Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom

Last updated

On 12 December 1982, 30,000 women held hands around the 6 miles (9.7 km) perimeter of the RAF Greenham Common base, in protest against the decision to site American cruise missiles there. Embracing the base, Greenham Common December 1982 - geograph.org.uk - 759090.jpg
On 12 December 1982, 30,000 women held hands around the 6 miles (9.7 km) perimeter of the RAF Greenham Common base, in protest against the decision to site American cruise missiles there.

The anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom consists of groups who oppose nuclear technologies such as nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Many different groups and individuals have been involved in anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests over the years.

Contents

One of the most prominent anti-nuclear groups in the UK is the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). CND's Aldermaston Marches began in 1958 and continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four-day marches. One significant anti-nuclear mobilisation in the 1980s was the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp. In London, in October 1983, more than 300,000 people assembled in Hyde Park as part of the largest protest against nuclear weapons in British history. In 2005 in Britain, there were many protests and peace camps about the government's proposal to replace the ageing Trident weapons system with a newer model.

In October 2010 the British government announced eight locations it considered suitable for future nuclear power stations. [1] This has resulted in public opposition and protests at some of the sites. The Scottish Government, with the backing of the Scottish Parliament, has stated that no new nuclear power stations will be constructed in Scotland. [2] [3] In March 2012, RWE npower and E.ON announced they would be pulling out of developing new nuclear power plants. Analysts said the decision meant the future of UK nuclear power could now be in doubt. [4]

Context

There are large variations in peoples' understanding of the issues surrounding nuclear power, including the technology itself, climate change, and energy security. There is a wide spectrum of views and concerns over nuclear power [5] and it remains a controversial area of public policy. [6] Nuclear power currently provides around 20% of the UK's electricity. [7]

The UK also has nuclear weapons in the form of Trident missiles which are located on a fleet of submarines, and the funding and deployment of these weapons has also been widely debated. [8] [9]

The 1976 Flower's Report on Nuclear Power and the Environment recommended that:

There should be no commitment to a large programme of nuclear fission power until it has been demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that a method exists to ensure the safe containment of longlived, highly radioactive waste for the indefinite future. [10]

On 18 October 2010 the British government announced eight locations it considered suitable for future nuclear power stations. [1] This has resulted in public opposition and protests at some of the sites. In March 2012, two of the big six power companies announced they would be pulling out of developing new nuclear power plants. The decision by RWE npower and E.ON follows uncertainty over nuclear energy following the Fukushima nuclear disaster last year. The companies will not proceed with their Horizon project, which was to develop nuclear reactors at Wylfa in North Wales and at Oldbury-on-Severn in Gloucestershire. Their decision follows a similar announcement by Scottish and Southern Electricity last year. Analysts said the decision meant the future of UK nuclear power could now be in doubt. [4]

In May 2012, a new government report showed that, in England and Wales, hundreds of sites could be contaminated with radioactive waste from old military bases, factories, and old planes. This figure is far higher than previous official estimates. [11]

Anti-nuclear protests

Demonstrators outside the wire fences at Molesworth, early 1980s Demo at RAF Molesworth- early 1980s.jpg
Demonstrators outside the wire fences at Molesworth, early 1980s
8 April 1985, CND placards against the RAF Molesworth fence 1985 Molesworth fence and CND banners.jpg
8 April 1985, CND placards against the RAF Molesworth fence
Police dismantling a blockade of protestors at the south gate of the Faslane naval base. York at Faslane South Gate DaveTaylor.jpg
Police dismantling a blockade of protestors at the south gate of the Faslane naval base.
Anti-nuclear march from London to Geneva, 2008 Marche antinucleaire Angers.jpg
Anti-nuclear march from London to Geneva, 2008

The first Aldermaston March organised by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament took place at Easter 1958, when several thousand people marched for four days from Trafalgar Square, London, to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment close to Aldermaston in Berkshire, England, to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons. [12] [13] The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four-day marches. [14]

One significant anti-nuclear mobilisation in the 1980s was the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp. It began in September 1981 after a Welsh group called "Women for Life on Earth" arrived at Greenham to protest against the decision of the Government to allow cruise missiles to be based there. [15] The women's peace camp attracted significant media attention and "prompted the creation of other peace camps at more than a dozen sites in Britain and elsewhere in Europe". [15] In December 1982 some 30,000 women from various peace camps and other peace organisations held a major protest against nuclear weapons on Greenham Common. [16]

