Acinetobacter baylyi

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A. baylyi under 10x ocular lens and 100x objective lens with crystal violet stain. A. baylyi good.jpg
A. baylyi under 10x ocular lens and 100x objective lens with crystal violet stain.

Acinetobacter baylyi
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Pseudomonadales
Family: Moraxellaceae
Genus: Acinetobacter
Species:
A. baylyi
Binomial name
Acinetobacter baylyi
Carr et al. 2003

Acinetobacter baylyi is a bacterial species of the genus Acinetobacter . The species designation was given after the characterization of strains isolated from activated sludge in Victoria, Australia, in 2003. [1] A. baylyi is named after the late Dr. Ronald Bayly, an Australian microbiologist who contributed significantly to research on aromatic compound catabolism in diverse bacteria. The new species designation, in 2003, was found to apply to an already well-studied Acinetobacter strain known as ADP1 (previously known as BD413), a derivative of a soil isolate characterized in 1969. [2] For a long time, the taxonomy of Acinetobacter species was complicated by the lack of distinguishing traits. Strain ADP1 was long classified as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and it was later referred to without a species name (Acinetobacter sp.) Research, particularly in the field of genetics and aromatic compound catabolism, established A. baylyi as a model organism. [3] [4]

Contents

Acinetobacter baylyi is a nonmotile, gram-negative coccobacillus. It grows under strictly aerobic conditions, is catalase-positive, nitrate-negative, oxidase-negative, and non-fermentative. [5] [6] The species is naturally competent, meaning the bacteria can take up exogenous DNA from their surroundings. If there is sufficient sequence identity between the transforming DNA and the genome of the recipient, the foreign DNA will be integrated in the chromosome by allelic replacement. [7] The processes of natural transformation and homologous recombination are incredibly efficient in A. baylyi compared to all studied microbes, thus contributing to its experimental utility. [8] There are numerous biotechnology applications for A. baylyi, such as producing alternative fuel sources and chemicals, acting as a host for biosensors to monitor the presence of important compounds, and aiding in degradation of pollutants. [9] [10] [11]

Genetics

One major characteristic of A. baylyi is its ability to take in free DNA from the environment by natural transformation. A mechanism that incorporates exogenous DNA into its genome. [7] The genome of A. baylyi has been completely sequenced, and roughly 35% of A. baylyi's genome sequence encodes proteins that contribute to transformation and recombination . [12] If there are complementary sequences upstream and downstream of the exogenous DNA, A. baylyi can perform recombination. This mechanism strongly depends on A.baylyi's DNA strand break-repair system to ensure success of DNA sequence exchange. [13] The capability of A. baylyi to take in DNA from the environment may have evolved because it provides benefits for survival. [14] This also makes A. baylyi an ideal microbe for laboratory experiments. [7] Multiple single-gene deletion mutations on dispensable genes of the ADP1 strain have been collected. With the knowledge of the entire genome sequence and the mutants, scientists are able to predict how the ADP1 strain will function in different situations, which expands the capability of the strain for industrial and environmental applications. [15]

A. baylyi, like other organisms, can undergo gene duplication and amplification (GDA) mutations. These GDA mutations, which are a form of spontaneous mutations that result in gene copies in the genome, are important for major processes such as evolution, disease, cancer, and antibiotic resistance. However, this type of mutation is difficult to study. The natural transformation system of A. baylyi provides a unique method for studying GDA mutations, making it a model system for understanding this type of genetic process. [16] [17] [18]

Horizontal gene transfer and cell surface structure

A. baylyi is a non-motile bacterium that does not have flagella. However, these bacteria possess a type IV pili (T4P) that aid in several cellular functions, such as protein secretions, surface sensing, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The T4P of A. baylyi has been studied in recent literature, and has been said to depend on the PilB and TfpB motors. [19]

Additionally, A. baylyi's ability to perform HGT may be aided by the presences of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs are produced via vesiculation, which is the bulging of the outer membrane followed by the constriction and release of small, spherical structures from the bacterium. These vesicles are composed of various periplasmic components, including proteins, lipids, and genetic information. OMVs play a significant role in intracellular communication, virulence/bacterial defenses, and adaptations to environmental changes. OMVs released by A. baylyi offer a type of gene transfer that is not susceptible to degradation by nucleases. However, environmental stressors can impact the efficiency of these OMVs, including the amount of vesicles released, genetic content, and HGT abilities. [20]

