Arborglyph

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Tree carving in Bielinek (Bellinchen), Pomerania, immediately east of the Oder. It reads, in Russian, "March 1945, Death to the Germans." Arborglyph 1945 Bielinek tree kz01.jpg
Tree carving in Bielinek (Bellinchen), Pomerania, immediately east of the Oder. It reads, in Russian, "March 1945, Death to the Germans."

Arborglyphs, dendroglyphs, silvaglyphs, or modified cultural trees are carvings of shapes and symbols into the bark of living trees. Although most often referring to ancient cultural practices, the term also refers to modern tree-carving.

Contents

Love carvings

Lovers' initials carved into trees. Confession of love (Unsplash).jpg
Lovers' initials carved into trees.

Carving names and initials into trees is a common practice among lovers; the carvings can last for decades, as a symbol of the permanence of the couple's love. This practice would appear to date back up to the classical era, with Callimachus writing in his Aetia, "But graven on your bark may ye bear such writing as shall declare 'Cydippe beautiful'" (fragment 73). It also appears in the Eclogues of Virgil: "Resolved am I in the woods, rather, with wild beasts to couch, and bear my doom, and character my love upon the tender tree-trunks: they will grow, and you, my love, grow with them." [1]

This carving was also practised in Renaissance England, as evidenced by the writings of William Shakespeare (in As You Like It , 1599) and John Evelyn (in Sylva, 1664). [2]

Damage to trees

Sign warning visitors not to carve into bark in Waterloo State Recreation Area, Michigan Waterloo 631.jpg
Sign warning visitors not to carve into bark in Waterloo State Recreation Area, Michigan

Carving in the bark may damage the tree, by allowing diseases or pests to enter the tree. [3] Bark acts as a protective layer similar to the way skin does in humans, keeping pests and harmful bacteria out of the organism. Breaking the protective layer not only allows disease in, but it may also cause cellular damage if the cut penetrates below the bark, disrupting its ability to transport nutrients through xylem and phloem. Owing to the fungal systems that link some trees, disease may even spread to surrounding trees. [4] [5]

Culturally significant dendroglyphs

People around the world have carved designs in trees imbued with cultural or spiritual significance. These include Aboriginal Australian peoples, including in present-day New South Wales, [6] Western Australia, and Northern Territory. [7] In parts of Latvia and Estonia, some rural-dwelling people carve a cross on a certain tree after someone dies. In the western United States, there are incised drawings on aspens known as arborglyphs, made by shepherds and hunters, [6] and there are carvings made by the Chumash people depicting astronomical features. [8]

Australasia

Boabs in Western Australia

Boab in the Kimberley Boab tree in February, Kimberley region, Western Australia.jpg
Boab in the Kimberley

In 2021, a collaborative project to find and trace histories etched in boab trees in the Kimberley region of Western Australia was launched. Researchers from four universities are working with Aboriginal communities and using photogrammetry to record 3D images of carvings on the huge trees, [9] in the first systematic survey of carved boab trees in Australia. [7] In October 2022, the team published the results of their survey of such trees in the Tanami Desert. [10] The survey records the dendroglyphs, which relate to the Lingka Dreaming track across the desert. Also known as the King Brown Snake dreaming, many of the carvings are of snakes, but also include emu and kangaroo tracks; geometric markings; and, further west, crocodiles, turtles and Wanjina figures. [7]

Chatham Islands

Moriori carving c. 1900 Moriori carving Chatham Islands 1900.jpg
Moriori carving c. 1900
An example of Chatham Islands carvings Chatham Island Tree Carving.JPG
An example of Chatham Islands carvings

In the Chatham Islands (Rēkohu) of New Zealand, the indigenous Moriori people practised the art of momori rakau , or tree carving. The carvings depict Moriori karapuna (ancestors) and symbols of the natural world, such as patiki (flounder) and the hopo (albatross). They are all done on the bark of Corynocarpus laevigatus , or kopi, trees, which have thick, soft bark, and are all located near evidence of settlements in the form of middens.They were done between sometime in the 17th century and around 1835, which is when the Māori people arrived on the island. Most of those seen today were made in the 19th century. [6]