On 1 April 1983, about 70,000 people linked arms to form a human chain between three nuclear weapons centres in Berkshire. The anti-nuclear demonstration stretched for 14 miles along the Kennet Valley. [17]

In London, in October 1983, more than 300,000 people assembled in Hyde Park. This was "the largest protest against nuclear weapons in British history", according to the New York Times. [16]

Molesworth peace camp was set up outside RAF Molesworth, which was the focus of large protests at Easter 1985 and February 1986, during one of which Bruce Kent, one of the leaders of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, attempted to cut through the fence in full view of the police. A protest presence remained outside the station well into the 1990s recording the movement of cruise missiles.

Faslane Naval Base has nuclear capable missiles and is part of the HM Naval Base Clyde in Scotland. Faslane has attracted demonstrations by Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and Trident Ploughshares. Faslane Peace Camp is a permanent peace camp outside the base gates, and there are frequent demonstrations at the base gates. The Scottish National Party, the Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Green Party all oppose the deployment of nuclear weapons, and it is not unusual for members of these parties to be present at rallies outside Faslane. Such events aim to keep the base closed for as long as possible by preventing its staff from arriving for work, and usually involve large numbers of protesters being arrested for non-violent civil disobedience. The Radical Independence Campaign political organisation also opposes nuclear weapons and the Trident nuclear weapons programme. [18] [19] [20]

Other peace camps were set up at the same time at Naphill, Daws Hill, Upper Heyford, and Lakenheath though none lasted more than a few years. [21]

In 2005 in Britain, there were many protests about the government's proposal to replace the ageing Trident weapons system with a newer model. The largest protest had 100,000 participants and, according to polls, 59 percent of the public opposed the move. [22]

In October 2008 in the United Kingdom, more than 30 people were arrested during one of the largest anti-nuclear protests at the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston for 10 years. The demonstration marked the start of the UN World Disarmament Week and involved about 400 people. [23]

In October 2011, more than 200 protesters blockaded the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station site. Members of several anti-nuclear groups that are part of the Stop New Nuclear alliance barred access to the site in protest at EDF Energy's plans to renew the site with two new reactors. [24]

In January 2012, three hundred anti-nuclear protestors marched against plans to build a new nuclear power station at Wylfa. The march was organised by Pobl Atal Wylfa B, Greenpeace and Cymdeithas yr Iaith, which are supporting a farmer who is in dispute with Horizon. [25]

In February 2012, protesters set up camp in an abandoned farm on the site of the proposed Hinkley Point C nuclear power station. They are "angry West Somerset Council has given EDF Energy the go-ahead for preparatory work before planning permission has been granted". The group of about seven protesters also claim a nature reserve is at risk from the proposals. [26]

On 10 March 2012, the first anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, hundreds of anti-nuclear campaigners formed a symbolic chain around Hinkley Point to express their determined opposition to new nuclear power plants, and to call on the coalition government to abandon its plan for seven other new nuclear plants across the UK. Similar protests took place against new nuclear plants at Wylfa in North Wales and Heysham in Lancashire.[ citation needed ]

In April 2013, thousands of Scottish campaigners, MSPs, and union leaders, rallied against nuclear weapons. The Scrap Trident Coalition wants to see an end to nuclear weapons, and says saved monies should be used for health, education and welfare initiatives. There was also a blockade of the Faslane Naval Base, where Trident missiles are stored. [27]

Specific groups

The now-familiar peace symbol was originally the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament logo. -StopTrident CND (25285108096).jpg
The now-familiar peace symbol was originally the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament logo.

One of the most prominent anti-nuclear groups in the UK is the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). CND favours nuclear disarmament by all countries and tighter international regulation through treaties such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. CND is also opposed to any new nuclear power stations being built in the United Kingdom. One of the activities most strongly associated with CND is the Aldermaston Marches. Other anti-nuclear groups in the UK include:

Public opinion

Nuclear weapons

Historically, public support for unilateral nuclear disarmament has remained at about one in four of the population." [46] [47] Between 1955 and 1962, 19% to 33% of people in Britain expressed disapproval of the manufacture of nuclear weapons. [48] Public support for unilateralism in September 1982 reached 31%. [49] Support fell after the end of the Cold war and even after the collapse of the Soviet Union British nuclear weapons had majority support. [49]

In 2005, Greenpeace commissioned MORI to conduct an opinion poll which asked about attitudes to Trident and the use of nuclear weapons. When asked whether the UK should replace Trident, without being told of the cost, 44% of respondents said "Yes" and 46% said "No". When asked the same question and told of the cost, 33% said "Yes" and 54% said "No". [50]

In the same poll, when asked "Would you approve or disapprove of the UK using nuclear weapons against a country we are at war with?"

