Realpolitik is the approach of conducting diplomatic or political policies based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors,rather than strictly following ideological,moral,or ethical premises. In this respect,it shares aspects of its philosophical approach with those of realism and pragmatism. It is often simply referred to as pragmatism in politics,e.g. "pursuing pragmatic policies" or "realistic policies".
The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia,Latvia,and Lithuania. All three countries are members of NATO,the European Union,the Eurozone,Council of Europe,and the OECD. The three sovereign states on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea are sometimes referred to as the "Baltic nations",less often and in historical circumstances also as the "Baltic republics",the "Baltic lands",or simply the Baltics.
The Tashkent Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan on 10 January 1966 to resolve the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Peace was achieved on 23 September through interventions by the Soviet Union and the United States,both of which pushed the two warring countries towards a ceasefire in an attempt to avoid any escalation that could draw in other powers.
Peter Jonathan Hitchens is an English conservative author,broadcaster,journalist,and commentator. He writes for The Mail on Sunday and was a foreign correspondent reporting from both Moscow and Washington,D.C. Peter Hitchens has contributed to The Spectator,The American Conservative,The Guardian,First Things,Prospect,and the New Statesman. His books include The Abolition of Britain,The Rage Against God,The War We Never Fought and The Phoney Victory.
Sir Bernard Rowland Crick was a British political theorist and democratic socialist whose views can be summarised as "politics is ethics done in public". He sought to arrive at a "politics of action",as opposed to a "politics of thought" or of ideology,and he held that "political power is power in the subjunctive mood." He was a leading critic of behaviouralism.
Michael Lind is an American writer and academic. He has explained and defended the tradition of American democratic nationalism in a number of books,beginning with The Next American Nation:The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution (1995). He is currently a professor at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin.
"Islamofascism" is a term drawing an analogical comparison between the ideologies of fascism and Islamism or Islamic fundamentalism,which advocates authoritarianism and violent extremism to establish an Islamic government,in addition to promoting offensive Jihad. For example,Qutbism has been characterized as an Islamofascist and Islamic terrorist ideology.
The House of Lieven is one of the oldest and most aristocratic families of Baltic German and Nordic origin.
Eurasianism is a socio-political movement in Russia that emerged in the early 20th century under the Russian Empire,which states that Russia does not belong in the "European" or "Asian" categories but instead to the geopolitical concept of Eurasia and the "Russian world",forming an ostensibly standalone Russian civilization.
In the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four,by George Orwell,Emmanuel Goldstein is the principal enemy of the state of Oceania. The political propaganda of The Party portrays Goldstein as the leader of The Brotherhood,a secret,counter-revolutionary organization who violently oppose the leadership of Big Brother and the Ingsoc régime of The Party.
John Newsinger is a British historian and academic,who is an emeritus professor of history at Bath Spa University.
Dominic Lieven is an English research professor at Cambridge University and a Fellow of the British Academy and of Trinity College,Cambridge.
Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian novel and cautionary tale by English writer George Orwell. It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker &Warburg as Orwell's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime. Thematically,it centres on the consequences of totalitarianism,mass surveillance,and repressive regimentation of people and behaviours within society. Orwell,a staunch believer in democratic socialism and member of the anti-Stalinist Left,modelled the Britain under authoritarian socialism in the novel on the Soviet Union in the era of Stalinism and on the very similar practices of both censorship and propaganda in Nazi Germany. More broadly,the novel examines the role of truth and facts within societies and the ways in which they can be manipulated.
Reflections on the Revolution in Europe:Immigration,Islam,and the West is a 2009 book by Christopher Caldwell about the impact of the mass immigration of Muslims to Europe in the 20th century.
The Polish-Lithuanian identity describes individuals and groups with histories in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or with close connections to its culture. This federation,formally established by the 1569 Union of Lublin between the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania,created a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state founded on the binding powers of national identity and shared culture rather than ethnicity or religious affiliation. The term Polish-Lithuanian has been used to describe various groups residing in the Commonwealth,including those that did not share the Polish or Lithuanian ethnicity nor their predominant Roman Catholic faith.
Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan has been evident through public demonstrations and burning of the flag of the United States. When measured in 2009 Pakistan was amongst the countries with the strongest such antipathy. According to Anatol Lieven,anti-American sentiment in Pakistan is characterised more by political hostilities rather than racial or religious undertones.
Dmitri Vitalyevich Trenin is a member of Russia's Foreign and Defence Policy Council. He was the director of the Carnegie Moscow Center,a Russian think tank. A former colonel of Russian military intelligence,Trenin served for 21 years in the Soviet Army and Russian Ground Forces,before joining Carnegie in 1994.
America Right or Wrong:An Anatomy of American Nationalism is a 2012 book by the British author and academic Anatol Lieven. A separate,earlier version was published in 2004.
Pakistan:A hard country is a historical book authored by award-winning British author and journalist Anatol Lieven. The books was published by Penguin Random House in 2011.
The Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft is an American think tank specializing in US foreign policy. Founded in 2019,the Quincy Institute has been described as advocating realism and restraint in foreign policy. The organization is located in Washington,D.C. and is named after former president John Quincy Adams.
