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Kingdom of Amb | |||||||||
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Princely state of Pakistan | |||||||||
1507–28 July 1969 | |||||||||
Capital of Amb state [Darband] in 1947, Most dominatial Head of State | |||||||||
Capital | Darband (now submerged under Tarbela Dam) Shergarh (summer residence) | ||||||||
Area | |||||||||
• Coordinates | 34°21′52.582″N72°51′33.959″E / 34.36460611°N 72.85943306°E | ||||||||
• | 24,985 km2 (9,647 sq mi) | ||||||||
Government | |||||||||
• Type | Monarchy | ||||||||
• Motto | ""این خداست"" اقتدار اعلیٰ ""نظام خدا دا* | ||||||||
Historical era | since 1507-1969 | ||||||||
• Established | 1507 | ||||||||
1507 | |||||||||
• Tanoli | 1647 | ||||||||
• Submitted to Durrani Rule | 1755 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 28 July 1969 | ||||||||
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Today part of | Pakistan · Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
This article is part of the series |
Former administrative units of Pakistan |
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Amb (امب) or the State of Amb was a princely state in the present day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan. Together with Phulra, it was known as Feudal Tanawal ruled by Tanoli tribe. A Royal Tenure start from Timurid Empire and end on Last Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli. [1] Amb was only powerful state incorporated in Pakistan with armed civilized military of 12,000 men, 300 Howitzer with their own manufacturing arms factory, today part of the Pakistan Army. [1] [2] [3] Amb had a influence control roots in Swat, Dir and Chitral. [4] [2] [5] A gaining of powerful roots of Amb military start from Second Anglo-Sikh War when East India Company provide military equipment to Jehandad Khan Tanoli to fight against Sikh, and then next British Empire in Second anglo-Afghan War. [6] At the end of December 1947, the Nawab of Amb state acceded to Pakistan while retaining internal self-government. [7] Amb continued as a princely state of Pakistan until 1969, when it was incorporated into the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa).
The state was named after the town of Amb. After the death of the last Nawab, Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli, the fighting between the descendants of the state of Amb for power continued, which ended in 1971, when the Pakistani army ended or occupied the integration. In 1972, the recognition of their royal status was ended by the Government of Pakistan.[ citation needed ] In 1974, the Tarbela Dam completely destroyed the capital of Amb and the palaces of the Amb state.[ citation needed ]
Image | Titular Name | Personal Name | Date of birth | Nawab From | Nawab Until | Date of death |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muhammad Anwar Khan Tanoli انور خان تنولی | Anwar Khan Tanoli | 1688 | 1710 | 1730 | 1730 | |
Muhammad Bahadur Khan Tanoli بہادر خان | Muhammad Bahadur Khan Tanoli | 23 June 1712 | 1730-1740 | 8 August 1755 | 8 August 1755 | |
Sultan Zaburdust Khan Tanoli صوبہ خان تنولی | Sultan Zaburdust Khan Tanoli | 1 May 1736 | 8 August 1755 | 2 November 1783 | ||
Haibat Khan Tanoli ہیبت خان | Haibat Khan Tanoli | 6 April 1740 | 1783 | 12 December 1798 | ||
Nawab Khan Tanoli نواب خان | Nawab Khan Tanoli | 12 April 1792 | 1800-1810 | 13 October 1818 | ||
Painda Khan Tanoli پائنداخان | Painda Khan | 6 May 1805 | 1818 | 1819-1822 completely Rule ended and hence again conquered and started in 1823 | 12 September 1844 | |
Jehandad Khan Tanoli جہانداد خان | Jehandad Khan Tanoli | 6 February 1820 | 1844 | 1868 | ||
Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli
| Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli | 1859 | 1868 | 1907 | ||
Nawab Khan-e-Zaman Khan Tanoli نواب خانِ زمان خان تنولی خانخا | Nawab Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli | 6 November 1880 | 1907 | 12 September 1936 | ||
Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli فرید خان | Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli | 1 January 1904 | 1936 | 17 September 1947 (Alliance with Pakistan but continued rule until 1969) | 28 July 1969 (Rule end due to fighting between the Descendants of Amb State and Pakistan Army occupied integration) | |
Nawab Salahuddin Khan Tanoli صلاح الدین خان | Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed | 1958 | 1969 | Incumbent |
Amb was considered a powerful and important state during Durrani, Mughal and British Raj.[ citation needed ] The total revenue of the state in 1901 was 36-42 lakhs when the price of 1 tola gold is 20 British Rupee.[ citation needed ] In 1901, state's income was 6 lakhs and second part of its revenue was the collection of tax from other state's Nawabs and Maharajahs, who used the routes of Tanawal and Attock for visiting other countries. This tax was also collected by Traders and Merchants who used that routes.[ citation needed ] In this way, Nawab of Amb fought many wars with British, Durrani and Sikh this is the main cause of war.[ citation needed ]