However, a more recent poll by YouGov in 2013 found that just 24% of people supported scrapping nuclear weapons if there was an option of a cheaper, less powerful system, and 29% supported scrapping them if there was no cheaper alternative. [51] A 2015 YouGov poll had similar results for the whole UK with 25% supporting scrapping Trident, but that increased to 48% in Scotland. [52]

CND's policy of opposing American nuclear bases is said to be in tune with public opinion. [53]

Nuclear power

In March 2006, a protest took place in Derby where campaigners handed a letter to Margaret Beckett, head of DEFRA, outside Derby City Council about the dangers of nuclear power stations. No nuclear.jpg
In March 2006, a protest took place in Derby where campaigners handed a letter to Margaret Beckett, head of DEFRA, outside Derby City Council about the dangers of nuclear power stations.

A large nationally representative 2010 British survey about energy issues found that public opinion is divided on the issue of nuclear power. The majority of people are concerned about nuclear power and public trust in the government and nuclear industry remains relatively low. The survey showed that there is a clear preference for renewable energy sources over nuclear power. [54]

According to a national opinion poll, support for nuclear power in the UK dropped by twelve percent following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. [55]

It was reported in 2011 that the government's programme to build new nuclear power stations in England would be "delayed by at least three months so that lessons can be learned from the accident at Fukushima in Japan". [56] [57]

In July 2012, a YouGov poll showed that 63 percent of UK respondents agreed that nuclear generation should be part of the country's energy mix, up from 61 percent in 2010. Opposition fell to 11 percent. [58] [ needs update ]

Academics and consultants

In early 2008 a group of scientists and academics forming the Nuclear Consultation Working Group released a report criticising government proposals to build a new generation of nuclear power plants. [59] [60] Contributors included:

Other individuals

Criticism

George Monbiot, an English writer known for his environmental and political activism, once expressed deep antipathy to the nuclear industry. [63] He finally rejected his later neutral position regarding nuclear power in March 2011. Although he "still loathe[s] the liars who run the nuclear industry", [64] Monbiot now advocates its use, having been convinced of its relative safety by what he considers the limited effects of the 2011 Japan tsunami on nuclear reactors in the region. [64] Subsequently, he has harshly condemned the anti-nuclear movement, writing that it "has misled the world about the impacts of radiation on human health ... made [claims] ungrounded in science, unsupportable when challenged and wildly wrong". [65]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disarmament</span> Act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons, usually on a national scale

Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons. Disarmament generally refers to a country's military or specific type of weaponry. Disarmament is often taken to mean total elimination of weapons of mass destruction, such as nuclear arms. General and Complete Disarmament was defined by the United Nations General Assembly as the elimination of all WMD, coupled with the “balanced reduction of armed forces and conventional armaments, based on the principle of undiminished security of the parties with a view to promoting or enhancing stability at a lower military level, taking into account the need of all States to protect their security.”

Trident Ploughshares is an activist anti-nuclear weapons group, founded in 1998 with the aim of "beating swords into ploughshares". This is specifically by attempting to disarm the UK Trident nuclear weapons system, in a non-violent manner. The original group consisted of six core activists, including Angie Zelter, founder of the non-violent Snowball Campaign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peace camp</span> Form of physical protest camp

Peace camps are a form of physical protest camp that is focused on anti-war and anti-nuclear activity. They are set up outside military bases by members of the peace movement who oppose either the existence of the military bases themselves, the armaments held there, or the politics of those who control the bases. They began in the 1920s and became prominent in 1982 due to the worldwide publicity generated by the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp. They were particularly a phenomenon of the United Kingdom in the 1980s where they were associated with sentiment against American imperialism but Peace Camps have existed at other times and places since the 1920s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HMNB Clyde</span> Royal Navy base in Scotland

His Majesty's Naval Base, Clyde, primarily sited at Faslane on the Gare Loch, is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy. It is the navy's headquarters in Scotland and is best known as the home of Britain's nuclear weapons, in the form of nuclear submarines armed with Trident missiles.

