Amphiprion thiellei

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Amphiprion thiellei
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Family: Pomacentridae
Genus: Amphiprion
Species:
A. thiellei
Binomial name
Amphiprion thiellei
Burgess, 1981

Amphiprion thiellei (Thielle's anemonefish) is thought to be a naturally occurring hybrid anemonefish [1] found in the vicinity of Cebu, Philippines. [2] Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict dominance hierarchy.

Contents

Description

A. thielli has reddish orange body, with a single white head bar that may be connected at the top with a bonnet and two saddles on the dorsal fin and tail base. They have 10-11 dorsal spines, 2 anal spines, 16 dorsal soft rays and 14 anal soft rays. [3] They reach a maximum length of 6.5 cm (2+12 in). [2] The species was described from two aquarium dealer specimens.

Hybridisation

In 1992 Fautin & Allen stated that until more specimens are studied, its status as a valid species was provisional and postulated that it might represent a rare variant of another species or a hybrid. [2] More than 30 years after A. thielli was originally described, its scientific status does not appear to have been clarified, although the scientific consensus appears to be that it likely to be a naturally occurring hybrid. [1] [4] One theory is that it is a cross between A. chrysopterus and A. sandaracinos. [1] A second theory is that it is a cross between A. ocellaris and A. sandaracinos. [5] Some support for the latter theory comes from the observations that two thiellei have never been seen as a pair in the wild, and it often pairs with A. ocellaris in the wild. [6]

In any group of anemonefish, there is a strict sized based dominance hierarchy: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends. [7] They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male. [2]

This strict sized based dominance hierarchy makes the relative size of the parent species critical in shaping the outcome of hybridization [8] In this regard A. chrysopterus is one of the largest anemonefish, growing to 17 cm in length. [9] while A. sandaracinos is significantly smaller growing up to 11 cm as a female and just 3 to 6.5 cm as a male. [10] A.. ocellaris is similarly small. [11]

Constraints upon hybridization are overlap in distribution, depth and host anemone. [8] Each of the three proposed parents have a common host anemone in Stichodactyla mertensii. [1] [4] There is some doubt as to the distribution of A. chrysopterus with Fautin & Allen including the Philippines [2] and Gainsford et al. excluding the Philippines. [8] The distribution of A. sandaracinos and A. ocellaris largely overlap from northern Australia through the central Malay Archipelago to the Philippines. [2] If they are the parents, is A. thiellei to be found throughout the overlapping distribution, and if not, why not?

Possible parent species

Color variations

If A. thiellei is a hybrid, it may show a variety of intermediate colors and patterns similar to A. leucokranosis. Some species of anemonefish, such as A. clarkii show melanism when hosted by S. mertensii however the small number of observations of A. thiellei make no reference to any such melanism.

Similar species

A. perideraion has a pinkish body and a continuous white stripe along the base of the dorsal fin, rather than broken into a bonnet and two saddles. A. nigripes is distinguished by its black belly, pelvic fins and anal fin and the absence of the saddles on the dorsal fin and tail base. [2]

Distribution and Habitat

A. thielli is believed to have originated in the vicinity of Cebu, Philippines. [3] . Field records are lacking for A. thiellei however the most probable hosts are thought to be: [4]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Heteractis magnifica</i> Species of sea anemone

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocellaris clownfish</span> Species of fish

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange skunk clownfish</span> Species of fish

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange-fin anemonefish</span> Species of fish

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<i>Amphiprion akindynos</i> Species of fish

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pink skunk clownfish</span> Species of fish

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<i>Amphiprion akallopisos</i> Species of fish

The nosestripe clownfish or nosestripe anemonefish, skunk clownfish, Amphiprion akallopisos, is an anemonefish that lives in association with sea anemones. A. akallopisos is found in the Indian Ocean. It resides in shallow inshore reefs as deep as 15 m with a moderate to strong current. The skunk clownfish can also be kept in captivity by aquarists.

<i>Stichodactyla mertensii</i> Species of sea anemone

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<i>Amphiprion mccullochi</i> Species of fish

Amphiprion mccullochi, also known as whitesnout anemonefish or McCulloch's anemonefish, is a species of anemonefish found in subtropical waters at Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island.. It was named for Allan McCulloch, a former Curator of Fishes at the Australian Museum, Sydney. Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict sized based dominance hierarchy: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends. They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male.

<i>Amphiprion latezonatus</i> Species of fish

Amphiprion latezonatus, also known as the wide-band anemonefish, is a species of anemonefish found in subtropical waters off the east coast of Australia. Like all anemonefishes, it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of its host. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict size-based dominance hierarchy; the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male nonbreeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends. They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male changes to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest nonbreeder becoming the breeding male.

<i>Amphiprion chagosensis</i> Species of fish

Amphiprion chagosensis, the Chagos anemonefish, is a marine fish belonging to the family Pomacentridae, the clownfishes and damselfishes. It is named for the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean and it is endemic to the archipelago. The original specimens were collected at Diego Garcia Atoll, Chagos Archipelago.

<i>Amphiprion chrysogaster</i> Species of fish

Amphiprion chrysogaster, the Mauritian anemonefish, is a marine fish belonging to the family Pomacentridae, the clownfishes and damselfishes. It is endemic to Mauritius and probably Réunion.

<i>Amphiprion fuscocaudatus</i> Species of fish

Amphiprion fuscocaudatus is a marine fish belonging to the family Pomacentridae, the clownfishes and damselfishes.

<i>Amphiprion latifasciatus</i> Species of fish

Amphiprion latifasciatus is a marine fish belonging to the family Pomacentridae, the clownfishes and damselfishes.

<i>Amphiprion leucokranos</i> Species of fish

Amphiprion leucokranos is a naturally occurring hybrid anemonefish found in the western central Pacific Ocean. Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict dominance hierarchy, features which are critical to the direction of gene flow.

<i>Amphiprion pacificus</i> Species of fish

Amphiprion pacificus, is a species of anemonefish that is found in the western Pacific Ocean. Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict sized based dominance hierarchy: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends. They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male. The fish's natural diet includes zooplankton.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Ollerton J; McCollin D; Fautin DG; Allen GR (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 274 (1609): 591–598. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3758. PMC   1766375 . PMID   17476781.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fautin, Daphne G.; Allen, Gerald R. (1997). Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum. ISBN   9780730983651. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015.
  3. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Amphiprion thiellei" in FishBase. November 2014 version.
  4. 1 2 3 Litsios, G.; Sims, C.; Wüest, R.; Pearman P.B.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Salamin N. (2012). "Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12 (11): 212. Bibcode:2012BMCEE..12..212L. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-212 . PMC   3532366 . PMID   23122007.
  5. "Amphiprion thiellei and A. leucokranos are two beautiful natural clownfish hybrids". Reef Builders. 2015-01-07. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  6. DeAngelis, R. "What we really know about the diversity of Clownfish". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  7. Buston PM (May 2004). "Territory inheritance in clownfish". Proc. Biol. Sci. 271 (Suppl 4): S252–4. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0156. PMC   1810038 . PMID   15252999.
  8. 1 2 3 Gainsford, A.; van Herwerden, L.; Jones, G.P. (2015). "Hierarchical behaviour, habitat use and species size differences shape evolutionary outcomes of hybridization in a coral reef fish". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 28 (274): 591–598. doi: 10.1111/jeb.12557 . PMID   25414094. S2CID   20753633.
  9. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Amphiprion chrysopterus" in FishBase. November 2014 version.
  10. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Amphiprion sandaracinos" in FishBase. November 2014 version.
  11. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Amphiprion ocellaris" in FishBase. November 2014 version.