Acrospiroma

Last updated
Acrospiroma
Other namesHidradenoma
SkinTumors-P7110457.JPG
Tubular hidradenoma, apocrine
Specialty Dermatology

Acrospiromas are a broad class of benign cutaneous adnexal tumors. [1] Cutaneous adnexal tumors are a group of skin tumors consisting of tissues that have differentiated (i.e. matured from stem cells) towards one or more of the four primary adnexal structures found in normal skin: hair follicles, sebaceous sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, and eccrine sweat glands. [2] Acrospiromas are thought to derive from apocrine or eccrine sweat gland ducts near their acrosyringium, i.e. point where these ducts open to the skin's surface. [1] [3] [4]

Contents

The acrosporma group of tumors consists of: 1) the hidradenomas, including their eccrine acrospiroma, clear cell hidradenoma (also termed clear cell acrospiroma), nodular hidradenoma (also termed nodular acrospiroma, clear cell myoepithelioma, and eccrine sweat gland adenoma of the clear cell type [3] ), and solid-cystic hidradenoma variants; [5] 2) the myoepitheliomas; [3] and 3) the poromas, particularly their dermal duct tumor (also termed dermal duct poroma) and hidroacanthoma simplex variants. [1] [4] However, the literature on the acrospiromas is confusing and often terms their variants with different and interchangeable names. [3] [6]

Acrospiromas, while by definition benign skin tumors, may recur at the sites of their surgical removal and, uncommonly, progress to malignant tumors such as the malignant hidradenomas, i.e. hidradenocarcinomas, [3] malignant myoepitheliomas, [7] and malignant poromas, i.e. porocarcinomas. [1] [4] Further information on the acrospiromas, malignant acrospiromas, and their variants are in the linkages to them in this article.

Additional images

A hidradenoma, here a benign neoplasm of the sweat glands of the cheek. It is not solid but is fluid-filled. Hidradenoma.jpg
A hidradenoma, here a benign neoplasm of the sweat glands of the cheek. It is not solid but is fluid-filled.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sweat gland</span> Small sweat-producing tubular skin structures

Sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands, from Latin sudor 'sweat', are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. Sweat glands are a type of exocrine gland, which are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct. There are two main types of sweat glands that differ in their structure, function, secretory product, mechanism of excretion, anatomic distribution, and distribution across species:

The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) is a domain-specific extension of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems for tumor diseases. This classification is widely used by cancer registries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hidradenoma</span> Medical condition

Hidradenoma refers to a benign adnexal tumor of the apical sweat gland. These are 1–3 cm translucent blue cystic nodules. It usually presents as a single, small skin-colored lesion, and may be considered closely related to or a variant of poromas. Hidradenomas are often sub-classified based on subtle histologic differences, for example:

An apocrine sweat gland is composed of a coiled secretory portion located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. In humans, apocrine sweat glands are found only in certain locations of the body: the axillae (armpits), areola and nipples of the breast, ear canal, eyelids, wings of the nostril, perineal region, and some parts of the external genitalia. Modified apocrine glands include the ciliary glands in the eyelids; the ceruminous glands, which produce ear wax; and the mammary glands, which produce milk. The rest of the body is covered by eccrine sweat glands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eccrine sweat gland</span> Sweat gland distributed almost all over the human body

Eccrine sweat glands, sometimes called merocrine glands as their type of secretion is merocrine, are the major sweat glands of the human body. Eccrine sweat glands are found in virtually all skin, with the highest density in the palms of the hands, and soles of the feet, and on the head, but much less on the torso and the extremities. In other mammals, they are relatively sparse, being found mainly on hairless areas such as foot pads. They reach their peak of development in humans, where they may number 200–400/cm2 of skin surface. They produce sweat, a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water. These are present from birth. Their secretory part is present deep inside the dermis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papillary hidradenoma</span> Medical condition

