Acinetobacter baylyi

Last updated
A. baylyi under 10x ocular lens and 100x objective lens with crystal violet stain. A. baylyi good.jpg
A. baylyi under 10x ocular lens and 100x objective lens with crystal violet stain.

Acinetobacter baylyi
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Pseudomonadales
Family: Moraxellaceae
Genus: Acinetobacter
Species:
A. baylyi
Binomial name
Acinetobacter baylyi
Carr et al. 2003

Acinetobacter baylyi is a bacterial species of the genus Acinetobacter . [1] The species naming designation was given after the discovery of strains in activated sludge in Victoria, Australia, in 2003. [2] A. baylyi is named after the late Dr. Ronald Bayly, an Australian microbiologist who contributed significantly to research on aromatic compound catabolism in diverse bacteria, including strains of Pseudomonas , Alcaligenes , and Acinetobacter . [3] The new species designation in 2003 was found to apply to an already well-studied Acinetobacter strain known as ADP1 (previously known as BD413), a derivative of a soil isolate characterized in 1969. [4] Strain ADP1 was previously designated Acinetobacter sp. and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Research, particularly in the field of genetics, has established A. baylyi as a model organism. [5] [6]

Contents

As with other species of Acinetobacter, it is a nonmotile, Gram-negative coccobacillus. It grows under strictly aerobic conditions, is catalase-positive, nitrate-negative, oxidase-negative, and non-fermentative. [7] The species is naturally competent, meaning that it can take up free exogenous DNA from its surroundings without being forced, and could then, if there are complementary sequences upstream and downstream the exogenous DNA, potentially incorporate it into its own chromosomal DNA by transformation. [8] Its natural transformation and homologous recombination are exceptionally efficient in comparison to all studied microbes, thus contributing to its experimental utility. [9]

A. baylyi is used for industrial purposes, and has shown promise as a method for alternative fuel sources, monitoring operation and efficiency of machinery impacting the environment, and aiding in cleaning up oil spills. [10] [11] [12] [13]

Metabolism

A. baylyi metabolic pathways have been used for many studies in microbial metabolism, known for its fast growth rate and ability to be easily cultured. [8] A. baylyi can be cultured in media using organic carbon sources to survive such as succinate, pyruvate, acetate, and ethanol. [14] A. baylyi is known as an omnipresent soil bacterium, meaning it can be found in a variety of soils in nature. [2]

A. baylyi prefers to utilize organic carbon sources that can enter the citric acid cycle quickly. A. baylyi is able to utilize aromatic compounds as organic carbon and energy sources through the β-ketoadipate pathway. Aromatic compounds are first transformed into catechol and protocatechuate, which then are transformed into the citric acid cycle substrates succinyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Both catechol and protocatechuate can be formed into succinyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. [15] [16]

A.baylyi's glucose metabolism is slower in comparison to its metabolism of aromatic compounds, as it lacks a gene encoding for pyruvate kinase, a vital enzyme in glycolysis for transforming phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate. [15] [17] [14] [18] When glucose is the primary carbon source available, A. baylyi can metabolize glucose by first oxidizing it into gluconate, which feeds into the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Without pyruvate kinase, A. baylyi has to use a work-around of transforming the phosphoenolpyruvate into oxaloacetate, then malate, which can then become pyruvate and enter the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and later the citric acid cycle. [17]

Unlike other bacteria that can predominantly use L-amino acids, A. baylyi is an example of metabolic versatility with its ability to utilize D-Asp and L-Asp amino acids as both a primary carbon and nitrogen source, thus opening the door to see how D-enantiomers can be used for bacterial growth. [19]

Experiments have shown that A. baylyi uses intracellular arginine to produce a biodegradable alternative to petroleum-based plastics known as polyaspartic acid. A. baylyi uses arginine to first produce cyanophycin polypeptides, a transient source of nitrogen, which can then be converted to polyaspartic acid. [8] [20] Cyanophycin is predominantly formed when nitrogen sources are low, and said nitrogen is released by cyanophycinase when environmental nitrogen is limited. [20]