A. baylyi strains have also been associated with bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. [21] Biofilms arise from the aggregation of surface microbial cells enveloped within a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. [22] The biofilms of Acinetobacter species can range in adhesion strength and thickness. Acinetobacter baumannii is the species most commonly associated with infectious diseases, including cystic fibrosis and urinary tract infections, due to their ability to adhere to medical devices composed of plastic or glass. It has been found that fimbrial-biogenesis genes and putative surface proteins may be significant to biofilm formation within the Acinetobacter species. [5]

Metabolism

A. baylyi has been used to study many biochemical pathways, since it is metabolically versatile, it grows rapidly, and is easily cultured. [7] A. baylyi can be cultured in media containing diverse carbon sources such as succinate, pyruvate, acetate, ethanol, and many aromatic compounds. [23] A. baylyi is omnipresent in nature and is found in a wide variety of terrestrial and aqueous environments. [1] Organic growth substrates are oxidized to compounds that can enter the citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. A. baylyi's genome was sequenced and its genes annotated to further describe its metabolic properties, aiding its ability to act as a model for metabolic studies. [24]

A. baylyi has long been a model organism for studying the microbial consumption of these compounds. Aromatic compounds are catabolized through the β-ketoadipate pathway, a pathway by which many different aromatic compounds are converted into either catechol or protocatechuate, which serve as substrates for an aromatic ring-opening dioxygenase. Parallel multi-step pathways yield succinyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA after the ring cleavage of catechol or protocatechuate. [25] [26]

The bacterium lacks a sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) for glucose uptake and phosphorylation, and pyruvate kinase, a vital enzyme in glycolysis that produces pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate. [25] [27] [23] [28] When glucose is readily available, A. baylyi can metabolize glucose by first oxidizing it into gluconate, which then enters the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Without pyruvate kinase, A. baylyi can produces pyruvate from the cleavage of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate. Additional pyruvate is produced from the enzymatic conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxalacetate, then malate, and then pyruvate. [27]

Unlike other bacteria that can predominantly use L-amino acids, A. baylyi is able to use D-aspartate, as well as L-aspartate, as both a primary carbon and nitrogen source, thus leading scientists to study how D-enantiomers can be used for bacterial growth. [29]

A. baylyi uses intracellular arginine to produce a biodegradable alternative to petroleum-based plastics known as polyaspartic acid. A. baylyi uses arginine to first produce cyanophycin polypeptides, a transient source of nitrogen, which can then be converted to polyaspartic acid. [7] [30] Cyanophycin is predominantly formed when nitrogen sources are low, and nitrogen is released by cyanophycinase when environmental nitrogen is limited. [30]

Applications

Acinetobacter baylyi, a highly adaptable soil-based microbe isolated from diverse environments such as oil-contaminated soils, river waters, activated sludge, and lignocellulosic biomass. It can survive in polluted environments, degrade aromatic compounds and aliphatic substrates, perform horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and undergo genetic modification has made it a versatile tool in environmental remediation, biotechnology, and synthetic biology. [1]

A. baylyi is a model organism in biotechnology due to its natural competency for DNA transformation and its ability to produce value-added compounds. For example, this bacterium demonstrates potential for lignin bioconversion, converting this challenging plant polymer into valuable biofuels and bioproducts, contributing to sustainable resource utilization. Useful compounds that can be produced by A. baylyi include triacylglycerols (TAGs) and wax esters, compounds essential for industries like cosmetics, oleochemicals, and biofuels. Genetic modifications enhance its efficiency in nitrogen-rich environments, redirecting carbon flow to produce TAGs and wax esters. [4]

Another compound produced by A. baylyi that has commercial value is emulsan, a biosurfactant effective at mixing with hydrophobic substances such as oil. Emulsan reduces oil viscosity, aiding transport and degradation processes, and has applications in cleaning and industrial oil management. Its non-toxic properties make it an ideal alternative to synthetic surfactants for environmental remediating oil spills and addressing other forms of environmental contamination. [2]

