Archer artillery system

Last updated

Archer
Archerside commons.jpg
A deployed Archer
Type Wheeled self-propelled howitzer
Place of originSweden
Service history
In serviceSince 2016
Used by Operators
Production history
Designer Bofors
Designed1995–2009
Manufacturer BAE Systems AB
Unit costUS$4.5M (2010) [note 1]
US$10.4M (2023) [note 2]
ProducedSince 2010
No. built48 (+ 48 on order)
Specifications (See technical data)
Main
armament
 FH 77 derived howitzer
References Janes [1]

The Archer artillery system, or Archer – FH77BW L52, or Artillerisystem 08, is a Swedish self-propelled howitzer system. [3] [4] The main piece of the system is a fully automated 155 mm L52 (52-calibre-long) gun-howitzer and a M151 Protector remote-controlled weapon station mounted on a modified 6×6 chassis of the Volvo A30D all-terrain articulated hauler. The crew and engine compartment is armoured and the cab is fitted with bullet and fragmentation-resistant windows. The system also includes an ammunition resupply vehicle, a support vehicle, Bonus submunitions, [5] and M982 Excalibur guided projectiles.

Contents

Its superior attack range and exceptional maneuverability makes it ideal for counter-battery fire. [6]

Development

The project began in 1995 as earlier studies for a self-propelled system based on the existing FH 77 howitzer. Further test systems received the designation FH 77BD and FH 77BW. By 2004, two prototypes had been ordered based on a lengthened version of the FH 77B mounted on a modified Volvo Construction Equipment A30D six-wheel drive articulated haul truck.

In September 2006, BAE Systems Bofors received a SEK 40 million contract from the FMV (Försvarets materielverk, Swedish Defence Materiel Administration) for detailed design work on the Archer program.

In 2008, Sweden ordered a first batch of seven units, while Norway ordered one. [7] [8] In August 2009, Norway and Sweden ordered 24 Archers each, in a cooperative deal. [9] [10]

The howitzer was developed for the Swedish Armed Forces following a contract awarded to Bofors (now BAE Systems Bofors) in 2003 by Försvarets Materielverk (FMV), the Swedish defence acquisition agency to build two demonstrator howitzers. The prototype FH77 BW L52 self-propelled howitzers entered firing trials in Sweden in 2005 and 2006. In September 2006, the FMV placed a contract for detailed design work on Archer and, in January 2007, a contract for the next development phase. The Swedish Army had a requirement for 24 systems (two battalions). In September 2008, the Swedish government approved the final development and procurement of the Archer artillery system.

In November 2008, Sweden and Norway signed a co-operative agreement for the development of the Archer system and, in January 2009, awarded BAE Systems a contract to complete development of the artillery system with the exception of the remote weapon system which is made by Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace. A final prototype was scheduled for completion by September 2009, which was expected to be followed by a contract for 48 systems – 24 for Sweden and 24 for Norway. Archer was planned to enter service in 2011 but was delayed until October 2013. This was because of unforeseen technical problems. [11] It caused the Norwegian government to withdraw from the project in December 2013. [12]

The Swedish Army received its first four pre-serial production FH-77 BW L52 Archer systems on 23 September 2013, [13] [14] and the first guns finally entered service on 1 February 2016. [15]

In 2019, a new configuration of the Archer, with the howitzer mounted on a Rheinmetall MAN HX2 8×8 tactical truck, was revealed. Sweden had ordered a number of HX2 trucks in 2014, with deliveries commencing in 2017. [16] On 23 January 2020, Janes Information Services reported that BAE Systems Bofors had begun trials for the HX2 variant. [17]

Design

Vehicles

Operational vehicle platform – Volvo A30D

This vehicle platform is a modification of the Volvo A30D 6×6 articulated all-terrain hauler vehicle. It was developed for the first variant of the Archer artillery system. Operators control the entire gun system in any weather from the safety of the armoured vehicle cabin which is fitted with bullet and fragmentation-proof windows. The cabin seats up to four personnel. The howitzer is operated by three or four crew but can be run by a single operator. [18]