Genetics

One major characteristic of A. baylyi is its ability to take in free DNA from the environment. It does so by importing the DNA by natural transformation, a mechanism that incorporates exogenous DNA into its chromosome, characteristic of A. baylyi. [8] The genome of A. baylyi has been completely sequenced, and roughly 35% of A. baylyi's genome sequence is solely devoted for encoding the machinery required for efficient uptake of exogenous DNA into its cell. [21] If there are complementary sequences upstream and downstream of the exogenous DNA, A. baylyi can perform recombination. This mechanism strongly depends on A.baylyi's DNA strand break repair system to ensure success of DNA sequence exchange. [22] Most bacteria struggle to achieve this exchange of adaptive traits from outside DNA via simple point mutations, so the ease at which A. baylyi can take in and incorporate foreign DNA is beneficial to its survival. [23] This also makes A. baylyi an ideal microbe for laboratory experiments. [8] Collections of multiple single-gene mutations, caused by deletions, on dispensable genes of the ADP1 strain have been constructed. With the knowledge of the entire genome sequence and the mutants, scientists are able to know how the ADP1 strain will function in any situation, which expands the capability of the strain for industrial and environmental applications. [24]

A. baylyi can undergo gene duplication and amplification (gda) mutations. Gda mutations are a form of spontaneous mutations that occur where a gene is copied many times and repeated in the genome, but there are many unknowns about the mechanism behind these mutations. A. baylyi has been used by scientists as a model organism for researching gda mutations, one example is its ability to adapt and survive on the substrate benzoate. The catabolism of benzoate yields a metabolite that is toxic at high concentrations in the cell, muconate. For A. baylyi to survive on benzoate, it requires high levels of expression in two genes, catA and catBCIJFD. These genes are amplified to avoid the accumulation of muconate, the toxic intermediate, produced from benzoate metabolism . [25] [26] [27]

The facilitation of A. baylyi's ability in natural transformation, or horizontal gene transfer (HGT) processes, may be aided by the mechanisms of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs are produced via vesiculation, the bulging of the outer membrane followed by the constriction and release of small, spherical structures from the bacterium, and are composed of various periplasmic components, including proteins and lipids, as well as some genetic material. OMVs play significant roles in intracellular communication, virulence/bacterial defenses, and adaptation to environmental stress. OMVs released by A. baylyi offer a mode of gene transfer that is not susceptible to degradation by nucleases, contributing to the microbe's high survival rate and antibiotic resistance; however, environmental stress factors can impact the efficiency of these OMVs, ranging from levels of vesicle release to genetic content and HGT abilities. [28]

A. baylyi strains have also been associated with bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, particularly as a control in comparative experiments with other Acinetobacter species. [29] Biofilms arise from the aggregation of surface microbial cells enveloped within a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. [30] The biofilms of Acinetobacter species can range in adhesion strength and thickness, and Acinetobacter baumannii is the most commonly associated with various infectious diseases, including cystic fibrosis or urinary tract infections, due to their ability to adhere to medical devices composed of plastic or glass. It has been found that two possible genes may be significant to biofilm formation within the Acinetobacter species: Fimbrial-biogenesis protein (3317) and Putative Surface protein. [7]

ADP1 Strain

A. baylyi, specifically the strain ADP1, has been used for over a quarter of a century in several molecular biology studies due to its strong ability to easily undergo genetic transformation. [8] [17] For these reasons, A. baylyi is used in multiple laboratory techniques as a model organism. These include genetics, specifically gene duplication and amplification as well as bacterial metabolism. [8] [18] The microbe has also been studied for its potential use an alternative triacylglycerol (TAG) source, as under nitrogen limiting conditions it is able to transform excess organic matter into wax esters and triacylglycerols (TAGs) as a lipid storage form through the isoenzymes wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase. [31] [14] The concentration of wax esters and triacylglycerols that the ADP1 strain produces depends on the organic matter present in medium of which the A. baylyi is grown on. [14] Work has been done to genetically modify the metabolism of A. baylyi ADP1 so that it is able to still produce wax esters in a nitrogen-rich environment. This is achieved by overexpressing the gene acr1 and deleting the gene aceA, as this will redirect the movement of carbon in ADP1's metabolism so that it becomes a wax ester. [32]

Applications

A. baylyi is a soil-based microbe, and can be sourced from contaminated environments like diesel oil- and crude oil-contaminated soils, contaminated river waters, activated sludge, lignocellulosic biomass, and more. The microbe is able to live in activated sludge that arise from a variety of pollutants, especially kinds those containing aromatic compounds, heavy metals, and aliphatic substances. A. baylyi has potential use for cleaning up contaminated natural environments via degradation, especially with management and supplementation of other necessary nutrients. [33]

