Angela E. Stent | |
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Born | 1947 (age 76–77) |
Education | Girton College, Cambridge (BA) London School of Economics (MSc) Harvard University (MA, PhD) |
Occupation | Academic |
Spouse | Daniel Yergin [1] |
Website | AngelaStent.com |
Angela E. Stent is a British-born American foreign policy expert specializing in US and European relations with Russia and Russian foreign policy. She is professor emerita of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown University and senior advisor and director emerita of its Center for Eurasian, Russian, and East European Studies. [2] She is also a non-resident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. She has served in the Office of Policy Planning in the US State Department and as National Intelligence Officer for Russia and Eurasia. [3]
Born in London in 1947, Stent was educated at Haberdashers' Aske's School for Girls before going up to Girton College, Cambridge University, where she received her B.A. in economics and modern history. She earned a master's degree in international relations with distinction from the London School of Economics. She earned a second master's degree in Soviet studies at Harvard University. [3] She received her PhD from the Harvard Government Department. [4]
Stent joined the Government Department at Georgetown University in 1979. In 2001, she received a joint appointment as Professor of Government and Foreign Service and became Director of the Center for Eurasian, Russian, and East European Studies. At the Brookings Institution, she co-chairs the Hewitt Forum on Post-Soviet Affairs. From 1999 to 2001, she served in the Office of Policy Planning in both the Clinton and Bush Administrations, where she was responsible for Russia and Eastern Europe. From 2004 to 2006, she was the National Intelligence Officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council. From 2008 to 2012, she was a member of Supreme Allied Commander in Europe advisory panel. [5]
Her first book, published in 1982 by Cambridge University Press, was From Embargo to Ostpolitik: the Political Economy of West German-Soviet Relations. [6] While researching this book, Stent was mugged in Moscow, according to an article she wrote in The New York Times . She reported that the policeman investigating the case maintained it could not have happened, declaring, "We have no crime in the U.S.S.R." [7] Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification, the Soviet Collapse, and the New Europe [8] was her second book, published by Princeton University Press in 1999. In it, she analyzed and narrated the tumultuous events that led to the end of communism in Eastern Europe, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the emergence of modern Russia, and the reunification of West and East Germany. [9] Mikhail Gorbachev, former Communist Party First Secretary and then President of the Soviet Union, was among the interviewees for the book. When Stent asked Gorbachev what world leader he most admired, his answer was "Ronald Reagan was the greatest western statesman with whom I dealt. He was an intelligent and astute politician who had vision and imagination." [10]
External videos | |
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After Words interview with Stent on The Limits of Partnership, February 1, 2014, C-SPAN |
Stent's 2014 book, The Limits of Partnership: US-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century, [11] examines the difficulties for the United States in establishing a productive relationship with post-Soviet Russia. Stent argues that four US presidents have pursued their own "resets" with Russia, each of which ended in disappointment. For her research for the book, Stent was able to draw on[ clarification needed ] a decade of meetings[ which? ] that Vladimir Putin has held with Russia experts. At one, Stent asked Putin whether Russia was an energy superpower. He said that "superpower" was "a word we used during the Cold War. I have never referred to Russia as an energy superpower. But we do have greater possibilities than almost any other country in the world. If we put together Russia's energy potential in all areas, oil, gas and nuclear, our country is unquestionably the leader." [12]
In 2014, Stent was awarded the American Academy's Douglas Dillon Award for excellent authorship on topics of American diplomacy by The American Academy of Diplomacy. [13]
External videos | |
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After Words interview with Stent on Putin's World, March 16, 2019, C-SPAN |
Stent's book Putin's World: Russia Against the West and with the Rest was published in February 2019. [14] [15] It assesses Putin's view of Russia's place in the world through examining Russia's ongoing relationships with allies and adversaries, specifically narrowing in on Russia's downward spiral with NATO, Europe, and the United States and its ties to China, Japan, and the Middle East, in addition to its neighbors like Ukraine. [16] [17]