A. baylyi has been developed as a sophisticated detector of tumor DNA. It has been used as a biosensor for DNA sequences and mutations. A. baylyi can integrate DNA characteristic of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and tumors. A. baylyi was engineered using CRISPR-discriminated horizontal gene transfer (CATCH). This innovative application does not require donor cassettes for detection and offers a modular framework for targeting specific DNA sequences, including oncogenic mutations. The biosensors hold potential for non-invasive diagnostics, providing a viable alternative to invasive procedures like colonoscopies. [31] Although not yet ready for clinical use, these biosensors demonstrate advantages over traditional in vitro DNA analysis by capturing and preserving DNA in situ, avoiding degradation by gastrointestinal DNases. Future developments aim to enhance their signal-to-background ratio and improve biocontainment to minimize risks such as antibiotic resistance spread. Additionally, the ability to couple DNA detection with therapeutic delivery systems, such as nanobodies and peptides, presents exciting possibilities for disease management. [5]

A. baylyi’s natural transformation abilities have been employed to monitor environmental pollution through engineered biosensors that respond to specific pollutants with bioluminescence. These biosensors can detect contaminants in real time, enabling the tracking of degradation processes in soil and water. This application highlights A. baylyi's potential as a powerful tool for ecological monitoring and environmental remediation. [5]

Similarly, natural transformation contributes to using A. baylyi to detect antibiotic resistance genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Research on lettuce plants revealed that A. baylyi can incorporate and transfer resistance genes from the plant surface into internal tissues. These findings highlight its utility as a model organism for studying gene transfer in agricultural and environmental systems and its potential implications for managing antibiotic resistance. [7]

Related Research Articles

Mutagenesis is a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed by the production of a mutation. It may occur spontaneously in nature, or as a result of exposure to mutagens. It can also be achieved experimentally using laboratory procedures. A mutagen is a mutation-causing agent, be it chemical or physical, which results in an increased rate of mutations in an organism's genetic code. In nature mutagenesis can lead to cancer and various heritable diseases, and it is also a driving force of evolution. Mutagenesis as a science was developed based on work done by Hermann Muller, Charlotte Auerbach and J. M. Robson in the first half of the 20th century.

<i>Bacillus cereus</i> Species of bacterium

Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in soil, food, and marine sponges. The specific name, cereus, meaning "waxy" in Latin, refers to the appearance of colonies grown on blood agar. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause foodborne illness due to their spore-forming nature, while other strains can be beneficial as probiotics for animals, and even exhibit mutualism with certain plants. B. cereus bacteria may be aerobes or facultative anaerobes, and like other members of the genus Bacillus, can produce protective endospores. They have a wide range of virulence factors, including phospholipase C, cereulide, sphingomyelinase, metalloproteases, and cytotoxin K, many of which are regulated via quorum sensing. B. cereus strains exhibit flagellar motility.

<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> Species of bacterium

Pseudomonas fluorescens is a common Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. It belongs to the Pseudomonas genus; 16S rRNA analysis as well as phylogenomic analysis has placed P. fluorescens in the P. fluorescens group within the genus, to which it lends its name.

<i>Acinetobacter</i> Genus of bacteria

Acinetobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the wider class of Gammaproteobacteria. Acinetobacter species are oxidase-negative, exhibit twitching motility, and occur in pairs under magnification.

<i>Aliivibrio fischeri</i> Species of bacterium

Aliivibrio fischeri is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium found globally in marine environments. This bacterium grows most effectively in water with a salt concentration at around 20g/L, and at temperatures between 24 and 28°C. This species is non-pathogenic and has bioluminescent properties. It is found predominantly in symbiosis with various marine animals, such as the Hawaiian bobtail squid. It is heterotrophic, oxidase-positive, and motile by means of a tuft of polar flagella. Free-living A. fischeri cells survive on decaying organic matter. The bacterium is a key research organism for examination of microbial bioluminescence, quorum sensing, and bacterial-animal symbiosis. It is named after Bernhard Fischer, a German microbiologist.

<i>Geobacter</i> Genus of anaerobic bacteria found in soil

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<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Species of bacterium

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common encapsulated, Gram-negative, aerobic–facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. A species of considerable medical importance, P. aeruginosa is a multidrug resistant pathogen recognized for its ubiquity, its intrinsically advanced antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and its association with serious illnesses – hospital-acquired infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia and various sepsis syndromes. P. aeruginosa is able to selectively inhibit various antibiotics from penetrating its outer membrane - and has high resistance to several antibiotics. According to the World Health Organization P. aeruginosa poses one of the greatest threats to humans in terms of antibiotic resistance.