Faslane Peace Camp is a permanent peace camp sited alongside Faslane Naval base in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It has been occupied continuously, in a few different locations, since 12 June 1982. In 1984, the book Faslane:Diary of a Peace Camp was published, co-written by the members of the peacecamp at the time. There is also a secondary site on Raeberry Street in North Glasgow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter Wolfgang</span> German-born British socialist and peace activist (1923–2019)

Walter Jakob Wolfgang was a German-born British socialist and peace activist. Up to the time of his death, he was Vice-President of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and Vice Chair of Labour CND, a caucus of CND members who are also members of the Labour Party. He was also a supporter of the Stop the War Coalition. Walter became better known to the general public after cameras recorded him being forcibly ejected from the annual Labour Party Conference in Brighton on 28 September 2005, aged 82, for shouting "nonsense" during Jack Straw's speech in which the then Foreign Secretary extoled the virtues of the government's role in the Iraq War. The eviction of Walter Wolfgang provoked much media comment and embarrassed the Labour leadership. The following morning he was re-admitted to conference to a standing ovation and an apology from the chair of the session.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-nuclear movement</span> Social movement

The anti-nuclear movement is a social movement that opposes various nuclear technologies. Some direct action groups, environmental movements, and professional organisations have identified themselves with the movement at the local, national, or international level. Major anti-nuclear groups include Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Peace Action, Seneca Women's Encampment for a Future of Peace and Justice and the Nuclear Information and Resource Service. The initial objective of the movement was nuclear disarmament, though since the late 1960s opposition has included the use of nuclear power. Many anti-nuclear groups oppose both nuclear power and nuclear weapons. The formation of green parties in the 1970s and 1980s was often a direct result of anti-nuclear politics.

Janet Elizabeth Bloomfield was a British peace and disarmament campaigner who was chair of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) from 1993 to 1996.

Nuclear power in the United Kingdom generated 16.1% of the country's electricity in 2020. As of August 2022, the UK has 9 operational nuclear reactors at five locations, producing 5.9 GWe. It also has nuclear reprocessing plants at Sellafield and the Tails Management Facility (TMF) operated by Urenco in Capenhurst.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</span>

The Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament is the Scottish representative body of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN). The Scottish CND campaigns for the abolition of nuclear weapons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RNAD Coulport</span> UK nuclear warhead storage depot in Argyll and Bute, Scotland

Royal Naval Armaments Depot Coulport, shortened to RNAD Coulport, on Loch Long in Argyll, Scotland, is the storage and loading facility for the nuclear warheads of the United Kingdom's Trident programme.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trident (UK nuclear programme)</span> British nuclear programme for the development, procurement and operation of Trident nuclear weapons

Trident, also known as the Trident nuclear programme or Trident nuclear deterrent, covers the development, procurement and operation of nuclear weapons in the United Kingdom and their means of delivery. Its purpose as stated by the Ministry of Defence is to "deter the most extreme threats to our national security and way of life, which cannot be done by other means". Trident is an operational system of four Vanguard-class submarines armed with Trident II D-5 ballistic missiles, able to deliver thermonuclear warheads from multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs). It is operated by the Royal Navy and based at Clyde Naval Base on the west coast of Scotland. At least one submarine is always on patrol to provide a continuous at-sea capability. The missiles are manufactured in the United States, while the warheads are British.

The Aldermaston marches were anti-nuclear weapons demonstrations in the 1950s and 1960s, taking place on Easter weekend between the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston in Berkshire, England, and London, over a distance of fifty-two miles, or roughly 83 km. At their height in the early 1960s they attracted tens of thousands of people and were the highlight of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) calendar. Similar demonstrations also took place around the world.