Stent argues that "as the Trump team accelerates the U.S. retreat from the Middle East, Mr. Putin has been quick to spot and take advantage of openings, and he operates without many of the constraints of his Soviet predecessors. The U.S. will have to get used to dealing with a savvy rival for influence in the Middle East." [18] It considers how Russia has no real allies and speculates what may occur to the country and its geopolitical identity upon the ending of Putin's term in 2024 and how the West should respond to Russia moving forward. [19]
Stent is on the advisory board of Women in International Security (WIIS), [20] [21] an organization dedicated to promoting women's careers in the national security area. Stent played a key role in WIIS's conferences in Tallinn and Prague. [22] In 2008 she received a Fulbright Fellowship [23] to teach at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) and was a George H.W. Bush-Axel Springer Berlin Prize Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin. She co-chaired the Carnegie Corporation's Working Group on U.S-Russian Relations from 2008 to 2012 and was a Co-Convenor of the US-Russian "Second Track" Discussions. She served as a Trustee of the Eurasia Foundation. [24] She is a contributing editor to Survival: Global Politics and Strategy [25] and has written numerous articles for academic and general publications such as The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, and The New York Times. She has also appeared on The PBS News Hour, CNN, BBC, as well as other major U.S. and German networks.
The history of the Soviet Union from 1982 through 1991 spans the period from the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev's death until the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Due to the years of Soviet military buildup at the expense of domestic development, and complex systemic problems in the command economy, Soviet output stagnated. Failed attempts at reform, a standstill economy, and the success of the proxies of the United States against the Soviet Union's forces in the war in Afghanistan led to a general feeling of discontent, especially in the Soviet-occupied Baltic countries and Eastern Europe.
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was a Soviet and Russian politician and statesman who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in 1988, as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990 and the president of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically, Gorbachev initially adhered to Marxism–Leninism but moved towards social democracy by the early 1990s. He was the only Soviet leader born after the country's foundation.
Superpower describes a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert influence and project power on a global scale. This is done through the combined means of economic, military, technological, political, and cultural strength as well as diplomatic and soft power influence. Traditionally, superpowers are preeminent among the great powers. While a great power state is capable of exerting its influence globally, superpowers are states so influential that no significant action can be taken by the global community without first considering the positions of the superpowers on the issue.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions.
The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , more commonly referred to as the Two Plus Four Agreement , is an international agreement that allowed the reunification of Germany in October 1990. It was negotiated in 1990 between the 'two', the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in addition to the Four Powers which had occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The treaty supplanted the 1945 Potsdam Agreement: in it, the Four Powers renounced all rights they had held with regard to Germany, allowing for its reunification as a fully sovereign state the following year. Additionally, the two German states agreed to reconfirm the existing border with Poland in the German–Polish Border Treaty, accepting that German territory post-reunification would consist only of what was presently administered by West and East Germany—renouncing explicitly any possible claims to the former eastern territories of Germany including East Prussia, most of Silesia, as well as the eastern parts of Brandenburg and Pomerania.
Andrei Vladimirovich Kozyrev is a Russian politician who served as the former and the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation under President Boris Yeltsin, in office for the Russian SFSR from October 1990 and, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, from 1992 until January 1996 for Russia. In his position, he was credited with developing Russia's foreign policy immediately after the fall of the Soviet Union, although many in Russia have criticized him for being weak and not assertive enough in defending Russian interests in the face of NATO in places such as Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Ba'athist Iraq.
Stephen Frand Cohen was an American scholar of Russian studies. His academic work concentrated on modern Russian history since the Bolshevik Revolution and Russia's relationship with the United States.