A. baylyi also has the potential as a non-toxic biosurfactant alternative, emulsan, helping to break apart aggregated hydrophobic compounds like oil. Emulsan serves a range of industrial functions from a basic degreaser to emulsification of oil for subsequent removal or aid in transport, as the oil's viscosity is decreased and can move more smoothly through pipes. Additionally, emulsified oil can act as another source of energy. then makes it easier to degrade the compounds and remove them from the environment, ranging from functions. [13]

A. baylyi's ability to create TAGs has been used as a potential alternative method of producing TAG-based products like cosmetics, oleochemicals, and biofuels. They are currently made with the TAG sources of vegetable oils, animal fats, and recycled greases. [10] A. baylyi is particularly notable with TAG production as it has low selectivity on what kind of alcohol-based substrate to use. [34]

It has been proposed to combine A. baylyi's abilities to survive in contaminated environments as well as natural transformation in order to use the microbe as a biosensor. By incorporating DNA in A. baylyi ADP1 strain that will generate bioluminescence when activated by pollutant degradation mechanisms, the monitoring of soils and water supplies would be elevated. [12]

One of the most abundant resources is lignin, a complex organic polymer in plants responsible for reinforcing the rigidity of the cell wall and making them "woody." [35] This is typically discarded during industrial processes as it is difficult to breakdown the lignin into something usable. [11] Similar to creating an A. baylyi mutant strain specifically for monitoring of cleanliness of soils and waterways, incorporating DNA in A. baylyi ADP1 would result in a further optimized ability to degrade difficult compounds like lignin and make it into a useable molecule, like lipids. [36] This will lead to more efficient use of lignin-containing plants like trees as well as provide an alternative fuel source to petroleum-based products. [11]

Related Research Articles

<i>Neisseria</i> Genus of bacteria

Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals. Of the 11 species that colonize humans, only two are pathogens, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae.

<i>Acinetobacter</i> Genus of bacteria

Acinetobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the wider class of Gammaproteobacteria. Acinetobacter species are oxidase-negative, exhibit twitching motility, and occur in pairs under magnification.

<i>Agrobacterium</i> Genus of bacteria

Agrobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria established by H. J. Conn that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the most commonly studied species in this genus. Agrobacterium is well known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants, and for this reason it has become an important tool for genetic engineering.

<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Catalase-positive bacterium

Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, humans and marine sponges. As a member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and can form a tough, protective endospore, allowing it to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. B. subtilis has historically been classified as an obligate aerobe, though evidence exists that it is a facultative anaerobe. B. subtilis is considered the best studied Gram-positive bacterium and a model organism to study bacterial chromosome replication and cell differentiation. It is one of the bacterial champions in secreted enzyme production and used on an industrial scale by biotechnology companies.

<i>Streptococcus mutans</i> Species of bacterium

Streptococcus mutans is a facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive coccus commonly found in the human oral cavity and is a significant contributor to tooth decay. It is part of the "streptococci", an informal general name for all species in the genus Streptococcus. The microbe was first described by James Kilian Clarke in 1924.

<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> Species of bacterium

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram-positive bacterium, and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. It is part of the normal human microbiota, typically the skin microbiota, and less commonly the mucosal microbiota and also found in marine sponges. It is a facultative anaerobic bacteria. Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic, patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection. These infections are generally hospital-acquired. S. epidermidis is a particular concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants because it is known to form biofilms that grow on these devices. Being part of the normal skin microbiota, S. epidermidis is a frequent contaminant of specimens sent to the diagnostic laboratory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lactic acid bacteria</span> Order of bacteria

Lactobacillales are an order of gram-positive, low-GC, acid-tolerant, generally nonsporulating, nonrespiring, either rod-shaped (bacilli) or spherical (cocci) bacteria that share common metabolic and physiological characteristics. These bacteria, usually found in decomposing plants and milk products, produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end product of carbohydrate fermentation, giving them the common name lactic acid bacteria (LAB).

<i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> Species of bacterium

Pseudomonas stutzeri is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is motile, has a single polar flagellum, and is classified as bacillus, or rod-shaped. While this bacterium was first isolated from human spinal fluid, it has since been found in many different environments due to its various characteristics and metabolic capabilities. P. stutzeri is an opportunistic pathogen in clinical settings, although infections are rare. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, this bacterium has been placed in the P. stutzeri group, to which it lends its name.

