ed.). "U.S. Treasury slaps sanctions on more Islamic State targets". Reuters . The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  19. ↑ AFP (6 March 2019). "ISIS-backed Boko Haram faction may have new chief". News24 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  20. ↑ "Boko Haram: Multinational Force Records Successes With 'Operation Yancin Tafki'". Channels Television . 12 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  21. 1 2 Crisis Group 2022, p. 5.
  22. ↑ Zenn (2021), p. 1.
  23. ↑ Kingsley Omonobi (26 May 2021). "Supremacy Battle: ISWAP fighters arrest more Shekau's commanders, meet surrendered top Boko Haram members". Vanguard. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  24. ↑ Ahmad Salkida (5 June 2021). "ISWAP Confirms Shekau's Death, Says Its Fighters Were Following ISIS Orders". Humangle. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  25. ↑ Malik Samuel (13 July 2021). "Islamic State fortifies its position in the Lake Chad Basin". Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  26. ↑ "Vicious ISWAP leader, Al-Barnawi, killed". Daily Trust. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  27. ↑ "Notorious Boko Haram, Islamic State Leader, Al-Barnawi Killed In Borno". Sahara Reporters. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  28. ↑ Crisis Group 2022, pp. 6, 8.
  29. 1 2 Crisis Group 2022, pp. 7–8.
  30. ↑ Zenn 2023.

Works cited

Further reading

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