Anti-nuclear organizations may oppose uranium mining, nuclear power, and/or nuclear weapons. Anti-nuclear groups have undertaken public protests and acts of civil disobedience which have included occupations of nuclear plant sites. Some of the most influential groups in the anti-nuclear movement have had members who were elite scientists, including several Nobel Laureates and many nuclear physicists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-nuclear protests</span>

Anti-nuclear protests began on a small scale in the U.S. as early as 1946 in response to Operation Crossroads. Large scale anti-nuclear protests first emerged in the mid-1950s in Japan in the wake of the March 1954 Lucky Dragon Incident. August 1955 saw the first meeting of the World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs, which had around 3,000 participants from Japan and other nations. Protests began in Britain in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the United Kingdom, the first Aldermaston March, organised by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, took place in 1958. In 1961, at the height of the Cold War, about 50,000 women brought together by Women Strike for Peace marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons. In 1964, Peace Marches in several Australian capital cities featured "Ban the Bomb" placards.

The Direct Action Committee Against Nuclear War or the Direct Action Committee (DAC) was a pacifist organisation formed "to assist the conducting of non-violent direct action to obtain the total renunciation of nuclear war and its weapons by Britain and all other countries as a first step in disarmament". It existed from 1957 to 1961.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the anti-nuclear movement</span> Aspect of history

The application of nuclear technology, both as a source of energy and as an instrument of war, has been controversial.

Action AWE is a grassroots activist anti-nuclear weapons campaign/group launched in February 2013. Its aim is to increase and activate public opposition to the UK Trident nuclear weapons system, and depleted uranium warheads manufactured at AWE Burghfield, along with AWE Aldermaston.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</span> British organisation advocating unilateral nuclear disarmament

The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) is an organisation that advocates unilateral nuclear disarmament by the United Kingdom, international nuclear disarmament and tighter international arms regulation through agreements such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It opposes military action that may result in the use of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and the building of nuclear power stations in the UK.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rebecca Johnson (activist)</span> British peace activist

Rebecca Johnson is a British peace activist and expert on nuclear disarmament. She is the director and founder of Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy as well as a co-founding strategist and organiser of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons.