Neo-Stalinism is the promotion of positive views of Joseph Stalin's role in history, the partial re-establishing of Stalin's policies on certain or all issues, and nostalgia for the Stalinist period. Neo-Stalinism overlaps significantly with neo-Sovietism and Soviet nostalgia. Various definitions of the term have been given over the years. Neo-Stalinism is being actively promoted by Eurasianist currents in various post-Soviet states and official rehabilitation of Stalin has occurred in Russia under Vladimir Putin. Eurasianist philosopher Aleksandr Dugin, an influential neo-Stalinist ideologue in Russian elite circles, has praised Stalin as the “greatest personality in Russian history”, comparing him to Ivan the Terrible who established the Tsardom of Russia.
Germany–Russia relations display cyclical patterns, moving back and forth from cooperation and alliance to strain and to total warfare. Historian John Wheeler-Bennett says that since the 1740s:
The United States and Russia maintain one of the most important, critical, and strategic foreign relations in the world. Both nations have shared interests in nuclear safety and security, nonproliferation, counterterrorism, and space exploration. Due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, relations became very tense after the United States imposed sanctions against Russia. Russia placed the United States on a list of "unfriendly countries", along with South Korea, Taiwan, European Union members, NATO members, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Micronesia, Japan and Ukraine.
Richard Sakwa is a British political scientist and a former professor of Russian and European politics at the University of Kent, a senior research fellow at the National Research University-Higher School of Economics in Moscow, and an honorary professor in the Faculty of Political Science at Moscow State University. He has written books about Russian, Central and Eastern European communist and post-communist politics.
Archibald Haworth Brown, is a British political scientist. In 2005, he became an emeritus professor of politics at the University of Oxford and an emeritus fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, where he served as a professor of politics and director of St Antony's Russian and East European Centre. He has written widely on Soviet and Russian politics, on communist politics more generally, on the Cold War, and on political leadership.
Robert David English is an American academic, author, historian, and international relations scholar who specializes in the history and politics of contemporary Eastern Europe, the USSR, and Russia. He is an associate professor of International Foreign Policy and Defense Analysis at the University of Southern California (USC) School of International Relations.
Jack Foust Matlock Jr. is an American former ambassador, career Foreign Service Officer, teacher, historian, and linguist. He was a specialist in Soviet affairs during some of the most tumultuous years of the Cold War, and served as the U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1987 to 1991.
Relations between the Soviet Union and the United States were fully established in 1933 as the succeeding bilateral ties to those between the Russian Empire and the United States, which lasted from 1776 until 1917; they were also the predecessor to the current bilateral ties between the Russian Federation and the United States that began in 1992 after the end of the Cold War. The relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States was largely defined by mistrust and tense hostility. The invasion of the Soviet Union by Germany as well as the attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan marked the Soviet and American entries into World War II on the side of the Allies in June and December 1941, respectively. As the Soviet–American alliance against the Axis came to an end following the Allied victory in 1945, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to immediately appear between the two countries, as the Soviet Union militarily occupied Eastern European countries and turned them into satellite states, forming the Eastern Bloc. These bilateral tensions escalated into the Cold War, a decades-long period of tense hostile relations with short phases of détente that ended after the collapse of the Soviet Union and emergence of the present-day Russian Federation at the end of 1991.
Lilia Fyodorovna Shevtsova is a Kremlinology expert.
Karen Dawisha was an American political scientist and writer. She was a professor in the Department of Political Science at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, and the director of The Havighurst Center for Russian and Post-Soviet Studies.
Stephen Leonard White was British political scientist and historian, emeritus professor at University of Glasgow, an author of many articles and books about politics of Soviet Union and Russia.
This is a select bibliography of English language books and journal articles about the post-Stalinist era of Soviet history. A brief selection of English translations of primary sources is included. The sections "General surveys" and "Biographies" contain books; other sections contain both books and journal articles. Book entries have references to journal articles and reviews about them when helpful. Additional bibliographies can be found in many of the book-length works listed below; see Further reading for several book and chapter-length bibliographies. The External links section contains entries for publicly available select bibliographies from universities.
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