Abutilon mosaic virus

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Abutilon mosaic virus
Abutilon pictum serres du Luxembourg.jpg
Abutilon striatum showing mottled leaves
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Monodnaviria
Kingdom: Shotokuvirae
Phylum: Cressdnaviricota
Class: Repensiviricetes
Order: Geplafuvirales
Family: Geminiviridae
Genus: Begomovirus
Species:
Abutilon mosaic virus

Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) is a virus of the genus Begomovirus . It infects Abutilon species, notably the flowering maple, Abutilon striatum . The mottled or variegated effect on the leaves of Abutilon striatum is sought after. [1]

Contents

Host and symptoms

The host of the virus is Abutilon striatum, an upright, evergreen shrub. Foliage is 3 to 5 lobed and serrated with rich green color and mottling of yellow. Flowers are yellow-orange with crimson veins. The species is native to Brazil but has been naturalized in South and Central America. [2]

Leaves become mottled with white or yellow mosaic that resembles variegation. The mottled patches are angular in appearance, and they are limited by veins. [2] [3] Some plants experience stunting, a decrease in photosynthetic potential caused by the reduction of chlorophyll, and they can dehydrate more readily. [1] The symptoms are cosmetic in nature, so infection does not kill the plant, which will still be able to flower and reproduce even when infected. [1]

Disease cycle

The virus is naturally transmitted by the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. [1] The virus can also be spread through contaminated tools and asexually propagated material. [3] The virus is transmitted through the whitefly's digestive system, being transmitted as the insect feeds. [3]

For the whitefly-to-plant life cycle, there is a 12-hour window, after the insect picks up the AbMV, during which the virus cannot be transmitted. [3] This virus is transmitted to plants that the silverleaf whitefly feeds on after this time period period. [3]

Another mode for the AbMV to spread is manual transmission. This is seen in vegetative propagation of diseased material. For this particular disease, infected plants are chosen to be grafted or used as cuttings. The virus continues to live in the tissue after it is cut from the original plant for propagation. There are techniques to avoid manual transmission, such as sterilization of tools, but they are not used in Abutilon striatum propagation because the infected material is desired.

Importance

The diseased plants are ornamentally desired. The mosaic symptom is considered more interesting than the healthy plant, and it is often marketed as a form of variegation. [1] This disease was one of the first viruses described in scientific literature due to its ornamental properties. [4] Horticulturalists were very interested in the diseases ability to create a variegated look without having to wait for a genetic mutation to pop up. For these reasons, there are no available controls. Propagators go out of their way to keep the virus intact in the new plants. [2] AbMV is present throughout all of South America. [5] As a member of the Geminiviridae family, AbMV is prone to genetic recombinations that could lead to a new variant with more serious consequence to Abutilon species or other plants. [6]

Strains

Related Research Articles

Whitefly Family of insects

Whiteflies are Hemipterans that typically feed on the undersides of plant leaves. They comprise the family Aleyrodidae, the only family in the superfamily Aleyrodoidea. More than 1550 species have been described.

Variegation Leaf with uneven distribution of chlorophyll

Variegation is the appearance of differently coloured zones in the leaves, and sometimes the stems, of plants.

<i>Abutilon pictum</i>

Abutilon pictum, syn. Abutilon striatum,(disputed), is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is native to southern Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. The plant has become naturalised in Central America, and is used in horticulture. Common names include redvein abutilon, red vein Indian mallow, redvein flowering maple, Chinese-lantern and red vein Chinese lanterns.

Silverleaf whitefly Species of true bug

The silverleaf whitefly is one of several species of whitefly that are currently important agricultural pests. A review in 2011 concluded that the silverleaf whitefly is actually a species complex containing at least 40 morphologically indistinguishable species.

<i>Begomovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Begomovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Geminiviridae. They are plant viruses that as a group have a very wide host range, infecting dicotyledonous plants. Worldwide they are responsible for a considerable amount of economic damage to many important crops such as tomatoes, beans, squash, cassava and cotton. There are currently 424 species in this genus including the type species Bean golden yellow mosaic virus.

Cassava mosaic virus

Cassava mosaic virus is the common name used to refer to any of eleven different species of plant pathogenic virus in the genus Begomovirus. African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), and South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV) are distinct species of circular single-stranded DNA viruses which are transmitted by whiteflies and primarily infect cassava plants; these have thus far only been reported from Africa. Related species of viruses are found in India and neighbouring islands, though cassava is cultivated in Latin America as well as Southeast Asia. Nine species of cassava-infecting geminiviruses have been identified between Africa and India based on genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. This number is likely to grow due to a high rate of natural transformation associated with CMV.

<i>Apple mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Bromoviridae. It is named after its symptoms that were first present on apples. ApMV is a positive sense RNA based virus. The disease itself has several synonyms including Mild Apple Mosaic Virus, Hop Virus, Rose Mosaic Virus, and European Plum Line Patten Virus. It causes a severe yield reduction and decreased life-expectancy of fruit trees.

Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV) is a plant pathogenic virus causing leaf rot. It is closely related to the peach mosaic virus.

<i>Cucumber mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the family Bromoviridae. It is the type member of the plant virus genus, Cucumovirus. This virus has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range. In fact it has the reputation of having the widest host range of any known plant virus. It can be transmitted from plant to plant both mechanically by sap and by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion. It can also be transmitted in seeds and by the parasitic weeds, Cuscuta sp. (dodder).

<i>Cymbidium mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Alphaflexiviridae.

Indian cassava mosaic virus(ICMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Geminiviridae. It affects cassava in India and certain other countries. It is considered to be an invasive species.

Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Geminiviridae. Of the various viral diseases inflicting legume crops, Mungbean Yellow Mosaic disease is one of the most destructive and widely distributed. The disease has been reported from various countries.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a DNA virus from the genus Begomovirus and the family Geminiviridae. TYLCV causes the most destructive disease of tomato, and it can be found in tropical and subtropical regions causing severe economic losses. This virus is transmitted by an insect vector from the family Aleyrodidae and order Hemiptera, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, commonly known as the silverleaf whitefly or the sweet potato whitefly. The primary host for TYLCV is the tomato plant, and other plant hosts where TYLCV infection has been found include eggplants, potatoes, tobacco, beans, and peppers. Due to the rapid spread of TYLCV in the last few decades, there is an increased focus in research trying to understand and control this damaging pathogen. Some interesting findings include virus being sexually transmitted from infected males to non-infected females, and an evidence that TYLCV is transovarially transmitted to offspring for two generations.

Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) is a plant pathogenic virus. AltMV belongs to the virus genus Potexvirus and the virus family Alphaflexiviridae.

<i>Celery mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Celery mosaic virus (CeMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae .

Bean calico mosaic virus is a plant virus transmitted by whiteflies that infects bean genera and species within the families Fabaceae, Malvaceae, and Solanaceae. Like other New World begomoviruses, its genome is bipartite, or having two parts. Phylogenetic analysis of its two genome segments, DNA-A and DNA-B, indicate the virus is from Sonora, Mexico and shares a most recent common ancestor with the Leaf curl virus-E strain and the Texas pepper virus, both also found in the Sonora desert, and the Cabbage leaf curl virus from Florida.

<i>Squash mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) is a mosaic virus disease common in squash plants and other plants, including melons, of the family Cucurbitaceae. It occurs worldwide. It is transmitted primarily by beetles, including the leaf beetle, spotted cucumber beetle, and 28-spotted ladybird beetle, as well as some other beetles. Plants are infected by the saliva expelled by the beetles as they feed upon the plant. The beetles acquire the virus by feeding upon an infected plant and can retain the virus in their bodies for up to 20 days. Unlike some other mosaic viruses that infect squashes, SqMV is not spread by aphids. In melons it can be spread by seeds. The results are dark green mosaic, blistering, vein clearing, yellowing of leaves, and hardening. Symptoms include "pronounced chlorotic mottle, green veinbanding, and distortion of leaves". Fruits of infected plants are also affected, becoming mottled and misshaped. There are two strains of this virus: strain 1 has a greater effect on melons than squash while the opposite is true of strain 2.

Abutilon yellows virus (AbYV is a virus of the genus Crinivirus.

<i>Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV) or okra yellow vein mosaic (OYVMV) is a viral disease caused by monopartite Begomovirus affecting okra plants. It was first found in 1924 in Bombay, India, and Sri Lanka. It is the major limitation of the production of okra. This disease is transmitted by whitefly.

<i>Sweet potato leaf curl virus</i> Species of virus

Sweet potato leaf curl virus is commonly abbreviated SPLCV. Select isolates are referred to as SPLCV followed by an abbreviation of where they were isolated. For example, the Brazilian isolate is referred to as SPLCV-Br.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Abutilon mosaic virus - microbewiki". microbewiki.kenyon.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
  2. 1 2 3 Nelson, Scot (June 2008). "Abutilon Mosaic" (PDF).
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Managing Pests in Gardens: Diseases: Abutilon mosaic virus—UC IPM". ipm.ucanr.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
  4. ↑ Jyothsna, P.; Haq, Q. M. I.; Jayaprakash, P.; Malathi, V. G. (September 2013). "Molecular Evidence for the Occurrence of Abutilon mosaic virus, A New World Begomovirus in India". Indian Journal of Virology. 24 (2): 284–288. doi:10.1007/s13337-013-0139-y. ISSN   0970-2822. PMC   3784915 . PMID   24426288.
  5. ↑ Chow, Y. W.; Pietranico, R.; Mukerji, A. (1975-10-27). "Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 66 (4): 1424–1431. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(75)90518-5. ISSN   0006-291X. PMID   6.
  6. ↑ Hendrickson, W. A.; Ward, K. B. (1975-10-27). "Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 66 (4): 1349–1356. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(75)90508-2. ISSN   1090-2104. PMID   5.
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