During the 1940s, many fallen trees were found with carvings, in 31 different places on Chatham Island and at Te Puinga on Pitt Island. A survey done in late 1998 found 147 trees with carvings in 5 locations on Rehoa, with 82 trees at Hapapu. [6]

The carvings are mostly images of people, with many of them showing ribs, somewhat similar to the X-ray art found throughout the Pacific region. It has been speculated that at least some of the symbols represent the dead, based on the fact that in some, the figures have their knees pulled up to their chests, in the position that deceased Moriori were buried in dunes. There are also images of animals, such as flounders and birds, and one of a seal was found on Pitt Island. Others showed tree-like symbols and weapons, and many of the trees have horizontal carvings, like rings. [6]

The best known examples of momori rakau are at JM Barker (Hapupu) National Historic Reserve, where the carvings and trees are protected by a fenced enclosure and the protection of being one of only two National Historic Reserves in New Zealand. The reserve was fenced in 1980 to provide protection for the tree carvings from grazing stock and is now showing good recovery. [6]

North America

Aspen carvings

Portrait in aspen tree of Tom Mix, dated 1936, Santa Fe National Forest, New Mexico Tom Mix dendroglyph.JPG
Portrait in aspen tree of Tom Mix, dated 1936, Santa Fe National Forest, New Mexico

Aspen carvings are arborglyphs made in the bark of aspen trees by shepherds, many of them Basque and Irish American, throughout the Western United States. They have been documented across northern California and in areas such as Boise, Idaho and Steamboat Springs, Colorado. [11] Basque immigrants from the Pyrenees came to work as shepherds in the mid-19th century, and, spending long hours alone in forests, etched drawings and poetry into the aspen trees with a knife or even their fingernails. One expert alone has recorded around 20,000 tree carvings across California, Nevada, and Oregon, dating from the early 1900s. The markings turned darker against the pale bark as the tree healed itself. Aspens typically only live around 100 years, but arborglyphs have also been found on dead fallen trees. The subject of these carvings range from dates and names to quite detailed drawings, sometimes depicting explicit sexual themes. The carvings often reflect their lonely lives. Wildfires, disease, and natural deterioration are reducing the number of the aspen arborglyphs. [3]

A grove of aspens with Basque arborglyphs in the Steens Mountain region of southeastern Oregon have been designated as Oregon Heritage Trees. [12]

A project was run by the USDA Forest Service in 1997 to record and study arborglyphs in the Fremont National Forest of southeastern Oregon, near Lakeview. [13]

Chumash arborglyph

The glyph on the "scorpion tree" (now known as the Chumash Arborglyph [8] ) viewed from Painted Rock in Carrizo Plain, California, shows the counterclockwise rotation of stars around Polaris, apparently showing Ursa Major in relation to Polaris. [14]

Paleontologist Rex Saint Onge, who saw the tree in 2006, realised that the tree was carved by Native Americans, specifically Chumash people. The ancient oak in the Santa Lucia Mountains in San Luis Obispo County had the outline of a lizard-like being with six legs, nearly 3 ft (0.91 m) tall, carved into its trunk, and included a rectangular crown and two large circles. The Chumash had painted similar designs on rock formations in California. [14]

Saint Onge was not the first European American to speculate that Chumash paintings might have astronomical implications. In the 1970s, anthropologist Travis Hudson's book Crystals in the Sky combined his observations of the rock art of the Chumash people with cultural data recorded by ethnographer John P. Harrington nearly a century earlier. [14]

The lower half of the lizard-like image is actually a graphic representation of the movement of a shadow over the course of a year. This was made with a Chumash invention similar to a sundial, in which the stick is aligned with the North Star, and the lines drawn on the rock are traced from the movement of the stick’s shadow on the days of the two solstices and equinoxes, which held cultural significance for the Chumash. [8]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Totem pole</span> Monumental carvings by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest

