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Penguins are a group of aquatic flightless birds from the order Sphenisciformes of the family Spheniscidae. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere: only one species, the Galápagos penguin, is found north of the Equator. Highly adapted for life in the ocean water, penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage and flippers for swimming. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sea life which they catch with their bills and swallow whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip slippery prey.
Genus is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.
Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic, species, and ecosystem level. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth; it is usually greater in the tropics as a result of the warm climate and high primary productivity in the region near the equator. Tropical forest ecosystems cover less than 10% of earth's surface and contain about 90% of the world's species. Marine biodiversity is usually higher along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest, and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future as a primary result of deforestation. It encompasses the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life.
Extinction is the termination of a taxon by the death of its last member. A taxon may become functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to reproduce and recover. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly "reappears" after a period of apparent absence.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological species. A series of Regional Red Lists, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit, are also produced by countries and organizations.
The Opiliones are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. As of April 2017, over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi, which were named in 2014.
The conservation status of a group of organisms indicates whether the group still exists and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation status: not simply the number of individuals remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, and known threats. Various systems of conservation status are in use at international, multi-country, national and local levels, as well as for consumer use such as sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification. The two international systems are by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
Fumontana is a genus of harvestman that occurs in the United States with one described species, F. deprehendor.
The Triaenonychidae are a family of harvestmen with about 120 genera and more than 440 described species.
Podoctidae is a family of the harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about 130 described species.
The Synthetonychiidae are a small family of harvestman with a handful of species in a single genus. They are endemic to New Zealand.
T. inornatus may refer to:
A species (pl. species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour, or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined.
Conoculus is a genus of harvestmen in the family Triaenonychidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species, Conoculus asperus.
Yulella natalensis is a genus of harvestmen in the family Triaenonychidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species, Yulella natalensis.
Paranonychus brunneus is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Paranonychidae. It is found in North America.
Paranonychus is a genus of harvestman in the family Paranonychidae. There are at least three described species in Paranonychus.
Speleomaster is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cryptomastridae. There are at least two described species in Speleomaster, both found in lava tubes of the Snake River Plain in southern Idaho.
Hickmanoxyomma cavaticum is an endangered species of arachnid, in the family, Triaenonychidae. It was first described in 1958 by Vernon Victor Hickman as Monoxyomma cavaticum, but was reassigned to the genus Hickmanoxyomma in 1990 by Glenn Hunt.
Algidia is a genus in the harvestman family Triaenonychidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and currently includes 12 species and subspecies.
References
- ↑ Joel Hallan (ed.). "Triaenonychidae Species Listing". Biology Catalog. Texas A&M University . Retrieved December 31, 2010.
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