References

  1. 1 2 "Nuclear power: Eight sites identified for future plants". BBC News. BBC. 18 October 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  2. ↑ "Answers to your questions on energy in Scotland". The Scottish Government. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  3. ↑ "Official Report 17 January 2008". The Scottish Parliament. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  4. 1 2 David Maddox (30 March 2012). "Nuclear disaster casts shadow over future of UK's energy plans". The Scotsman.
  5. ↑ Sustainable Development Commission. Public engagement and nuclear power Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Sustainable Development Commission. Is Nuclear the Answer? Archived 22 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine p. 12.
  7. ↑ Sustainable Development Commission. The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon Economy Archived 21 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine p. 1.
  8. ↑ UK nuclear weapons plan unveiled BBC News, 4 December 2006.
  9. ↑ Helen Pidd. Trident nuclear missiles are £20bn waste of money, say generals The Guardian, 16 January 2009.
  10. ↑ Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (1976). Nuclear Power and the Environment Archived 17 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine p. 202.
  11. ↑ Rob Edwards (2 May 2012). "Nuclear waste 'may be blighting 1,000 UK sites'". The Guardian. London.
  12. ↑ Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. The history of CND
  13. ↑ "Early defections in march to Aldermaston". London: Guardian Unlimited. 5 April 1958.
  14. ↑ Jim Falk (1982). Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power, Oxford University Press, pp. 96–97.
  15. 1 2 David Cortright (2008). Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas, Cambridge University Press, p. 147.
  16. 1 2 David Cortright (2008). Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas, Cambridge University Press, p. 148.
  17. ↑ Paul Brown, Shyama Perera and Martin Wainwright. Protest by CND stretches 14 miles The Guardian, 2 April 1983.
  18. 1 2 Gordon, Tom (23 November 2014). "'People's vow' unveiled at radical independence conference". The Herald. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  19. ↑ Macdonell, Hamish (24 November 2012). "Radicals threaten Salmond and Scottish independence campaign". The Independent. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  20. ↑ Carrell, Severin (18 September 2015). "Scotland's Rise alliance ready to challenge SNP in Holyrood". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  21. ↑ Peace Camps
  22. ↑ Lawrence S. Wittner. A rebirth of the anti-nuclear weapons movement? Portents of an anti-nuclear upsurge Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 7 December 2007.
  23. ↑ More than 30 arrests at Aldermaston anti-nuclear protest The Guardian, 28 October 2008.
  24. ↑ "Hinkley Point power station blockaded by anti-nuclear protesters". The Guardian. London. 3 October 2011.
  25. ↑ Elgan Hearn (25 January 2012). "Hundreds protest against nuclear power station plans". Online Mail.
  26. ↑ "Anti-nuclear campaigners set up camp at Hinkley C site". BBC News. 12 February 2012.
  27. ↑ "Thousands of anti-nuclear protesters attend Glasgow march against Trident". Daily Record. 13 April 2013.
  28. ↑ CANSAR
  29. ↑ Wright, Oliver (15 December 2014). "Greens, SNP and Plaid Cymru 'may back Labour' - if they scrap Trident". The Independent. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  30. ↑ "IF NOT NOW, WHEN? MANIFESTO 2019" (PDF). greenparty.org.uk. 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  31. ↑ Low Level Radiation Campaign
  32. ↑ News and information about the UK nuclear industry
  33. ↑ No new nukes!
  34. ↑ Welcome to Nuclear Pledge
  35. ↑ "Adam Price reiterates Plaid Cymru's opposition to nuclear weapons". Nation.Cymru. 1 May 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  36. ↑ Tegeltija, Sam (18 January 2015). "Plaid Cymru to join forces with SNP and Greens in debate over Trident weapons programme". WalesOnline. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  37. ↑ Scram: a look back
  38. ↑ Nutt, Kathleen (11 April 2021). "Greens in pledge to ban Trident before Scottish independence". The National. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  39. 1 2 "The SNP and Greens to unite on Trident". The Scotsman. 4 April 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  40. 1 2 Green, Chris (2 September 2021). "Trident: SNP and Greens rule out deal to keep nuclear weapons in Scotland". i news. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  41. ↑ Shutdown Sizewell Campaign
  42. ↑ Nuclear incident only avoided by eagle-eyed contractor
  43. ↑ Stop Hinkley
  44. ↑ Anti-nuclear groups fear danger at new reactor
  45. ↑ "Nuclear is too little, too late and too dangerous". Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
  46. ↑ April Carter, Direct Action and Liberal Democracy, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973, p.64
  47. ↑ Andy Byrom, "British attitudes on nuclear weapons", Journal of Public Affairs, 7: 71–77, 2007
  48. ↑ W.P.Snyder, The Politics of British Defense Policy, 1945–1962, Ohio University Press, 1964
  49. 1 2 Caedel, Martin, "Britain's Nuclear Disarmers", in Laqueur, W., European Peace Movements and the Future of the Western Alliance, Transaction Publishers, 1985, p.233 ISBN   0-88738-035-2
  50. 1 2 "British Attitudes to Nuclear Weapons" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  51. ↑ "YouGov".
  52. ↑ "Poll: 25 of Brits and 48 of Scots think UK should scrap Trident".
  53. ↑ James Hinton "Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament", in Roger S.Powers, Protest, Power and Change, Taylor and Francis, 1997, p.63 ISBN   0-8153-0913-9
  54. ↑ Spence, Alexa et al. (2010). Public Perceptions of Climate Change and Energy Futures in Britain Archived 24 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine School of Psychology, Cardiff University.
  55. ↑ Bibi van der Zee (22 March 2011). "Japan nuclear crisis puts UK public off new power stations". The Guardian. London.
  56. ↑ Rob Edwards (5 April 2011). "UK nuclear plans on hold after Fukushima". The Guardian. London.
  57. ↑ Kari Lundgren (28 July 2011). "Centrica Says Nuclear Plants Likely Delayed, Slows Spending". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.
  58. ↑ Schaps, Karolin (2 July 2012). "UK popular support for nuclear power rises -poll". Reuters.
  59. ↑ Vidal, John (4 January 2008). "Scientists take on Brown over nuclear plans". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  60. ↑ Dorfman, Paul (ed.). "Nuclear Consultation: Public Trust in Government" (PDF). London: Nuclear Consultation Working Group. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  61. ↑ Fears over nuclear waste transport plan
  62. ↑ Jon Kelly. Nuclear veterans vow to fight on BBC News, 10 January 2008.
  63. ↑ George Monbiot "The nuclear winter draws near", The Guardian, 30 March 2000
  64. 1 2 Monbiot, George (21 March 2011). "Why Fukushima made me stop worrying and love nuclear power". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  65. ↑ Monbiot, George (4 April 2011). "Evidence Meltdown". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.