Anopheles nili

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Anopheles nili
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Culicidae
Genus: Anopheles
Species:
A. nili
Binomial name
Anopheles nili
Theobald, 1904

Anopheles nili is a species of mosquito [1] in the Culicidae family. [2] It comprises the following elements: An. carnevalei, An. nili, An. ovengensis and An. somalicus. [3] The scientific name of this species was first published in 1904 by Theobald. [4] It is the main mosquito species found in the south Cameroon forest zone which bites humans. [5] It is known as a problematic carrier of malaria, [6] although newly discovered, closely related species in the same genus have also been found to interact with A. nili as a disease vector. [7] In that, they both have similar feeding habits on local targets in the Cameroon region. [8]

Contents

Life Cycle

For more information, see mosquito life cycle.

Similar to all mosquitoes, Anopheles nili go through a life stages of egg, larva, pupa, then emerge as adults. [9]

A. nili is a generalist species, meaning that they may adapt to different environments to survive. [10] This has worked to the detriment of human health, as the mosquito species has become very well adapted to spawning in dam reservoirs. [11] As A. nili shifts its habitats to areas of high human concentration, they also begin to mate and spawn their young in nearby reservoirs, such as dams. This of course allows spread of malaria to the nearby populace. [9]

As Malaria Carriers

Mosquitoes are well known carriers of malaria, A. nili being without exception. As a native species that has adapted to live with the environmental changes of Cameroon it marks itself as a common species found to be carrying malarial parasites in the newly built dams of Cameroon. [12]

Dam development in Cameroon marks itself as a grave detriment to native populations health, through the spread of malaria. Dam developments in particular, because mass environmental changes alter the balance of disease hosts, vectors, and parasite development. [9] Studies have been made in recent history before and after dams are built in Cameroon to better understand the method in how malaria is transmitted. It was found in studies dating back as long as1979, where native mosquitoes, like A. nili, favoured dams as breeding grounds; and thus ripe for malaria breakouts. [13] It was also found in those researches that the malarial parasites are found in the midgut of mosquitoes, that being an example of the parasites persistence. [14]

Related Research Articles

<i>Anopheles</i> Genus of mosquito

Anopheles or Marsh Mosquitoes is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognized; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. Anopheles gambiae is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the most dangerous malaria parasite species – Plasmodium falciparum.

<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Protozoan species of malaria parasite

Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans. The parasite is transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito and causes the disease's most dangerous form, falciparum malaria. It is responsible for around 50% of all malaria cases. P. falciparum is therefore regarded as the deadliest parasite in humans. It is also associated with the development of blood cancer and is classified as a Group 2A (probable) carcinogen.

<i>Plasmodium ovale</i> Species of single-celled organism

Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoon that causes tertian malaria in humans. It is one of several species of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans, including Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax which are responsible for most cases of malaria in the world. P. ovale is rare compared to these two parasites, and substantially less dangerous than P. falciparum.

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<i>Anopheles gambiae</i> Species of mosquito

The Anopheles gambiae complex consists of at least seven morphologically indistinguishable species of mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles. The complex was recognised in the 1960s and includes the most important vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly of the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. It is one of the most efficient malaria vectors known. The An. gambiae mosquito additionally transmits Wuchereria bancrofti which causes lymphatic filariasis, a symptom of which is elephantiasis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avian malaria</span> Parasitic disease of birds

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anopheles dirus</span> Species of fly

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Taxonomy of <i>Anopheles</i> Genus of flies

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<i>Anopheles albimanus</i> Species of mosquito

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<i>Anopheles stephensi</i> Species of fly

Anopheles stephensi is a primary mosquito vector of malaria in urban India and is included in the same subgenus as Anopheles gambiae, the primary malaria vector in Africa. A. gambiae consists of a complex of morphologically identical species of mosquitoes, along with all other major malaria vectors; however, A. stephensi has not yet been included in any of these complexes. Nevertheless, two races of A. stephensi exist based on differences in egg dimensions and the number of ridges on the eggs; A. s. stephensisensu stricto, the type form, is a competent malaria vector that takes place in urban areas, and A. s. mysorensis, the variety form, exists in rural areas and exhibits considerable zoophilic behaviour, making it a poor malaria vector. However, A. s. mysorensis is a detrimental vector in Iran. An intermediate form also exists in rural communities and peri-urban areas, though its vector status is unknown. About 12% of malaria cases in India are due to A. stephensi.