A papillary hidradenoma, also termed hidradenoma papilliferum or mammary-like gland adenoma of the vulva, is a rare, but nonetheless most common benign tumor that occurs in and between anal and genital regions of females. These hidradenomas are sharply circumscribed, nodular tumors that usually develop in women's anogenital area but uncommonly occur in other sites in women and men. Papillary hidradenomas that develop outside of the anogenital region are termed ecctopic papillary hidradenomas or ectopic hidradenoma papilliferums.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dermal cylindroma</span> Medical condition

In dermatologic pathology, a dermal cylindroma, also dermal eccrine cylindroma or cutaneous cylindroma) and cylindroma, is a benign adnexal tumor that occurs on the scalp and forehead.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hidrocystoma</span> Medical condition

Hidrocystoma is an adenoma of the sweat glands.

Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma (EAH), first described by Lotzbeck in 1859, is a rare benign vascular hamartoma characterized histologically by a proliferation of eccrine and vascular components. EAH exists on a spectrum of cutaneous tumors that include eccrine nevus, mucinous eccrine nevus and EAH. Each diagnostic subtype is characterized by an increase in the number as well as size of mature eccrine glands or ducts, with EAH being distinguished by the added vascular component.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syringocystadenoma papilliferum</span> Medical condition

Syringocystadenoma papilliferum is a rare non-malignant adnexal neoplasm that develops from apocrine or eccrine sweat glands and can be identified histologically by cystic, papillary, and ductal invaginations into the dermis lined by double-layered outer cuboidal and luminal high columnar epithelium and connected to the epidermis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poroma</span>

Poromas are rare, benign, cutaneous adnexal tumors. Cutaneous adnexal tumors are a group of skin tumors consisting of tissues that have differentiated towards one or more of the four primary adnexal structures found in normal skin: hair follicles, sebaceous sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, and eccrine sweat glands. Poromas are eccrine or apocrine sweat gland tumors derived from the cells in the terminal portion of these glands' ducts. This part of the sweat gland duct is termed the acrosyringium and had led to grouping poromas in the acrospiroma class of skin tumors. Here, poromas are regarded as distinct sweat gland tumors that differ from other sweat gland tumors by their characteristic clinical presentations, microscopic histopathology, and the genetic mutations that their neoplastic cells have recently been found to carry.

Porocarcinoma (PCA) is a rare form of skin cancer that develops in eccrine sweat glands, i.e. the body's widely distributed major type of sweat glands, as opposed to the apocrine sweat glands which are located primarily in the armpits and perineal area. This cancer typically develops in individuals as a single cutaneous tumor in the intraepidermal spiral part of these sweat glands' ducts at or near to where they open on the skin's surface. PCA tumors are classified as one form of the cutaneous adnexal tumors; in a study of 2,205 cases, PCA was the most common (11.8%) form of these tumors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spiradenoma</span> Medical condition

Spiradenomas (SA) are rare, benign cutaneous adnexal tumors that may progress to become their malignant counterparts, i.e. spiradenocarcinomas (SAC). Cutaneous adnexal tumors are a group of skin tumors consisting of tissues that have differentiated towards one of the four primary adnexal structures found in normal skin: hair follicles, sebaceous sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, and eccrine sweat glands. SA and SAC tumors were regarded as eccrine gland tumors and termed eccrine spiradenomas and eccrine spiradenocarcinomas, respectively. However, more recent studies have found them to be hair follicle tumors and commonly term them spiradenomas and spiradenocarcinomas, respectively. Further confusing the situation, SA-like and SAC-like tumors are also 1) manifestations of the inherited disorder, CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS), and 2) have repeatedly been confused with an entirely different tumor, adenoid cystic carcinomas of the salivary gland. Here, SA and SAC are strictly defined as sporadic hair follicle tumors that do not include the hereditary CCS spiradenomas and heridtary spiradenocarcinoms of CCS or the adenoid cystic carcinomas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malignant chondroid syringoma</span> Type of skin cancer

A malignant chondroid syringoma is a very uncommon cutaneous (skin) condition characterised by an adnexal eccrine tumour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eccrine carcinoma</span> Medical condition

Eccrine carcinoma is a rare skin condition characterized by a plaque or nodule on the scalp, trunk, or extremities. It originates from the eccrine sweat glands of the skin, accounting for less than 0.01% of diagnosed cutaneous malignancies. Eccrine carcinoma tumors are locally aggressive, with a high rate of recurrence. Lack of reliable immunohistochemical markers and similarity to other common tumors has made identification of eccrine carcinoma difficult.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hidradenocarcinoma</span>

Hidradenocarcinoma is a malignant adnexal tumor of the sweat gland. It is the malignant variant of the benign hidradenoma. It may develop de novo or in association with an existent hidradenoma.