Amb state, once known as Mulk-e-Tanawal (country/area of Tanawal), was the home of the Tanoli. [2] [3] The region's early history dates back to the Mughal Empire, when around year 1647, the Tanoli tribe conquered and settled by the Indus River, surrounded by wide area, which came to be known as Tanawal. Before Tanawal, it was known as the Pakhli Sultanate (Karluks Turk), which ruled over Hazara, who came to Timur around 1380 to 1390. This was the only state of the Mughal Empire which did not pay tax to Delhi. The rule of the Karluks ended when the Swatis arrived. The last Karluks ruler was Sultan Mehmood Khurd, [ citation needed ] accordingly the start of Tanoli's rule. [4] [8] The ancestry can be traced back to the Ghilji who are the descendants of Bettani. [9] When the Durrani tribe arrived in India, the Tanoli chieftain Suba Khan Tanoli accepted Durrani rule in 1755 and helped the empire during the Third Battle of Panipat. [10] [ citation needed ]
In 1854, the British frontier officer General James Abbott postulated that Aornos was located on the Mahaban range, south of modern Buner District.[ citation needed ] In 1839, he proposed to recognise Embolina, as had Ranjit Singh's mercenary General Claude Auguste Court, as the village of Amb situated on the right bank of the Indus eight miles east of Mahaban.[ citation needed ] This became the location from which it is thought that the Nawabs of Amb took their title in later years. [11]
The Tanoli describe themselves as Pashtuns [3] from the Ghazni area, . [12] The Tanoli submitted to British colonial rule in the 1840s. [1] [2] [3]
MirNawab Khan Tanoli was the ruler of The Tanawal valley and the Chief of the Hazara region from circa 1810 until he died in 1818. During his rule, he faced many attacks from the Sikh Empire and Durrani Empire, resulting in a significant loss of territory. He was 26 years old, when he was assassinated by Azim Khan on October 13, 1818 in the Stratagem of Peshawar.[ citation needed ]
The main reason for the war is that Mir Nawab Khan defied Durrani and the other main reason was that, when Azim Khan's mother was traveling to Kashmir via Tanwal, Nawab Khan's soldier collected the taxes from her. Azim Khan then traveled through Tanwal and then Nawab Khan's soldiers collected taxes through Azim Khan as well. After Azim Khan took the complaint to the Afghan court, the Afghan Ruler of that time immediately sent his army.[ citation needed ]
Nawab Khan Tanoli's sons, Painda Khan and Maddad Khan began the series of rebellion against the Sikhs and Durrani, which continued throughout his lifetime.[ citation needed ]
From about 1813, Painda Khan Tanoli is famed for his staunch rebellion against Maharaja Ranjit Singh's governors of Hazara. He was the son of Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli.[ citation needed ]
From about 1813, Painda Khan Tanoli engaged in a lifelong rebellion against the Sikhs, who, realizing the potential dangers of his rebellion, set up forts at strategic locations to keep him in check. Hari Singh Nalwa took this initiative during his governorship. To consolidate his hold on Tanawal and to unite the Tanoli people, Tanoli first had to contend with his major rivals within the tribe itself, that is, the chiefs of the Suba Khani/Pallal Khel section, whom he subdued after a bitter struggle.
Tanoli set the tone for regional resistance in Upper Hazara against Sikh rule. In 1828, he created and gifted the smaller neighbouring state of Phulra to his younger brother Maddad Khan Tanoli.
Painda Khan briefly took over the valley of Agror in 1834. Agror was restored to Ata Muhammad Khan, the chief of that area, a descendant of Akhund Ahmed Sad-ud-din. [13] [ citation needed ]
He was the son of Mir Painda Khan Tanoli. In 1852, Jehandad Khan Tanoli was summoned by the President of the Board of Administration about a murder enquiry of two British officers, supposedly on his lands.[ citation needed ] In fact, this was related to the murder of two British salt tax collectors by some tribesmen in the neighbouring Kala Dhaka or Black Mountain area, which eventually led to the punitive First Black Mountain campaign/expedition of 1852.[ citation needed ] The Board of Administration President was Sir John Lawrence (later the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab), and he visited Haripur, in Hazara, where he invited many Hazara chiefs to see him on various matters, at a general Durbar.[ citation needed ] [14] Jehandad Khan Tanoli succeeded in establishing his innocence and consolidated his position.[ citation needed ]
Jahandad Khan Tanoli's relationship with British India is summed in the following lines in a letter dated 8 January 1859 from R. Temple, Secretary to the Punjab Chief Commissioner, addressed to the Punjab Financial Commissioner: "'5.[ citation needed ] The term "Jagir" has never appeared to me applicable in any sense to this [Jehandad Khan's] hereditary domain [Upper Tannowul], for it was never granted as such by the Sikhs or by our Government; we upheld the Khan as we found him in his position as a feudal lord and large proprietor.'