Microbial biodegradation is the use of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the naturally occurring ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade, transform or accumulate environmental pollutants, including hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic compounds, pharmaceutical substances, radionuclides and metals.

In enzymology, a long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Archaea</span> Domain of single-celled organisms

Archaea is a domain of single-celled organisms. These microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotic. Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria, but this term has fallen out of use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microbiology</span> Study of microscopic organisms (microbes)

Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular, or acellular. Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology, and parasitology.

Pathogenomics is a field which uses high-throughput screening technology and bioinformatics to study encoded microbe resistance, as well as virulence factors (VFs), which enable a microorganism to infect a host and possibly cause disease. This includes studying genomes of pathogens which cannot be cultured outside of a host. In the past, researchers and medical professionals found it difficult to study and understand pathogenic traits of infectious organisms. With newer technology, pathogen genomes can be identified and sequenced in a much shorter time and at a lower cost, thus improving the ability to diagnose, treat, and even predict and prevent pathogenic infections and disease. It has also allowed researchers to better understand genome evolution events - gene loss, gain, duplication, rearrangement - and how those events impact pathogen resistance and ability to cause disease. This influx of information has created a need for bioinformatics tools and databases to analyze and make the vast amounts of data accessible to researchers, and it has raised ethical questions about the wisdom of reconstructing previously extinct and deadly pathogens in order to better understand virulence.

<i>Nannochloropsis</i> Genus of algae

Nannochloropsis is a genus of algae comprising six known species. The genus in the current taxonomic classification was first termed by Hibberd (1981). The species have mostly been known from the marine environment but also occur in fresh and brackish water. All of the species are small, nonmotile spheres which do not express any distinct morphological features that can be distinguished by either light or electron microscopy. The characterisation is mostly done by rbcL gene and 18S rRNA sequence analysis.

<i>Citrobacter freundii</i> Species of bacterium

Citrobacter freundii is a species of facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae which currently consists of 13 recognized species. These bacteria have a rod shape with a typical length of 1–5 μm. Most C. freundii cells have several flagella used for locomotion, although some non-motile taxa do not. C. freundii is a soil-dwelling microorganism, but can also be found in water, sewage, food, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans. The genus Citrobacter was discovered in 1932 by Werkman and Gillen. Cultures of C. freundii were isolated and identified in the same year from soil extracts.

Microbial phylogenetics is the study of the manner in which various groups of microorganisms are genetically related. This helps to trace their evolution. To study these relationships biologists rely on comparative genomics, as physiology and comparative anatomy are not possible methods.

Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum is a rod-shaped species of lactic acid bacteria first isolated from beer and human faeces. It is facultatively heterofermentative. Strain CNRZ 1885 is the type strain.

Acinetobacter venetianus is a species of bacteria notable for degrading n-alkanes. It harbours plasmids carrying sequences similar to the Pseudomonas oleovorans alkane hydroxylase gene alkBFGH. Its potential for bioremediation is an active research topic, particularly its role in the production of the bioemulsifier emulsan. Its type strain is RAG-1T(=ATCC 31012T=CCUG 45561T=LMG 19082T=LUH 3904T=NIPH 1925T).

Aerobic fermentation or aerobic glycolysis is a metabolic process by which cells metabolize sugars via fermentation in the presence of oxygen and occurs through the repression of normal respiratory metabolism. Preference of aerobic fermentation over aerobic respiration is referred to as the Crabtree effect in yeast, and is part of the Warburg effect in tumor cells. While aerobic fermentation does not produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in high yield, it allows proliferating cells to convert nutrients such as glucose and glutamine more efficiently into biomass by avoiding unnecessary catabolic oxidation of such nutrients into carbon dioxide, preserving carbon-carbon bonds and promoting anabolism.

An oleaginous microorganism is a type of microbe that accumulates lipid as a normal part of its metabolism. Oleaginous microbes may accumulate an array of different lipid compounds, including polyhydroxyalkanoates, triacylglycerols, and wax esters. Various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and yeast, are known to accumulate lipids. These organisms are often researched for their potential use in producing fuels from waste products.