<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> Species of bacterium

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<i>Pyrococcus furiosus</i> Species of archaeon

Pyrococcus furiosus is a heterotrophic, strictly anaerobic, extremophilic, model species of archaea. It is classified as a hyperthermophile because it thrives best under extremely high temperatures, and is notable for having an optimum growth temperature of 100 °C. P. furiosus belongs to the Pyrococcus genus, most commonly found in extreme environmental conditions of hydrothermal vents. It is one of the few prokaryotic organisms that has enzymes containing tungsten, an element rarely found in biological molecules.

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<i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Species of bacterium

Acinetobacter baumannii is a typically short, almost round, rod-shaped (coccobacillus) Gram-negative bacterium. It is named after the bacteriologist Paul Baumann. It can be an opportunistic pathogen in humans, affecting people with compromised immune systems, and is becoming increasingly important as a hospital-derived (nosocomial) infection. While other species of the genus Acinetobacter are often found in soil samples, it is almost exclusively isolated from hospital environments. Although occasionally it has been found in environmental soil and water samples, its natural habitat is still not known.

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References

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  2. 1 2 Vaneechoutte, Mario; Young, David M.; Ornston, L. Nicholas; De Baere, Thierry; Nemec, Alexandr; Van Der Reijden, Tanny; Carr, Emma; Tjernberg, Ingela; Dijkshoorn, Lenie (January 2006). "Naturally Transformable Acinetobacter sp. Strain ADP1 Belongs to the Newly Described Species Acinetobacter baylyi". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (1): 932–936. Bibcode:2006ApEnM..72..932V. doi:10.1128/AEM.72.1.932-936.2006. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   1352221 . PMID   16391138.
  3. ↑ Juni, Elliot (November 1972). "Interspecies Transformation of Acinetobacter : Genetic Evidence for a Ubiquitous Genus". Journal of Bacteriology. 112 (2): 917–931. doi:10.1128/jb.112.2.917-931.1972. ISSN   0021-9193. PMC   251504 . PMID   4563985.
  4. 1 2 Young, David M.; Parke, Donna; Ornston, L. Nicholas (2005-10-01). "Opportunities for Genetic Investigation Afforded by Acinetobacter baylyi, A Nutritionally Versatile Bacterial Species That Is Highly Competent for Natural Transformation". Annual Review of Microbiology. 59 (1): 519–551. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.59.051905.105823. ISSN   0066-4227. PMID   16153178.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Acinetobacter baylyi Biofilm Formation Dependent Genes". Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 2020-02-01. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  6. ↑ Talaiekhozani, Amirreza (2013). "Guidelines for Quick Application of Biochemical Tests to Identify Unknown Bacteria". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4101035. ISSN   1556-5068.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Elliott, Kathryn T.; Neidle, Ellen L. (April 9, 2011). "Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1: Transforming the choice of model organism". IUBMB Life. 63 (12): 1075–1080. doi: 10.1002/iub.530 . PMID   22034222.
  8. ↑ Bedore, Stacy R.; Neidle, Ellen L.; Pardo, Isabel; Luo, Jin; Baugh, Alyssa C.; Duscent-Maitland, Chantel V.; Tumen-Velasquez, Melissa P.; Santala, Ville; Santala, Suvi (2023), "Natural transformation as a tool in Acinetobacter baylyi: Streamlined engineering and mutational analysis", Genome Engineering, Elsevier, pp. 207–234, doi:10.1016/bs.mim.2023.01.002, hdl: 10261/350462 , ISBN   978-0-12-823540-9 , retrieved 2024-04-10
  9. ↑ Santala, Suvi; Efimova, Elena; Kivinen, Virpi; Larjo, Antti; Aho, Tommi; Karp, Matti; Santala, Ville (2011). "Improved Triacylglycerol Production in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 by Metabolic Engineering". Microbial Cell Factories. 10 (1): 36. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-36 . ISSN   1475-2859. PMC   3112387 . PMID   21592360.