Jehandad's son, Nawab Bahadur Sir Muhammed Akram Khan Tanoli, was given the title of Nawab (Sovereign Ruler) in perpetuity by the British.[ citation needed ]
The next chief of the Tanoli, a son of Jahandad Khan Tanoli, was Akram Khan Tanoli KCSI 68–1907). He was a popular chief. During his tenure, the fort at Shergarh was built along with forts in Dogah and Shahkot. His rule was a peaceful time for Tanawal. He opposed construction of schools in the state, on advice given by British.[ citation needed ]
Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli succeeded his father, taking over the reins of power in Tanawal in Amb. He helped the British in carrying out the later Black Mountain (Kala Dhaka/Tor Ghar) expeditions.[ citation needed ]
Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli had good relations with Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan. His contributions to the Pakistan movement have been acknowledged by letters from Jinnah. [7] [15] In 1947, he acceded his state to Pakistan by signing the Instrument of Accession in favour of Pakistan. In 1969, the state was incorporated into the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) and in 1972, the Government of Pakistan ceased to recognise the royal status of the Nawab.[ citation needed ]
Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli, son of Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli, the last nawab of Amb, studied at the Burn Hall School in Abbottabad (now the Army Burn Hall College) and the Gordon College in Rawalpindi. [16] Nawab Saeed Khan Tanoli ruled for a period of three years.
Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli is the present chief of Tanolis and the titular Nawab of Amb.[ citation needed ] He is the son of Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli. He holds the record as the youngest parliamentarian ever elected to the Pakistan National Assembly, and then went on to be elected five times to the Pakistan National Assembly (from 1985 to 1997), a feat achieved by only seven other Pakistani parliamentarians, including the former Pakistani prime minister, Nawaz Sharif. [17]
Tenure | Chiefs of Tanawal and later Rulers of Amb (Tanawal)[ citation needed ] |
---|---|
1772–1803 | (Mir) Haibat Khan Tanoli |
1803–1809 | (Mir) Hashim Ali Khan Tanoli (son of Mir Haibat Khan Tanoli and brother to Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli, following) |
1809–1818 | (Mir) Nawab Khan Tanoli |
1818–1844 | (Mir) Painda Khan Tanoli, Maddad Khan Tanoli |
1844–1868 | Nawab Jahandad Khan Tanoli –Amb State founded in 1858 by British government recognition |
1868–1907 | Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli |
1907–1936 | Nawab Khanizaman Khan Tanoli |
1936–1969 | Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli –Amb State ended and merged with NWFP Pakistan in 1971–72 |
1969–Incumbent | Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed |
Existing alongside British India were hundreds of princely states, some 565[ citation needed ] in all, but most of them did not issue postage stamps. Only around forty of the states issued their own postage stamps, and Amb State was one of them, having its own postal service. The rest used the stamps of the All India Postal Service.[ citation needed ]
The state consists of the following present day Union Councils of Mansehra, Torghar, and Haripur Districts:
The Mansehra and Torghar districts include Bandi Shungli, Shergarh, Karorri, Nika Pani, Darband, Dara Shanaya, Swan Miara, Lassan Nawab, Perhinna, Phulrra, Jhokan, and Palsala. The Haripur district includes Baitgali, Nara AmaNara Amazz, Kalinjar, and Beer.[ dubious – discuss ]
Sardar Mohammad Azim Khan Barakzai was a Pashtun noble who served as Afghan governor of Kashmir (1812–1819). He was the second son of the Barakzai chief Payinda Sarfaraz Khan, while his elder brother Fateh Khan was kingmaker and Vizier to Mahmud Shah Durrani. He was one of 21 brothers from eight mothers including his half-brother Dost Mohammad Khan who would later become Emir of Afghanistan.
The Tanoli are a Hindkowan tribe living mainly in the Hazara area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. They form the majority of the population of Lassan Nawab union council. The Tanoli describe themselves as Barlas Turks. They never submitted to the British colonial rule in the 1840s. They have two major divisions, namely Palaal and Hindaal. In present day, the majority of the Tanolis speak the Hindko language.
Hazara, historically also known as Pakhli, is a region in northern Pakistan, falling administratively within the Hazara Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. It forms the northernmost portion of Sindh Sagar Doab, and is mainly populated by the indigenous Hindko-speaking Hindkowans and Kohistani people, with a significant Pashto-speaking population. The inhabitants of Hazara are collectively called the Hazarewal.