References

  1. ↑ "Genus: Acinetobacter". lpsn.dsmz.de.
  2. 1 2 Carr, Emma L.; Kämpfer, Peter; Patel, Bharat K. C.; Gürtler, Volker; Seviour, Robert J. (April 9, 2003). "Seven novel species of Acinetobacter isolated from activated sludge". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (4): 953–963. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.02486-0 . PMID   12892111.
  3. ↑ "VALE Dr. Ronald Cecil Bayly". Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute. 2021-07-07. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  4. ↑ Vaneechoutte, Mario; Young, David M.; Ornston, L. Nicholas; De Baere, Thierry; Nemec, Alexandr; Van Der Reijden, Tanny; Carr, Emma; Tjernberg, Ingela; Dijkshoorn, Lenie (January 2006). "Naturally Transformable Acinetobacter sp. Strain ADP1 Belongs to the Newly Described Species Acinetobacter baylyi". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (1): 932–936. Bibcode:2006ApEnM..72..932V. doi:10.1128/AEM.72.1.932-936.2006. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   1352221 . PMID   16391138.
  5. ↑ Juni, Elliot (November 1972). "Interspecies Transformation of Acinetobacter : Genetic Evidence for a Ubiquitous Genus". Journal of Bacteriology. 112 (2): 917–931. doi:10.1128/jb.112.2.917-931.1972. ISSN   0021-9193. PMC   251504 . PMID   4563985.
  6. ↑ Young, David M.; Parke, Donna; Ornston, L. Nicholas (2005-10-01). "Opportunities for Genetic Investigation Afforded by Acinetobacter baylyi, A Nutritionally Versatile Bacterial Species That Is Highly Competent for Natural Transformation". Annual Review of Microbiology. 59 (1): 519–551. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.59.051905.105823. ISSN   0066-4227. PMID   16153178.
  7. 1 2 "Acinetobacter baylyi Biofilm Formation Dependent Genes". Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 2020-02-01. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Elliott, Kathryn T.; Neidle, Ellen L. (April 9, 2011). "Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1: Transforming the choice of model organism". IUBMB Life. 63 (12): 1075–1080. doi: 10.1002/iub.530 . PMID   22034222.
  9. ↑ Bedore, Stacy R.; Neidle, Ellen L.; Pardo, Isabel; Luo, Jin; Baugh, Alyssa C.; Duscent-Maitland, Chantel V.; Tumen-Velasquez, Melissa P.; Santala, Ville; Santala, Suvi (2023), "Natural transformation as a tool in Acinetobacter baylyi: Streamlined engineering and mutational analysis", Genome Engineering, Elsevier, pp. 207–234, doi:10.1016/bs.mim.2023.01.002, hdl: 10261/350462 , ISBN   978-0-12-823540-9 , retrieved 2024-04-10
  10. 1 2 Santala, Suvi; Efimova, Elena; Kivinen, Virpi; Larjo, Antti; Aho, Tommi; Karp, Matti; Santala, Ville (2011). "Improved Triacylglycerol Production in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 by Metabolic Engineering". Microbial Cell Factories. 10 (1): 36. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-36 . ISSN   1475-2859. PMC   3112387 . PMID   21592360.
  11. 1 2 3 Luo, Jin; Lehtinen, Tapio; Efimova, Elena; Santala, Ville; Santala, Suvi (2019-03-11). "Synthetic metabolic pathway for the production of 1-alkenes from lignin-derived molecules". Microbial Cell Factories. 18 (1): 48. doi: 10.1186/s12934-019-1097-x . ISSN   1475-2859. PMC   6410514 . PMID   30857542.
  12. 1 2 Gutnick, David L.; Bach, Horacio (2008). Gerischer, Ulrike (ed.). Acinetobacter molecular microbiology. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. p. 253. ISBN   978-1-904455-20-2. OCLC   154685348.
  13. 1 2 Gutnick, David L.; Bach, Horacio (2008). Gerischer, Ulrike (ed.). Acinetobacter molecular microbiology. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. pp. 241, 249. ISBN   978-1-904455-20-2. OCLC   154685348.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Salcedo-Vite, Karina; Sigala, Juan-Carlos; Segura, Daniel; Gosset, Guillermo; Martinez, Alfredo (2019-08-01). "Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 growth performance and lipid accumulation on different carbon sources". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 103 (15): 6217–6229. doi:10.1007/s00253-019-09910-z. ISSN   0175-7598. PMID   31144015.