  10. ↑ Luo, Jin; Lehtinen, Tapio; Efimova, Elena; Santala, Ville; Santala, Suvi (2019-03-11). "Synthetic metabolic pathway for the production of 1-alkenes from lignin-derived molecules". Microbial Cell Factories. 18 (1): 48. doi: 10.1186/s12934-019-1097-x . ISSN   1475-2859. PMC   6410514 . PMID   30857542.
  11. ↑ Gutnick, David L.; Bach, Horacio (2008). Gerischer, Ulrike (ed.). Acinetobacter molecular microbiology. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. pp. 241–253. ISBN   978-1-904455-20-2. OCLC   154685348.
  12. ↑ Gutnick, David L.; Bach, Horacio (2008). Gerischer, Ulrike (ed.). Acinetobacter molecular microbiology. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. p. 232. ISBN   978-1-904455-20-2. OCLC   154685348.
  13. ↑ Hülter, Nils; Sørum, Vidar; Borch-Pedersen, Kristina; Liljegren, Mikkel M.; Utnes, Ane L. G.; Primicerio, Raul; Harms, Klaus; Johnsen, Pål J. (2017-02-15). "Costs and benefits of natural transformation in Acinetobacter baylyi". BMC Microbiology. 17 (1): 34. doi: 10.1186/s12866-017-0953-2 . ISSN   1471-2180. PMC   5312590 . PMID   28202049.
  14. ↑ Utnes, Ane L G; Sørum, Vidar; Hülter, Nils; Primicerio, Raul; Hegstad, Joachim; Kloos, Julia; Nielsen, Kaare M; Johnsen, Pål J (2015-10-01). "Growth phase-specific evolutionary benefits of natural transformation in Acinetobacter baylyi". The ISME Journal. 9 (10): 2221–2231. Bibcode:2015ISMEJ...9.2221U. doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.35. ISSN   1751-7362. PMC   4579475 . PMID   25848876.
  15. ↑ de Berardinis, Véronique; Vallenet, David; Castelli, Vanina; Besnard, Marielle; Pinet, Agnès; Cruaud, Corinne; Samair, Sumitta; Lechaplais, Christophe; Gyapay, Gabor; Richez, Céline; Durot, Maxime; Kreimeyer, Annett; Le Fèvre, François; Schächter, Vincent; Pezo, Valérie (2008). "A complete collection of single-gene deletion mutants of Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1". Molecular Systems Biology. 4: 174. doi:10.1038/msb.2008.10. ISSN   1744-4292. PMC   2290942 . PMID   18319726.
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  17. ↑ Seaton, Sarah C; Elliott, Kathryn T; Cuff, Laura E; Laniohan, Nicole S; Patel, Poonam R; Niedle, Ellen L (29 December 2011). "Genome-wide selection for increased copy number in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1: locus and context-dependent variation in gene amplification". Molecular Microbiology. 83 (3): 520–535. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07945.x. PMID   22211470.
  18. ↑ Ezezika, Obidimma C.; Collier-Hyams, Lauren S.; Dale, Haley A.; Burk, Andrew C.; Neidle, Ellen L. (March 2006). "CatM Regulation of the benABCDE Operon: Functional Divergence of Two LysR-Type Paralogs in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (3): 1749–1758. Bibcode:2006ApEnM..72.1749E. doi:10.1128/aem.72.3.1749-1758.2006. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   1393229 . PMID   16517618.
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  20. ↑ Fulsundar, Shweta; Harms, Klaus; Flaten, Gøril E.; Johnsen, Pål J.; Chopade, Balu Ananda; Nielsen, Kaare M. (June 2014). Kivisaar, M. (ed.). "Gene Transfer Potential of Outer Membrane Vesicles of Acinetobacter baylyi and Effects of Stress on Vesiculation". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (11): 3469–3483. Bibcode:2014ApEnM..80.3469F. doi:10.1128/AEM.04248-13. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   4018862 . PMID   24657872.
  21. ↑ Vallenet, David; Nordmann, Patrice; Barbe, Valérie; Poirel, Laurent; Mangenot, Sophie; Bataille, Elodie; Dossat, Carole; Gas, Shahinaz; Kreimeyer, Annett; Lenoble, Patricia; Oztas, Sophie; Poulain, Julie; Segurens, Béatrice; Robert, Catherine; Abergel, Chantal (2008-03-19). "Comparative Analysis of Acinetobacters: Three Genomes for Three Lifestyles". PLOS ONE. 3 (3): e1805. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1805V. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001805 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   2265553 . PMID   18350144.