The valley of Agror is located in the Hazara region of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of northern Pakistan. Its territory makes up Oghi Tehsil, an administrative unit of Mansehra District. Khans of Agror belonging to Begal subsection of Mitravi Swatis are ruling this area since 1703 conquest of Pakhli. Agror is the Pashto speaking area where Swatis speak pashto as their mother tongue.
Phulra or the State of Phulra was a Muslim princely state in the days of British Raj and ruled by the Tanoli tribe, located in the region of the North West Frontier to the east of the nearby parent princely state of Amb (Tanawal).
Sherwan is a Tehsil in the Abbottabad District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, situated 35 km west of Abbottabad. The area is composed of two adjacent villages: Sherwan Kalan to the north and Sherwan Khurd to the south. Positioned on a ridge of 5,000 feet in the heart of Lower Tanawal Sherwan is surrounded by large, forested mountains on three sides, creating a scenic valley landscape.
Nawab Jehandad Khan Tanoli was a chief of Tanoli tribe in the Hazara region of the North-West Frontier of British India and Nawab of Amb. Jehandad Khan Tanoli was the son of Mir Painda Khan, a fighter against the Sikh Empire. He became the ruler of Amb on the death of his father in 1844.
Painda Khan Tanoli was a powerful chief and warrior in Tanawal area of North-West Frontier region of India. Painda Khan's rebellion against the Sikh empire cost him much of his kingdom, leaving only the tract around Amb, with its twin capitals of Amb and Darband.
Nawab Sir Muhammad Akram Khan was the ruler of the Indian princely state of Amb from 1877 until his death in 1907. Son of Jehandad Khan, he was only nine years old when his father died. People of that time thought that Maddad Khan Tanoli, the ruling Khan of Phulra, might assert a claim as ruler but no such event occurred at that time.
Nawab Sir Muhammad Khan-i-Zaman Khan Tanoli also known as Khan-i-Zaman Khan, was the ruling Nawab of the princely state of Amb from 1907 until his death in 1936 in his region Darband become a biggest trade market of India.
Nawab Sir Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli was the last ruling Nawab of the princely state of Amb, from 1936 till 1969. He faced several rebellions from his own clan which led to the state crumble up into more than 13+ khanates of his own clans who rejected his rule. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1946 New Year Honours list. A state in a subsidiary alliance with British India until 1947, when the Nawab acceded to Pakistan, in 1958 Amb was reported to have an area of 590 square miles and a population of 48,656.
Nawab Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli Nawab of former princely State of Amb, is a Pakistani politician and chief of Tanoli tribe. He was elected to the National Assembly five times between 1985 and 1997 as an independent and candidate from different parties.
Khan Jalaluddin Khan, aka Jalal Baba, was a Muslim League stalwart and a Pakistan Movement activist who served as the 8th Interior Minister of Pakistan under the Premiership of Feroz Khan Noon. Jalal Baba was a major figure in British Indian and later Pakistani politics, in particular in the North-West Frontier Province.
The Painda Khel is a clan of Tanoli origin which inhabits lands in Bajna and Mansehra and north of Mansehra District in Pakistan.
Zabardust Khan Tanoli also known by his nick-name Suba Khan Tanoli was a chieftain of the Tanoli tribe, and the Nawab of Kashmir and Mashrik-i-Kandahar present day Khyber Paktunkhwa in 18th century Mughal India. He fought at the Third Battle of Panipat and his intelligence, rifles and zamburak artillery skills contributed to the Afghan victory. He played a considerable part with Ahmed Shah Abdali to fighting against the Sikh and Hindu Jats.
Maddad Khan Tanoli (1809-1888) was the younger brother of Mir Painda Khan. He played a considerable part in fighting the Sikh Empire with his brother Painda Khan. His brother Painda Khan gifted him land as Jagirdar.
Muhammad Safiullah Khan Tanoli was the grandson of Maddad Khan Tanoli who was the younger brother of Painda Khan, the ruling Nawab of Amb. Safiullah Khan served as the tehsil collector of Abbottabad under British Raj, appointed by the Governor of Khyber George Roos-Keppel, and later became the Minister of Defence of the Nawab of Amb.
Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli was the ruler of The Tanawal valley and the Chief of the Hazara region from circa 1810 until he died in 1818. During his rule, he faced many attacks from the Sikh Empire and Durrani Empire, resulting in a significant loss of territory. He was 26 years old when he was assassinated by Azim Khan on October 13, 1818 in the Stratagem of Peshawar.
The Stratagem of Peshawar was a campaign of the Durrani empire led by Azim Khan Barakzai against the Nawab of Amb, Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli. Azim Khan who was the half-brother of Dost Muhammad Khan, the King of Afghanistan.
The Tanolis' own history classifies them conflictingly as either Pakhtuns from the vicinity of Ghazni or Turks of the Barlas sub-clan.
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