<i>Anopheles darlingi</i> Species of fly

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<i>Plasmodium cynomolgi</i> Species of single-celled organism

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References

  1. ↑ Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Simard, Frédéric (2013), Manguin, Sylvie (ed.), "Highlights on Anopheles nili and Anopheles moucheti, Malaria Vectors in Africa", Anopheles Mosquitoes: New Insights into Malaria Vectors, Wellcome Trust–Funded Monographs and Book Chapters, Rijeka (HR): InTech, ISBN   978-953-51-1188-7, PMID   28045480 , retrieved 2020-08-03
  2. ↑ Ossè, Razaki A.; Tokponnon, Filémon; Padonou, Germain Gil; Sidick, Aboubakar; Aïkpon, Rock; Fassinou, Arsène; Koukpo, Come Z.; Sèwadé, Wilfrid; Akinro, Bruno; Sovi, Arthur; Aïssi, Melchior (2019-04-29). "Involvement of Anopheles nili in Plasmodium falciparum transmission in North Benin". Malaria Journal. 18 (1): 152. doi: 10.1186/s12936-019-2792-0 . ISSN   1475-2875. PMC   6489317 . PMID   31036025.
  3. ↑ "Anopheles (Cellia) nili species complex". MAP. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  4. ↑ Harbach, Ralph (2013) Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory - Valid Species (Last updated May 5, 2013)
  5. ↑ Carnevale, P.; Goff, G. Le; Toto, J.-C.; Robert, V. (1992). "Anopheles nili as the main vector of human malaria in villages of southern Cameroon" (PDF). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 6 (2): 135–138. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1992.tb00590.x. ISSN   1365-2915. PMID   1421483. S2CID   13558360.
  6. ↑ Antonio-Nkondjio, Christopher (October 26, 2019). "Review of malaria situation in Cameroon: technical viewpoint on challenges and prospects for disease elimination". Parasites & Vectors. 12 (1): 501. doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3753-8 . PMC   6815446 . PMID   31655608 – via Web of Science.
  7. ↑ Sharakhova, Maria V.; Peery, Ashley; Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Xia, Ai; Ndo, Cyrille; Awono-Ambene, Parfait; Simard, Frederic; Sharakhov, Igor V. (2013-06-06). "Cytogenetic analysis of Anopheles ovengensis revealed high structural divergence of chromosomes in the Anopheles nili group". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 16: 341–348. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.010. PMC   3669242 . PMID   23523820.
  8. ↑ Wanji, Samuel; Tanke, Theodore; Atanga, Sali N.; Ajonina, Caroline; Nicholas, Tendongfor; Fontenille, Didier (2003-07-07). "Anopheles species of the mount Cameroon region: biting habits, feeding behaviour and entomological inoculation rates". Tropical Medicine and International Health. 8 (7): 643–649. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01070.x . ISSN   1360-2276. PMID   12828548. S2CID   7328386.
  9. 1 2 3 Prevention, CDC-Centers for Disease Control and (2020-07-16). "CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Biology". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  10. ↑ Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Ndo, Cyrille; Costantini, Carlo; Awono-Ambene, Parfait; Fontenille, Didier; Simard, Frédéric (2009-11-05). "Distribution and larval habitat characterization of Anopheles moucheti, Anopheles nili, and other malaria vectors in river networks of southern Cameroon". Acta Tropica. 112 (3): 270–276. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.08.009. PMID   19682965.
  11. ↑ Mbakop, Lili R.; Awono-Ambene, Parfait H.; Mandeng, Stanislas E.; Ekoko, Wolfgang E.; Fesuh, Betrand N.; Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Toto, Jean-Claude; Nwane, Philippe; Fomena, Abraham; Etang, Josiane (2019-05-09). "Malaria Transmission around the Memve'ele Hydroelectric Dam in South Cameroon: A Combined Retrospective and Prospective Study, 2000–2016". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (9): 1618. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16091618 . ISSN   1660-4601. PMC   6539953 . PMID   31075820.
  12. ↑ Ndo, Cyrille; Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Cohuet, Anna; Ayala, Diego; Kengne, Pierre; Morlais, Isabelle; Awono-Ambene, Parfait H; Couret, Daniel; Ngassam, Pierre; Fontenille, Didier; Simard, Frédéric (2010-06-12). "Population genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles nili in sub-Saharan Africa". Malaria Journal. 9 (1): 161. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-161 . ISSN   1475-2875. PMC   2898787 . PMID   20540796.
  13. ↑ Mbakop, Lili R.; Awono-Ambene, Parfait H.; Mandeng, Stanislas E.; Ekoko, Wolfgang E.; Fesuh, Betrand N.; Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Toto, Jean-Claude; Nwane, Philippe; Fomena, Abraham; Etang, Josiane (May 2019). "Malaria Transmission around the Memve'ele Hydroelectric Dam in South Cameroon: A Combined Retrospective and Prospective Study, 2000–2016". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (9): 1618. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16091618 . ISSN   1661-7827. PMC   6539953 . PMID   31075820.
  14. ↑ Robert, V.; le Goff, G.; Gouagna, L. C.; Sinden, M.; Kieboom, J.; Kroneman, R.; Verhave, J. P. (1998-01-15). "Kinetics and efficiency of Plasmodium falciparum development in the midguts of Anopheles gambiae, An. funestus and An. nili". Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 92 (1): 115–118. doi:10.1080/00034983.1998.11813268. ISSN   0003-4983. PMID   9614461. S2CID   37768559.
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