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Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary,scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature,the tasks,and the functions of cognition. Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language,perception,memory,attention,reasoning,and emotion;to understand these faculties,cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics,psychology,artificial intelligence,philosophy,neuroscience,and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization,from learning and decision to logic and planning;from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."
Cognition is the "mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought,experience,and the senses". It encompasses all aspects of intellectual functions and processes such as:perception,attention,thought,imagination,intelligence,the formation of knowledge,memory and working memory,judgment and evaluation,reasoning and computation,problem-solving and decision-making,comprehension and production of language. Cognitive processes use existing knowledge to discover new knowledge.
Neurolinguistics is the study of neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension,production,and acquisition of language. As an interdisciplinary field,neurolinguistics draws methods and theories from fields such as neuroscience,linguistics,cognitive science,communication disorders and neuropsychology. Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds,bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely varying theoretical perspectives. Much work in neurolinguistics is informed by models in psycholinguistics and theoretical linguistics,and is focused on investigating how the brain can implement the processes that theoretical and psycholinguistics propose are necessary in producing and comprehending language. Neurolinguists study the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information related to language,and evaluate linguistic and psycholinguistic theories,using aphasiology,brain imaging,electrophysiology,and computer modeling.
Social cognition is a topic within psychology that focuses on how people process,store,and apply information about other people and social situations. It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in social interactions.
The language module or language faculty is a hypothetical structure in the human brain which is thought to contain innate capacities for language,originally posited by Noam Chomsky. There is ongoing research into brain modularity in the fields of cognitive science and neuroscience,although the current idea is much weaker than what was proposed by Chomsky and Jerry Fodor in the 1980s. In today's terminology,'modularity' refers to specialisation:language processing is specialised in the brain to the extent that it occurs partially in different areas than other types of information processing such as visual input. The current view is,then,that language is neither compartmentalised nor based on general principles of processing. It is modular to the extent that it constitutes a specific cognitive skill or area in cognition.
The cognitive revolution was an intellectual movement that began in the 1950s as an interdisciplinary study of the mind and its processes,from which emerged a new field known as cognitive science. The preexisting relevant fields were psychology,linguistics,computer science,anthropology,neuroscience,and philosophy. The approaches used were developed within the then-nascent fields of artificial intelligence,computer science,and neuroscience. In the 1960s,the Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies and the Center for Human Information Processing at the University of California,San Diego were influential in developing the academic study of cognitive science. By the early 1970s,the cognitive movement had surpassed behaviorism as a psychological paradigm. Furthermore,by the early 1980s the cognitive approach had become the dominant line of research inquiry across most branches in the field of psychology.
The evolution of human intelligence is closely tied to the evolution of the human brain and to the origin of language. The timeline of human evolution spans approximately seven million years,from the separation of the genus Pan until the emergence of behavioral modernity by 50,000 years ago. The first three million years of this timeline concern Sahelanthropus,the following two million concern Australopithecus and the final two million span the history of the genus Homo in the Paleolithic era.
Music psychology,or the psychology of music,may be regarded as a branch of both psychology and musicology. It aims to explain and understand musical behaviour and experience,including the processes through which music is perceived,created,responded to,and incorporated into everyday life. Modern music psychology is primarily empirical;its knowledge tends to advance on the basis of interpretations of data collected by systematic observation of and interaction with human participants. Music psychology is a field of research with practical relevance for many areas,including music performance,composition,education,criticism,and therapy,as well as investigations of human attitude,skill,performance,intelligence,creativity,and social behavior.
Entrainment in the biomusicological sense refers to the synchronization of organisms to an external perceived rhythm such as human music and dance. Humans are the only species for which all individuals experience entrainment,although there are documented examples of entrained nonhuman individuals.
Snowball is a male Eleonora cockatoo,noted as being the first non-human animal conclusively demonstrated to be capable of beat induction:perceiving music and synchronizing his body movements to the beat. He currently holds the Guinness World Record for most dance moves by a bird.
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The early left anterior negativity is an event-related potential in electroencephalography (EEG),or component of brain activity that occurs in response to a certain kind of stimulus. It is characterized by a negative-going wave that peaks around 200 milliseconds or less after the onset of a stimulus,and most often occurs in response to linguistic stimuli that violate word-category or phrase structure rules. As such,it is frequently a topic of study in neurolinguistics experiments,specifically in areas such as sentence processing. While it is frequently used in language research,there is no evidence yet that it is necessarily a language-specific phenomenon.
The neuroscience of music is the scientific study of brain-based mechanisms involved in the cognitive processes underlying music. These behaviours include music listening,performing,composing,reading,writing,and ancillary activities. It also is increasingly concerned with the brain basis for musical aesthetics and musical emotion. Scientists working in this field may have training in cognitive neuroscience,neurology,neuroanatomy,psychology,music theory,computer science,and other relevant fields.
Cognitive musicology is a branch of cognitive science concerned with computationally modeling musical knowledge with the goal of understanding both music and cognition.
Angela Friederici is a director at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig,Germany,and is an internationally recognized expert in neuropsychology and linguistics. She is the author of over 400 academic articles and book chapters,and has edited 15 books on linguistics,neuroscience,language and psychology.
Beat deafness is a form of congenital amusia characterized by a person's inability to distinguish musical rhythm or move in time to it.
Embodied cognition is the concept suggesting that many features of cognition are shaped by the state and capacities of the organism. The cognitive features include a wide spectrum of cognitive functions,such as perception biases,memory recall,comprehension and high-level mental constructs and performance on various cognitive tasks. The bodily aspects involve the motor system,the perceptual system,the bodily interactions with the environment (situatedness),and the assumptions about the world built the functional structure of organism's brain and body.
Social cognitive neuroscience is the scientific study of the biological processes underpinning social cognition. Specifically,it uses the tools of neuroscience to study "the mental mechanisms that create,frame,regulate,and respond to our experience of the social world". Social cognitive neuroscience uses the epistemological foundations of cognitive neuroscience,and is closely related to social neuroscience. Social cognitive neuroscience employs human neuroimaging,typically using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Human brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct-current stimulation are also used. In nonhuman animals,direct electrophysiological recordings and electrical stimulation of single cells and neuronal populations are utilized for investigating lower-level social cognitive processes.
Anna M. Borghi is a cognitive psychologist known for her work on embodied cognition and embodied language comprehension. She is Associate Professor of Psychology at the Sapienza University of Rome and an associate researcher at the Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technology,Italian Research Council. Borghi serves as Specialty Chief Editor of Frontiers in Psychology.
Karen Denise Emmorey is a linguist and cognitive neuroscientist known for her research on the neuroscience of sign language and what sign languages reveal about the brain and human languages more generally. Emmorey holds the position of Distinguished Professor in the School of Speech,Language,and Hearing Sciences at San Diego State University,where she directs the Laboratory for Language and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience.
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