An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An essential oil is essential in the sense that it contains the essence of the plant's fragrance—the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived. The term "essential" used here does not mean indispensable or usable by the human body, as with the terms essential amino acid or essential fatty acid, which are so called because they are nutritionally required by a living organism.
Aronia is a genus of deciduous shrubs, the chokeberries, in the family Rosaceae native to eastern North America and most commonly found in wet woods and swamps. The genus Aronia is considered to have 3 species. The most common and widely used is Aronia melanocarpa which emerged from Eastern North America. The lesser known Aronia arbutifolia and the hybrid form of the abovementioned species called Aronia prunifolia were first cultivated in Central and Eastern North America. In the eighteenth century, the first shrubs of the best-known species Aronia melanocarpa reached Europe where they were first cultivated in Scandinavia and Russia.
Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenols found in many plants, such as cranberry, blueberry, and grape seeds. Chemically, they are oligomeric flavonoids. Many are oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallic acid esters. More complex polyphenols, having the same polymeric building block, form the group of condensed tannins.
Cataclysta lemnata, the small china-mark, is a moth species of the family Crambidae. It is found in Europe, Morocco and Iran.
Chilo phragmitella is a species of moth of the family Crambidae, sometimes referred to by the vernacular names wainscot veneer or reed veneer. It was first described by Jacob Hübner between 1805 and 1810 as Tinea phragmitella, and is the type species of the genus Chilo.
Synanthedon myopaeformis is a moth of the family Sesiidae and the order Lepidoptera. In Europe it is known as the red-belted clearwing and in North America as the apple clearwing moth. The larvae create galleries under the bark of fruit trees, especially old trees with damaged trunks. During this process, the larvae cause significant damage to host trees. Particular attention has been paid to the damage they cause to apple trees. Their status as a pest of apple orchards has led to many research projects aimed at controlling populations of the moth. This moth is native to Europe, the Near East and North Africa. Recently, the moth was introduced into North America, being first detected in Canada in 2005. There are several organisms that threaten the larvae, including parasitoids, nematodes, and bacteria.
Procyanidin B5 is a B type proanthocyanidin.
Elachista poae is a moth of the family Elachistidae found in Europe.
Depressaria albipunctella is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in most of Europe, as well as in Libya.
The parsnip moth or parsnip webworm is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Portugal and most of the Balkan Peninsula. This species has also been introduced into New Zealand.
Anacampsis temerella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae, found in most of Europe, except Belgium, Switzerland, the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula.
Acrobasis rubrifasciella, the alder tubemaker moth, is a species of snout moth in the genus Acrobasis. It was described by Alpheus Spring Packard in 1874, and is known from central-eastern Canada and eastern United States.
Argyresthia fundella is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Ireland, Great Britain, the Iberian Peninsula, Finland, the Baltic region, Slovenia, Hungary and Greece.
Digitivalva arnicella is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It is found in Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland and Lithuania.
Glyphipterix forsterella is a moth of the family Glyphipterigidae. It is found from most of Europe, east to Japan.
Cedestis subfasciella is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in almost all of Europe, except part of the Balkan Peninsula.
Monochroa divisella, the scarce marsh neb, is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Denmark, Latvia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria and France. Outside of Europe, it is known from Korea, the Russian Far East and Japan.
Endothenia nigricostana, the black-edged marble, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It was described by Adrian Hardy Haworth in 1811. It is found from most of Europe, east to Japan. The habitat consists of woodland margins and embankments.
Celypha rurestrana, the hawkweed marble, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It was described by Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel in 1843. It is found in most of Europe, except Ireland, Lithuania, Ukraine and the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. It is also found in Turkey.
Triclistus pallipes is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. It is a parasitoid of Epermenia chaerophyllella larvae and Swammerdamia pyrella cocoons