The system also includes a munition carrier consisting of a removable, modified standard container mounted on a ballistic-proofed all-terrain lorry. As per the agreement announced in March 2010, the contract to commence the serial production of 48 Archers was signed for US$200 million, resulting in a unit cost of US$4.17 million. [19]

Future vehicle platform – Rheinmetall HX2 8×8

The Rheinmetall HX2 8×8 (HX44M) is the second platform for which the Archer artillery system is being developed. [20] The Swedish Army ordered 48 in September 2023 for US$500 million. The delivery is planned to start from 2025. [21] There are no changes to the system mentioned other than its adaptation to the vehicle. [22]

Potential vehicle platform – Oshkosh defence trucks

BAE Bofors is proposing this system as an option to the US military, and concept variants based on the Oshkosh HEMTT (8×8) or the Oshkosh PLS (10×10). [23] [24] [25]

Ammunition

Another view of a deployed Archer Artcher commons.JPG
Another view of a deployed Archer

The vehicle carries 21 155 mm projectiles in a fully automatic magazine. [18] Reloading the magazine from the accompanying munitions carrier takes about 10 minutes using the purpose-built lifting device. The howitzer can use NATO modular charges or Bofors Uniflex 2 modular charges. The Uniflex 2IM modular charge system consists of two sizes of combustible charge cases; one full-size and one half-size case, both filled with the same type of insensitive guanylurea dinitramide (GuDN) propellant. The modular charge system allows several increments of charge to be available and increases the system's multiple rounds simultaneous impact (MRSI) capability and good range overlap between the increments. With BAE Bofors/Nexter Bonus rounds the range is 35 kilometres (22 mi). Due to the glide wings of the precision-guided Raytheon/Bofors M982 Excalibur rounds, the range of the gun is extended to more than 50 kilometres (31 mi). [18] The Excalibur shell is corrected in flight towards a pre-programmed trajectory by a GPS guidance system. For armoured vehicles, the Bofors 155 Bonus is used.

Operational capabilities

The system is designed for high strategic, operational and tactical mobility. The vehicle can reach road speeds of up to 90 kilometres per hour (56 mph), is capable of traversing snow up to a depth of one metre (3.3 ft), is rail transportable and can be air-transported in Boeing C-17 Globemaster III or Airbus A400M Atlas aircraft. [18] A large hydraulically operated stabilizer is installed in the rear of the chassis and is lowered with the vehicle in the selected firing position. The gun elevation and traverse ranges are −1° to +70° vertically and −85° to +85° horizontally. The initial deployment time and the redeployment times are less than 30 seconds. [18] The system provides precision strike and high sustained firepower for support and for deep firing operations with more than 25 t of ammunition per gun and 24-hour operation. The howitzer has a continuous fire rate of 75 rounds per hour, an intensive fire rate of 20 rounds (i.e., a full magazine) in 2.5 minutes [18] (effective rate, 480 rounds per hour), and a salvo fire rate of three rounds in 15 seconds (effective rate, 720 rounds per hour). The MRSI capability, multiple round simultaneous impact, is up to 6 rounds. Direct-sighting can be used for target ranges up to 2,000 metres (2,200 yd).

Technical data

The detailed specifications and capabilities of each variant are summarised in the following table. [26]

ParametersVolvo A30D

(6×6)

 Rheinmetall HX2 (HX44M)

(8×8)