Totem poles are monumental carvings found in western Canada and the northwestern United States. They are a type of Northwest Coast art, consisting of poles, posts or pillars, carved with symbols or figures. They are usually made from large trees, mostly western red cedar, by First Nations and Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast including northern Northwest Coast Haida, Tlingit, and Tsimshian communities in Southeast Alaska and British Columbia, Kwakwaka'wakw and Nuu-chah-nulth communities in southern British Columbia, and the Coast Salish communities in Washington and British Columbia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chumash people</span> Native American tribe of California

The Chumash are a Native American people of the central and southern coastal regions of California, in portions of what is now San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura and Los Angeles counties, extending from Morro Bay in the north to Malibu in the south. Their territory included three of the Channel Islands: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel; the smaller island of Anacapa was likely inhabited seasonally due to the lack of a consistent water source.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chatham Islands</span> Remote New Zealand archipelago

The Chatham Islands are an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean about 800 km (430 nmi) east of New Zealand's South Island. They are administered as part of New Zealand. The archipelago consists of about 10 islands within an approximate 60 km (30 nmi) radius, the largest of which are Chatham Island and Pitt Island (Rangiauria). They include New Zealand's easternmost point, the Forty-Fours. Some of the islands, formerly cleared for farming, are now preserved as nature reserves to conserve some of the unique flora and fauna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moriori</span> Indigenous Polynesian people of the Chatham Islands

The Moriori are the indigenous Polynesian people of the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Moriori originated from Māori settlers from the New Zealand mainland around 1500 CE. This was near the time of the shift from the archaic to classic Māori culture on the main islands of New Zealand. Oral tradition records multiple waves of migration to the Chatham Islands, starting in the 16th century. Over several centuries these settlers' culture diverged from mainland Māori, developing a distinctive language, mythology, artistic expression and way of life. Currently there are around 700 people who identify as Moriori, most of whom no longer live on the Chatham Islands. During the late 19th century some prominent anthropologists mistakenly proposed that Moriori were pre-Māori settlers of mainland New Zealand, and possibly Melanesian in origin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indigenous Australian art</span> Art made by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia

Indigenous Australian art includes art made by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, including collaborations with others. It includes works in a wide range of media including painting on leaves, bark painting, wood carving, rock carving, watercolour painting, sculpting, ceremonial clothing and sandpainting; art by Indigenous Australians that pre-dates European colonisation by thousands of years, up to the present day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rock art</span> Human-made markings on natural stone

In archaeology, rock art is human-made markings placed on natural surfaces, typically vertical stone surfaces. A high proportion of surviving historic and prehistoric rock art is found in caves or partly enclosed rock shelters; this type also may be called cave art or parietal art. A global phenomenon, rock art is found in many culturally diverse regions of the world. It has been produced in many contexts throughout human history. In terms of technique, the four main groups are:

<i>Adansonia gregorii</i> Species of tree

Adansonia gregorii, commonly known as the boab and also known by a number of other names, is a tree in the family Malvaceae, endemic to the northern regions of Western Australia and the Northern Territory of Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pitt Island</span> Island of the Chatham Islands archipelago in New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karaka (tree)</span> Species of plant

Karaka or New Zealand laurel is an evergreen tree of the family Corynocarpaceae endemic to New Zealand. It is common throughout the North and South Islands to Banks Peninsula (43°45′S) and Okarito (43°20′S), on the Three Kings Islands, on Raoul Island in the Kermadecs, and on the Chatham Islands. It is widespread in coastal habitats, often forming a major component of coastal forest, though it rarely dominates. Most botanists consider it to be native only to the northern half of the North Island, having been planted elsewhere by Māori near former village sites, and subsequently spread by birds. The common name karaka comes from the Māori language, and is also the Māori term for the colour orange, from the colour of the fruit. In the Chatham Islands, it is called kōpī, its name in the Moriori language. It is naturalised and considered invasive in Hawaii.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scarred tree</span> Trees carved by Aboriginal Australians

A scarred tree or scar tree, also known as a canoe tree and shield tree, is a tree which has had bark removed by Aboriginal Australians for the creation of bark canoes, shelters, weapons such as shields, tools, traps, containers or other artefacts. Carved trees are created as a form of artistic and spiritual expression by some Aboriginal peoples, to mark sites of significance such as burial sites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hāpūpū / JM Barker National Historic Reserve</span> National reserve on Chatham Island, New Zealand