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  23. 1 2 Salcedo-Vite, Karina; Sigala, Juan-Carlos; Segura, Daniel; Gosset, Guillermo; Martinez, Alfredo (2019-08-01). "Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 growth performance and lipid accumulation on different carbon sources". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 103 (15): 6217–6229. doi:10.1007/s00253-019-09910-z. ISSN   0175-7598. PMID   31144015.
  24. ↑ de Berardinis, Véronique; Durot, Maxime; Weissenbach, Jean; Salanoubat, Marcel (2009-10-01). "Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 as a model for metabolic system biology". Current Opinion in Microbiology. Antimicrobials ● Genomics. 12 (5): 568–576. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2009.07.005. ISSN   1369-5274.
  25. 1 2 Stuani, Lucille; Lechaplais, Christophe; Salminen, Aaro V.; Ségurens, Béatrice; Durot, Maxime; Castelli, Vanina; Pinet, Agnès; Labadie, Karine; Cruveiller, Stéphane; Weissenbach, Jean; de Berardinis, Véronique; Salanoubat, Marcel; Perret, Alain (December 2014). "Novel metabolic features in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 revealed by a multiomics approach". Metabolomics. 10 (6): 1223–1238. doi:10.1007/s11306-014-0662-x. ISSN   1573-3882. PMC   4213383 . PMID   25374488.
  26. ↑ Williams, Peter A.; Kay, Catherine M. (2008). Gerischer, Ulrike (ed.). Acinetobacter molecular microbiology. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. p. 99. ISBN   978-1-904455-20-2. OCLC   154685348.
  27. 1 2 Kannisto, Matti; Aho, Tommi; Karp, Matti; Santala, Ville (2014-11-15). Liu, S.-J. (ed.). "Metabolic Engineering of Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 for Improved Growth on Gluconate and Glucose". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (22): 7021–7027. Bibcode:2014ApEnM..80.7021K. doi:10.1128/AEM.01837-14. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   4249021 . PMID   25192990.
  28. ↑ Calil Brondani, Juliana; Afful, Derrick; Nune, Hanna; Hart, Jesse; Cook, Shelby; Momany, Cory (June 2023). "Overproduction, purification, and transcriptional activity of recombinant Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 RNA polymerase holoenzyme". Protein Expression and Purification. 206: 106254. doi:10.1016/j.pep.2023.106254. PMID   36804950.
  29. ↑ Bedore, Stacy R.; Schmidt, Alicia L.; Slarks, Lauren E.; Duscent-Maitland, Chantel V.; Elliott, Kathryn T.; Andresen, Silke; Costa, Flavia G.; Weerth, R. Sophia; Tumen-Velasquez, Melissa P.; Nilsen, Lindsey N.; Dean, Cassandra E.; Karls, Anna C.; Hoover, Timothy R.; Neidle, Ellen L. (2022-08-09). Alexandre, Gladys (ed.). "Regulation of l - and d -Aspartate Transport and Metabolism in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 88 (15): e0088322. Bibcode:2022ApEnM..88E.883B. doi:10.1128/aem.00883-22. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   9361831 . PMID   35862682.
  30. 1 2 Gutnick, David L.; Bach, Horacio (2008). Gerischer, Ulrike (ed.). Acinetobacter molecular microbiology. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. p. 252. ISBN   978-1-904455-20-2. OCLC   154685348.
  31. ↑ Cooper, Robert M.; Wright, Josephine A.; Ng, Jia Q.; Goyne, Jarrad M.; Suzuki, Nobumi; Lee, Young K.; Ichinose, Mari; Radford, Georgette; Ryan, Feargal J.; Kumar, Shalni; Thomas, Elaine M.; Vrbanac, Laura; Knight, Rob; Woods, Susan L.; Worthley, Daniel L. (2023-08-11). "Engineered bacteria detect tumor DNA". Science. 381 (6658): 682–686. Bibcode:2023Sci...381..682C. doi:10.1126/science.adf3974. ISSN   0036-8075. PMC   10852993 . PMID   37561843.

[1]

  1. ↑ Riva, Valentina; Patania, Giovanni; Riva, Francesco; Vergani, Lorenzo; Crotti, Elena; Mapelli, Francesca (2022-09-10). "Acinetobacter baylyi Strain BD413 Can Acquire an Antibiotic Resistance Gene by Natural Transformation on Lettuce Phylloplane and Enter the Endosphere". Antibiotics. 11 (9): 1231. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11091231 . ISSN   2079-6382. PMC   9495178 . PMID   36140010.
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