The nuclear protein in testis gene encodes a 1,132-amino acid protein termed NUT that is expressed almost exclusively in the testes, ovaries, and ciliary ganglion. NUT protein facilitates the acetylation of chromatin by histone acetyltransferase EP300 in testicular spermatids. This acetylation is a form of chromatin remodeling which compacts spermatid chromatin, a critical step required for the normal conduct of spermatogenesis, i.e. the maturation of spermatids into sperm. Male mice that lacked the mouse Nutm1 gene using a gene knockout method had abnormally small testes, lacked sperm in their cauda epididymis, and were completely sterile. These findings indicate that Nutm1 gene is essential for the development of normal fertility in male mice and suggest that the NUTM1 gene may play a similar role in men.

CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS) is the recently designated term for three rare inherited cutaneous adnexal tumor syndromes: multiple familial trichoepithelioma (MFT1), Brooke–Spiegler syndrome (BSS), and familial cylindromatosis (FC). Cutaneous adnexal tumors are a large group of skin tumors that consist of tissues that have differentiated towards one of the four primary adnexal structures found in normal skin: hair follicles, sebaceous sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, and eccrine sweat glands. CCS tumors are hair follicle tumors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adenolipoma</span> Type of lipoma that develops in sweat glands

An adenolipoma is a type of lipoma that develops in the eccrine sweat glands. They can occur either in the skin, or in the thyroid.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Miller AC, Adjei S, Temiz LA, Gill P, Siller A, Tyring SK (January 2022). "Dermal Duct Tumor: A Diagnostic Dilemma". Dermatopathology. 9 (1): 36–47. doi: 10.3390/dermatopathology9010007 . PMC   8883970 . PMID   35225875.
  2. Zaballos P, Gómez-Martín I, Martin JM, Bañuls J (October 2018). "Dermoscopy of Adnexal Tumors". Dermatologic Clinics. 36 (4): 397–412. doi:10.1016/j.det.2018.05.007. PMID   30201149. S2CID   52185272.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Bijou W, Laababsi R, Oukessou Y, Rouadi S, Abada R, Roubal M, Mahtar M (January 2021). "An unusual presentation of a nodular hidradenoma: A case report and review of the literature". Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012). 61: 61–63. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.050. PMC   7772521 . PMID   33384876.
  4. 1 2 3 Sawaya JL, Khachemoune A (September 2014). "Poroma: a review of eccrine, apocrine, and malignant forms". International Journal of Dermatology. 53 (9): 1053–61. doi: 10.1111/ijd.12448 . PMID   24697501.
  5. Al-Adawi SS, Al-Qasabi B, Al-Bahri M, Aljarrah A, Al-Aghbari S (August 2020). "Clear Cell Hidradenoma of the Breast Diagnosed on a Core Needle Biopsy: A case report and review of the literature". Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 20 (3): e357–e361. doi:10.18295/squmj.2020.20.03.017. PMC   7574794 . PMID   33110653.
  6. Helwig EB (October 1984). "Eccrine acrospiroma". Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 11 (5): 415–20. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.1984.tb00398.x. PMID   6096424. S2CID   221605975.
  7. Macagno N, Sohier P, Kervarrec T, Pissaloux D, Jullie ML, Cribier B, Battistella M (January 2022). "Recent Advances on Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Biology for the Diagnosis of Adnexal Sweat Gland Tumors". Cancers. 14 (3): 476. doi: 10.3390/cancers14030476 . PMC   8833812 . PMID   35158743.