Vehicle characteristics
Length14.3 m (47 ft)13.1 m (43 ft)
Width3.0 m (9.8 ft)
Height3.4 m (11 ft)
Height (with turret)4.0 m (13.1 ft)
Gun elevation10.4 m (34 ft)
Mass34.0 t (75,000 lb)38.0 t (83,800 lb)
Power train
EngineVolvo D9B AC E3 (9,400 cm3, diesel, inline 6) [27] MAN D2066, (10,518 cm3, diesel, inline 6)
Engine power252 kW (343 PS)324 kW (441 PS)
Power / mass ratio7.41 kW/t (10.07 PS/t)8.53 kW/t (11.60 PS/t)
Torque1,700 N⋅m (1,300 lb⋅ft)2,100 N⋅m (1,500 lb⋅ft)
DrivetrainLongitudinal diff-lock on the move 6×4 or 6×6, diff-lock on each axle [28] Longitudinal diff-lock on the move 8×4 or 8×8, Hi-Lo transfer case MAN G172, diff-lock on each axle
Vehicle performance
Max speed70 km/h (43 mph) [29] 90 km/h (56 mph)
Cruising range650 km (400 mi)800 km (500 mi)
Max slope58% (30.0°)58% (30.0°)
Max lateral lean53.2% (28.0°)34.5% (19°)
Ground clearance0.45 m (1.5 ft)0.40 m (1.3 ft)
Fording depth1.00 m (3.28 ft)1.00 m (3.28 ft)
Weapon system
Primary weaponHowitzer 155 mm FH-77 BW L/52
Elevation-1° to +70°
Traverse-85° to +85°
Loading systemAutomatic loading
Projectile magazine21 projectiles
Propellant magazine126 modular propellant charges Bofors Uniflex 2 (made of insensitive guanylurea dinitramide, known as FOX-12 or GUDN).

The propellant magazine contains 18 rows with each 6 full charges and 1 "half" charge. [29]

Secondary weapon RCWS "Vapenstation 01"(M151 Protector with M2 Browning or 40mm automatic grenade launcher) [30]
Crew1 to 4 crew members: 1 driver, 1 commander, 2 operators

(The operators and commander can operate remotely)

3 crew members: 1 driver, 1 commander, 1 operator

(The operator and commander can operate remotely)

Electronic systems
Fire control system Fire control computer with NABK software (automated ballistics calculation, ammunition management, electronic fuse setting)
Target acquisition Open architecture for the integration to local battlefield management system for target data transmission
INS (inertial navigation) SAGEM Sigma 30 [31]
Muzzle velocity radar Weibel MVRS-700SC muzzle velocity radar
Weapon performance
Weapon setupWeapon ready to shoot in 20 seconds, out of action in 20 seconds
Rate of fire Multiple rounds simultaneous impact (MRSI) capable with 4 to 6 rounds depending on the range
  • Burst of 3 rounds in 20 seconds
  • Intensive mission of 21 rounds (full magazine) in 3 minutes
  • Continuous shooting, 54 rounds in 35 minutes
Shells in useQualified shells on Archer:
  • High explosive HE rounds, range < 30 km (19 mi)
  • High explosive extended HEER, range > 40 km (25 mi),
  • M982 Excalibur guided rounds, range < 50 km (31 mi)
  • Bofors / Nexter Bonus anti-armour rounds, range < 35 km (22 mi)
  • Smoke, illumination and training rounds
Protection [32]
HullIt uses Steel & appliqué armour. The cabin is protected against 7.62×51mm NATO AP rounds and artillery shell fragments (STANAG 4569 Level 3)
FloorThe floor of both cabins is protected against 6 kg (explosive mass) blast AT mine (STANAG 4569 Level 2b)
CBRNCabin overpressure and air filters
StealthRadar absorbent painting, radar stealth geometry and IR stealth and Saab Barracuda camouflage nets with IR and radar stealth features [29] Radar absorbent paint, IR stealth and Saab Barracuda camouflage nets with IR and radar stealth features [29]