  15. 1 2 Stuani, Lucille; Lechaplais, Christophe; Salminen, Aaro V.; Ségurens, Béatrice; Durot, Maxime; Castelli, Vanina; Pinet, Agnès; Labadie, Karine; Cruveiller, Stéphane; Weissenbach, Jean; de Berardinis, Véronique; Salanoubat, Marcel; Perret, Alain (December 2014). "Novel metabolic features in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 revealed by a multiomics approach". Metabolomics. 10 (6): 1223–1238. doi:10.1007/s11306-014-0662-x. ISSN   1573-3882. PMC   4213383 . PMID   25374488.
  16. ↑ Williams, Peter A.; Kay, Catherine M. (2008). Gerischer, Ulrike (ed.). Acinetobacter molecular microbiology. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. p. 99. ISBN   978-1-904455-20-2. OCLC   154685348.
  17. 1 2 3 Kannisto, Matti; Aho, Tommi; Karp, Matti; Santala, Ville (2014-11-15). Liu, S.-J. (ed.). "Metabolic Engineering of Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 for Improved Growth on Gluconate and Glucose". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (22): 7021–7027. Bibcode:2014ApEnM..80.7021K. doi:10.1128/AEM.01837-14. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   4249021 . PMID   25192990.
  18. 1 2 Calil Brondani, Juliana; Afful, Derrick; Nune, Hanna; Hart, Jesse; Cook, Shelby; Momany, Cory (June 2023). "Overproduction, purification, and transcriptional activity of recombinant Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 RNA polymerase holoenzyme". Protein Expression and Purification. 206: 106254. doi:10.1016/j.pep.2023.106254. PMID   36804950.
  19. ↑ Bedore, Stacy R.; Schmidt, Alicia L.; Slarks, Lauren E.; Duscent-Maitland, Chantel V.; Elliott, Kathryn T.; Andresen, Silke; Costa, Flavia G.; Weerth, R. Sophia; Tumen-Velasquez, Melissa P.; Nilsen, Lindsey N.; Dean, Cassandra E.; Karls, Anna C.; Hoover, Timothy R.; Neidle, Ellen L. (2022-08-09). Alexandre, Gladys (ed.). "Regulation of l - and d -Aspartate Transport and Metabolism in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 88 (15): e0088322. Bibcode:2022ApEnM..88E.883B. doi:10.1128/aem.00883-22. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   9361831 . PMID   35862682.
  20. 1 2 Gutnick, David L.; Bach, Horacio (2008). Gerischer, Ulrike (ed.). Acinetobacter molecular microbiology. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. p. 252. ISBN   978-1-904455-20-2. OCLC   154685348.
  21. ↑ Gutnick, David L.; Bach, Horacio (2008). Gerischer, Ulrike (ed.). Acinetobacter molecular microbiology. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. p. 232. ISBN   978-1-904455-20-2. OCLC   154685348.
  22. ↑ Hülter, Nils; Sørum, Vidar; Borch-Pedersen, Kristina; Liljegren, Mikkel M.; Utnes, Ane L. G.; Primicerio, Raul; Harms, Klaus; Johnsen, Pål J. (2017-02-15). "Costs and benefits of natural transformation in Acinetobacter baylyi". BMC Microbiology. 17 (1): 34. doi: 10.1186/s12866-017-0953-2 . ISSN   1471-2180. PMC   5312590 . PMID   28202049.
  23. ↑ Utnes, Ane L G; Sørum, Vidar; Hülter, Nils; Primicerio, Raul; Hegstad, Joachim; Kloos, Julia; Nielsen, Kaare M; Johnsen, Pål J (2015-10-01). "Growth phase-specific evolutionary benefits of natural transformation in Acinetobacter baylyi". The ISME Journal. 9 (10): 2221–2231. Bibcode:2015ISMEJ...9.2221U. doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.35. ISSN   1751-7362. PMC   4579475 . PMID   25848876.
  24. ↑ de Berardinis, Véronique; Vallenet, David; Castelli, Vanina; Besnard, Marielle; Pinet, Agnès; Cruaud, Corinne; Samair, Sumitta; Lechaplais, Christophe; Gyapay, Gabor; Richez, Céline; Durot, Maxime; Kreimeyer, Annett; Le Fèvre, François; Schächter, Vincent; Pezo, Valérie (2008). "A complete collection of single-gene deletion mutants of Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1". Molecular Systems Biology. 4: 174. doi:10.1038/msb.2008.10. ISSN   1744-4292. PMC   2290942 . PMID   18319726.