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The makila is a traditional Basque walking stick, and is notable as both a practical tool and a cultural symbol of authority and strength.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Culturally modified tree</span> Modification of a tree by indigenous people as part of their tradition

Culturally modified tree (CMT) is a tree modified by indigenous people as part of their tradition. Such trees are important sources for the history of certain regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rock art of the Chumash people</span>

Chumash rock art is a genre of paintings on caves, mountains, cliffs, or other living rock surfaces, created by the Chumash people of Southern California. Pictographs and petroglyphs are common through interior California, the rock painting tradition thrived until the 19th century. Chumash rock art is considered to be some of the most elaborate and plentiful rock art tradition in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</span>

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Wood carving is a common art form in the Cook Islands. Sculpture in stone is much rarer although there are some excellent carvings in basalt by Mike Tavioni. The proximity of islands in the southern group helped produce a homogeneous style of carving but which had special developments in each island. Rarotonga is known for its fisherman's gods and staff-gods, Atiu for its wooden seats, Mitiaro, Mauke and Atiu for mace and slab gods and Mangaia for its ceremonial adzes. Most of the original wood carvings were either spirited away by early European collectors or were burned in large numbers by missionary zealots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gija Jumulu</span> Boab tree moved 3200 km to Perth, Western Australia

Gija Jumulu is a boab tree which was transported 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) from Telegraph Creek, near Warmun in the Kimberley region of Western Australia to Kings Park in Perth. This was the longest land journey of a similar sized tree in history.

Coronation Island, also known as Garlinju, is located off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. It encompasses an area of 3,817 hectares. It is located off Port Nelson in the Bonaparte Archipelago, as a part of the group of islands known as the Coronation Islands, which were named by Philip Parker King, the first European to visit the islands in 1820, after the anniversary of the coronation of George III, who had died in January of that year.

Ruakākā Bay is a bay in Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui, New Zealand, sitting between Blackwood Bay and Bay of Many Coves / Miritū Bay.

References

  1. ↑ "They are names of lovers". en.antiquitatem.com. 10 December 2014.
  2. ↑ Porteous, Alexander (3 April 2012). The Forest in Folklore and Mythology. Courier Corporation. ISBN   9780486120324 – via Google Books.
  3. 1 2 Messenger, Steven (11 October 2018). "Archeologists Study the World's Oldest Tree Carvings". Treehugger.
  4. ↑ Erin & Brice (25 August 2020). "What Happens When We Carve Into Trees?". Leave No Trace. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  5. ↑ "The Harmful Effects of Tree Carving". Boyce Thompson Arboretum . 28 April 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Hapupu dendroglyphs". Wondermondo. 6 January 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 Salleh, Anna (11 October 2022). "Race against time to preserve Lingka Dreaming carvings on boab trees in Tanami Desert". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  8. 1 2 3 "How a tree carving changed the way we understand Chumash rock paintings". Chumash Science Through Time. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  9. ↑ "Tracing history via the Kimberley's "upside down" trees". WA Parks Foundation. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  10. ↑ O'Connor, Sue; Balme, Jane; et al. (11 October 2022). "Art in the bark: Indigenous carved boab trees (Adansonia gregorii) in north-west Australia". Antiquity. Antiquity Publications. 96 (390): 1574–1591. doi: 10.15184/aqy.2022.129 . ISSN   0003-598X. S2CID   252869226.
  11. ↑ Kelly Bastone, "Aspen Diaries" Archived February 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine , "Steamboat Magazine", Summer 2005
  12. ↑ "Oregon Travel Experience". Oregon Heritage Trees. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  13. ↑ Pedersen, Carol (12 October 2003). ""Mike Lucey: My Favorite Herder": Arborglyph Recording Project". passportintime.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  14. 1 2 3 Kettmann, Matt (9 February 2010). Time https://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1960661,00.html . Retrieved 12 October 2022.{{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

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