Appetite stimulant

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An orexigenic, or appetite stimulant, is a drug, hormone, or compound that increases appetite and may induce hyperphagia. This can be a medication or a naturally occurring neuropeptide hormone, such as ghrelin, orexin or neuropeptide Y, [1] [2] which increases hunger and therefore enhances food consumption. Usually appetite enhancement is considered an undesirable side effect of certain drugs as it leads to unwanted weight gain, [3] [4] [5] but sometimes it can be beneficial and a drug may be prescribed solely for this purpose, especially when the patient is suffering from severe appetite loss or muscle wasting due to cystic fibrosis, anorexia, old age, cancer or AIDS. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] There are several widely used drugs which can cause a boost in appetite, including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), tetracyclic antidepressants, natural or synthetic cannabinoids, first-generation antihistamines, most antipsychotics and many steroid hormones. In the United States, no hormone or drug has currently been approved by the FDA specifically as an orexigenic, with the exception of dronabinol, which received approval for HIV/AIDS-induced anorexia only.

Contents

List of orexigenics

Not ephedra/clenbuterol (which is an appetite suppressant), but salbutamol, flerobuterol, Zilpaterol, and related drugs.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Diepvens K, Häberer D, Westerterp-Plantenga M (Mar 2008). "Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones in healthy humans". Int J Obes (Lond). 32 (3): 510–8. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803758. PMID   18345020.
  2. ↑ Akimoto S, Miyasaka K (July 2010). "Age-associated changes of hunger-regulating peptides". Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 10 Suppl 1: S107–19. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00587.x . PMID   20590826. S2CID   33227343.
  3. ↑ Purnell JQ, Weyer C (2003). "Weight effect of current and experimental drugs for diabetes mellitus: from promotion to alleviation of obesity". Treatments in Endocrinology. 2 (1): 33–47. doi:10.2165/00024677-200302010-00004. PMID   15871553. S2CID   8088326.
  4. ↑ Hermansen K, Mortensen LS (2007). "Bodyweight changes associated with antihyperglycaemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Drug Safety. 30 (12): 1127–42. doi:10.2165/00002018-200730120-00005. PMID   18035865. S2CID   19877584.
  5. ↑ Maayan L, Correll CU (July 2010). "Management of antipsychotic-related weight gain". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 10 (7): 1175–200. doi:10.1586/ern.10.85. PMC   3501406 . PMID   20586697.
  6. ↑ Strasser F, Bruera ED (June 2002). "Update on anorexia and cachexia". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 16 (3): 589–617. doi:10.1016/s0889-8588(02)00011-4. PMID   12170570.
  7. ↑ Nasr SZ, Drury D (March 2008). "use in cystic fibrosis" (PDF). Pediatric Pulmonology. 43 (3): 209–19. doi:10.1002/ppul.20766. hdl: 2027.42/57930 . PMID   18219690. S2CID   43667706.
  8. ↑ Morley JE (2007). "Weight loss in older persons: new therapeutic approaches". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 13 (35): 3637–47. doi:10.2174/138161207782794149. PMID   18220800.
  9. ↑ Fox CB, Treadway AK, Blaszczyk AT, Sleeper RB (April 2009). "Megestrol acetate and mirtazapine for the treatment of unplanned weight loss in the elderly". Pharmacotherapy. 29 (4): 383–97. doi:10.1592/phco.29.4.383. PMID   19323618. S2CID   6695434.
  10. ↑ Holmes S (July 2009). "A difficult clinical problem: diagnosis, impact and clinical management of cachexia in palliative care". International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 15 (7): 320, 322–6. doi:10.12968/ijpn.2009.15.7.43421. PMID   19648846.
  11. ↑ Lang F, Perrier E, Pellet J. [Noradrenergic hypothesis in anorexia nervosa: prospective study using beta-stimulant therapy]. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1983;141(8):918-25.
  12. ↑ Ness-Abramof R, Apovian CM (Aug 2005). "Drug-induced weight gain". Drugs of Today. 41 (8): 547–55. doi:10.1358/dot.2005.41.8.893630. PMID   16234878. S2CID   34960274.
  13. ↑ LYRICA (pregabalin), CV. Full Prescribing Information, Section 5.7 (Weight Gain). Pfizer, Inc. Revised June, 2013.
  14. ↑ "Fructose Metabolism: Relation to Food Intake & Metabolic Dysfunction". themedicalbiochemistrypage.org. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  15. ↑ Caton SJ, Nolan LJ, Hetherington MM (2015). "Alcohol, Appetite and Loss of Restraint". Curr Obes Rep. 4 (1): 99–105. doi:10.1007/s13679-014-0130-y. PMID   26627094. S2CID   36018101.
  16. ↑ Cooper, S. J. (2005). "Palatability-dependent appetite and benzodiazepines: new directions from the pharmacology of GABA(A) receptor subtypes". Appetite. 44 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.01.003. PMID   15808888. S2CID   1394424.

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