  25. ↑ Reams, Andrew B; Neidle, Ellen L (7 May 2004). "Gene amplification involves site-specific short homology-independent illegitimate recombination in Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1". Journal of Molecular Biology. 338 (4): 643–656. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.03.031. PMID   15099734.
  26. ↑ Seaton, Sarah C; Elliott, Kathryn T; Cuff, Laura E; Laniohan, Nicole S; Patel, Poonam R; Niedle, Ellen L (29 December 2011). "Genome-wide selection for increased copy number in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1: locus and context-dependent variation in gene amplification". Molecular Microbiology. 83 (3): 520–535. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07945.x. PMID   22211470.
  27. ↑ Ezezika, Obidimma C.; Collier-Hyams, Lauren S.; Dale, Haley A.; Burk, Andrew C.; Neidle, Ellen L. (March 2006). "CatM Regulation of the benABCDE Operon: Functional Divergence of Two LysR-Type Paralogs in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (3): 1749–1758. Bibcode:2006ApEnM..72.1749E. doi:10.1128/aem.72.3.1749-1758.2006. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   1393229 . PMID   16517618.
  28. ↑ Fulsundar, Shweta; Harms, Klaus; Flaten, Gøril E.; Johnsen, Pål J.; Chopade, Balu Ananda; Nielsen, Kaare M. (June 2014). Kivisaar, M. (ed.). "Gene Transfer Potential of Outer Membrane Vesicles of Acinetobacter baylyi and Effects of Stress on Vesiculation". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (11): 3469–3483. Bibcode:2014ApEnM..80.3469F. doi:10.1128/AEM.04248-13. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   4018862 . PMID   24657872.
  29. ↑ Vallenet, David; Nordmann, Patrice; Barbe, Valérie; Poirel, Laurent; Mangenot, Sophie; Bataille, Elodie; Dossat, Carole; Gas, Shahinaz; Kreimeyer, Annett; Lenoble, Patricia; Oztas, Sophie; Poulain, Julie; Segurens, Béatrice; Robert, Catherine; Abergel, Chantal (2008-03-19). "Comparative Analysis of Acinetobacters: Three Genomes for Three Lifestyles". PLOS ONE. 3 (3): e1805. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1805V. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001805 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   2265553 . PMID   18350144.
  30. ↑ Lopez, D.; Vlamakis, H.; Kolter, R. (2010-07-01). "Biofilms". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (7): a000398. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000398. ISSN   1943-0264. PMC   2890205 . PMID   20519345.
  31. ↑ Kalscheuer, Rainer; Steinbüchel, Alexander (March 2003). "A Novel Bifunctional Wax Ester Synthase/Acyl-CoA:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Mediates Wax Ester and Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis inAcinetobacter calcoaceticus ADP1". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (10): 8075–8082. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M210533200 . PMID   12502715.
  32. ↑ Luo, Jin; Efimova, Elena; Losoi, Pauli; Santala, Ville; Santala, Suvi (June 2020). "Wax ester production in nitrogen-rich conditions by metabolically engineered Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1". Metabolic Engineering Communications. 10: e00128. doi:10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00128. PMC   7251950 . PMID   32477866.
  33. ↑ Gutnick, David L.; Bach, Horacio (2008). Gerischer, Ulrike (ed.). Acinetobacter molecular microbiology. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. pp. 239–240. ISBN   978-1-904455-20-2. OCLC   154685348.
  34. ↑ Gutnick, David L.; Bach, Horacio (2008). Gerischer, Ulrike (ed.). Acinetobacter molecular microbiology. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. pp. 250–251. ISBN   978-1-904455-20-2. OCLC   154685348.
  35. ↑ Kirk-Othmer, ed. (2001-01-26). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471238961.12090714120914.a01.pub2. ISBN   978-0-471-48494-3.
  36. ↑ Luo, Jin Jr (November 2016). "Intracellular Lipid Production from Lignin Model Monomers by Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1". Master of Science Thesis. Examined by Ville Santala and Dr. Suvi Santala.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.