| America | |
|---|---|
 Sculpture installed at the Guggenheim Museum in 2016 | |
| Artist | Maurizio Cattelan |
| Year | 2016 |
| Medium | Gold sculpture |
| Condition | Lost |
America is a sculpture created in 2016 by the Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan. An example of satirical participatory art, [1] it is a fully functioning toilet made of 18-karat solid gold. [1] [2] It was stolen in 2019 from Blenheim Palace, where it was exhibited on loan from the permanent collection of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.
Cattelan created the toilet in 2016 for the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City. It was made in a foundry in Florence, cast in several parts that were welded together. Made to look like the museum's other Kohler toilets, it was installed in one of the museum's bathrooms for visitors to use. [3] [4] A special cleaning routine was put in place. [5] The museum stated that the work was paid for with private funds. [6]
According to the museum, over 100,000 people waited in line to use America, and a security guard was posted outside the bathroom. According to Cattelan, the work was made of 103 kilograms (227 lb) of gold, which in September 2019 was valued at more than four million dollars as bullion. [4] [7] As an artwork, it has been estimated as high as six million. [8]
In September 2017, when the museum declined a White House request to loan its 1888 Van Gogh painting Landscape with Snow for then President Donald Trump's private rooms, curator Nancy Spector offered to loan America instead. Any reply by the White House was not reported. [7]
In September 2019, America was installed at Blenheim Palace in the United Kingdom, where it was available for use as part of an exhibition of Cattelan's works. [9] It was placed in a water closet formerly used by Winston Churchill. [10]
On 14 September 2019, the sculpture was stolen from Blenheim Palace. A representative of the palace previously said that because America was plumbed in, and potential thieves would be aware of its use, security was not much of an issue. [11] Because it had been connected to the building's water pipes, the theft caused structural damage and flooding to the World Heritage Site. [12] [13] Two men were arrested and released in connection with the incident. [14] Cattelan commented: "I always liked heist movies and finally I'm in one of them." [15]
Blenheim's insurance company has stated that up to approximately $124,000 can be paid in reward for the return of the toilet. In mid-October, three new arrests were made in connection to the theft. [16] [17] As of August 2023, the total number of arrests was six, all of whom have been released without charge. [18] [19] In November 2023, the Crown Prosecution Service charged four men with the theft of the toilet. [20] The men have pleaded not guilty and a trial is scheduled for February 2025. [21]
Speculation about the fate of the toilet includes it being melted down, that it has been hidden fairly close to Blenheim and that the theft is a prank by Cattelan. Local imitations of the work have been made, including one that was itself stolen. [18] [22]
The Guggenheim museum linked the meaning of the sculpture to the career of Donald Trump, writing in September 2016 [23] that "the aesthetics of this 'throne' recall nothing so much as the gilded excess of Trump's real-estate ventures and private residences". [3] Cattelan himself declined to give an interpretation of his work, which he conceived of before Trump's presidential candidacy. [7] He said that the connection to Trump is "another layer, but it shouldn’t be the only one." [23]
The work has also been described as an interpretation of Marcel Duchamp's 1917 sculpture Fountain . [24] Art critic Calvin Tomkins called it Cattelan's most beautiful artwork, and said "for viewers who crave a one-to-one relationship with art, this piece cannot be topped." [5] Art critic Jonathan Jones, using the work at Blenheim Palace, opined that it felt "Much like peeing on porcelain. But here, among all the photos of young Winston, it also feels like pissing on British history." He also found the sculpture reminiscent of then prime minister Boris Johnson's hair. [25]
In 2002 Winger Lam Sai-wing , a Hong Kong businessman, included two gold toilets in what he called a shrine to Lenin. He referred to a comment by Lenin [lower-alpha 1] about the use of gold after the victory of socialism. [27]
In 2019 the Hong Kong jewellery firm Coronet displayed a gold toilet in Shanghai. This toilet had a bulletproof seat containing more than 40,000 small diamonds. [28] [29]
Cattelan said that he made three gold toilets. [18]
Blenheim Palace is a country house in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. It is the seat of the Dukes of Marlborough and the only non-royal, non-episcopal country house in England to hold the title of palace. The palace, one of England's largest houses, was built between 1705 and 1722, and designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.
Art theft, sometimes called artnapping, is the stealing of paintings, sculptures, or other forms of visual art from galleries, museums or other public and private locations. Stolen art is often resold or used by criminals as collateral to secure loans. Only a small percentage of stolen art is recovered—an estimated 10%. Many nations operate police squads to investigate art theft and illegal trade in stolen art and antiquities.
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Maurizio Cattelan is an Italian visual artist. Known primarily for his hyperrealistic sculptures and installations, Cattelan's practice also includes curating and publishing. His satirical approach to art has resulted in him being frequently labelled as a joker or prankster of the art world. Self-taught as an artist, Cattelan has exhibited internationally in museums and Biennials.
Events from the year 1997 in art.
Nizam's Museum or H.E.H Nizam's Museum is a museum located in Hyderabad at Purani Haveli, a palace of the erstwhile Nizams. This museum showcases the gifts that the last Nizam of Hyderabad State, Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII received on his silver jubilee celebrations. The museum is a repository mainly of souvenirs, gifts and mementos presented by dignitaries to the last Nizam on the occasion of the silver jubilee celebrations in 1936. Models made of silver of all the landmark buildings in Hyderabad, with citations about them in Urdu.
The year 2009 in art involves various significant events.
The year 2010 in art involves some significant events.
The year 2011 in art involved some significant events and new works.
Landscape with Snow is a painting by Vincent van Gogh in 1888, believed to be one of the first paintings that he made in Arles. It is one of at least ten 1882 to 1889 oil and watercolor van Gogh paintings of a snowy landscape. The painting reflects the La Crau plains set against Montmajour and hills along the horizon.
Nancy Spector is an American museum curator who has held positions at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City and the Brooklyn Museum.
Massimiliano Gioni is an Italian curator and contemporary art critic based in New York City, and artistic director at the New Museum. He is the artistic director of the Nicola Trussardi Foundation in Milan as well as the artistic director of the Beatrice Trussardi Foundation. Gioni was the curator of the 55th Venice Biennale in 2013.
Blenheim Art Foundation (BAF) is a multi-award-winning non-profit organisation that presents large-scale contemporary art exhibitions at Blenheim Palace.
The year 2017 in art involves various significant events.
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The year 2019 in art involved various significant events.
On 25 November 2019, royal jewellery was stolen from the Green Vault museum within Dresden Castle in Dresden, Saxony, Germany. The stolen items include the 49-carat Dresden White Diamond, the diamond-laden breast star of the Polish Order of the White Eagle which belonged to the King of Poland, a hat clasp with a 16-carat diamond, a diamond epaulette, and a diamond-studded hilt containing nine large and 770 smaller diamonds, along with a matching scabbard. The missing items were of great cultural value to the State of Saxony and were described as priceless; other sources estimate the total value at about €1 billion. However, in the years following the burglary, more accurate estimates place the total value of the stolen items at around €113 million.
Comedian is a 2019 artwork by Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan. Created in an edition of three, it appears as a fresh banana affixed to a wall with duct tape. As a work of conceptual art, it consists of a certificate of authenticity with detailed diagrams and instructions for its proper display. Two editions of the piece sold for US$120,000 each at Art Basel Miami Beach to significant media attention. The third edition was donated to the Guggenheim Museum.
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Initial reports had said the golden toilet was worth an estimated £1m, but Blenheim Palace's chief executive, Dominic Hare, said it has been valued at about $6m (£4.8m).