Current operators

Swedish Artillery Regiment (A 9) demonstrates the highly-mobile Archer artillery system on 15 November 2021, at Camp Atterbury.
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  Current operators
Flag of Sweden.svg Swedish Army
26 owned as of 16 March 2023. [33]
  • Platform Volvo A30D: 24 in active service. [34] The Swedish Army ordered 24 Archer systems in 2009. An additional order for the 24 systems originally bought by Norway was placed in 2016. BAE Systems Bofors delivered 48 Archer to the Royal Swedish Artillery Regiment (9th Artillery regiment) between 2013 and 2022. [35] [36] [37] On 16 March 2023, the Swedish Government announced that 24 of the systems were in service and 24 were in storage. Among those formerly stored systems, 14 are to be sold and transferred to the British Army in March 2023 and 8 will be sent to Ukraine due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The remaining 2 units will be used by the Swedish army to further develop the Archer artillery system. [38] [39] [40]
  • Platform Rheinmetall HX2 8×8: 48 ordered. In September 2023 a contract for 48 Archer systems was signed, with deliveries scheduled to begin in 2025. [41] [2] The cost for 48 artillery systems is $500 million. [2]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Army
14 owned as of July 2024. [42] On 16 March 2023, the Swedish Government asked for permission from the Riksdag to sell 14 Archer Artillery Systems to the British Army as an interim replacement for 32 AS-90 gifted to Ukraine. [40] Ownership of the systems was transferred in March 2023, and they would be fully operational by the following April. [33] The first Archer was delivered in October 2023 [43] and all were delivered by July 2024. [44]
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukrainian Ground Forces
8 owned as of the end of 2023. On 16 March 2023, the Swedish government announced that it would send 8 Archer artillery systems to the Ukrainian armed forces. [40] The delivery was reported later in November 2023. [45] [46]

Potential operators

Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canadian Army
Canada is considering the purchase of new artillery systems. On one side, a MLRS system system is considered, and on the other side, a lightweight mobile artillery platform is being looked at, among which the Archer is an option. [47] [48]
Flag of Romania.svg Romanian Land Forces
BAE is offering the Archer for the Romanian Army, 36 wheeled self-propelled howitzers are planned to be ordered by Romania. [49] [50] [51]
Flag of the United States.svg US Army
In July 2020, the US Army released a request for proposals to evaluate wheeled self-propelled howitzers. In October 2020, BAE Systems offered the Archer as a participant to the RFP. [52] The other platforms tested were the ATMOS 2000, the CAESAr, the Brutus and the Nora B-52. [53] Throughout 2021, the various wheeled self-propelled howitzers conducted a shoot off evaluation at the Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona and at Camp Atterbury. The Archer was tested in November 2021. [54] As part of the evaluation, Lieutenant General Erik Peterson, visited Sweden to inspect the system in April 2022. [55] [56]
The interest for a wheeled self-propelled howitzer aims at increasing the mobility of the artillery capabilities, and to take a position between the M109 and the M777. At the same time, the platforms tested would offer an artillery system with an increased range as the greatest operational calibre in the US Army is the 155mm L/39. The US Army ultimately did not move forward with acquiring a wheeled howitzer system. [57]
At AUSA 2024, the US military mentioned its renewed interest for a wheeled howitzer under the "mobile tactical cannon" capability. The system will be selected in 2026, and a contract for a certain number of cannons is planned for 2027. The systems mentioned include the Archer and the RCH 155. [58]

Evaluation only

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Army
The Archer system was one of the contenders for the British Army's Mobile Fires Platform program. The variant offered was based on the Rheinmetall HX2 8×8 truck. As of December 2023, Babcock and Rheinmetall UK formally joined forces with BAE Bofors to pitch the Archer to the British Army. Among the competitors, there were: CAESAR (Nexter), the RCH-155 (KMW), the K9 Thunder (Hanwha Aerospace and Lockheed Martin) and the ATI (Artillery Truck Interface, a module based on a HX3 10×10, made by Rheinmetall) which could eventually use a 155 L/60 calibre. [59]
In April 2024, a defence agreement was reached between Germany and the United Kingdom, and the choice to purchase the RCH-155 was made. [60] [61]

Failed bid

Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Swiss Armed Forces
BAE Systems Bofors announced in June 2022 that Switzerland had shortlisted the Archer for the final round of its Future Artillery System competition "Artillerie Wirkplattform und Wirkmittel 2026". [62] The version selected is the one based on the Rheinmetall HX2 8×8. On 11 August 2022, the Swiss Federal Office for Defence Procurement confirmed this decision and announced that the Archer would compete against the RCH 155. One of the variant was based on the Boxer platform and one based on the Mowag Piranha IV 10×10, and were evaluated in 2024. [63]
In November 2024, the Swiss Armed Forces selected the RCH-155 based on the Mowag Piranha IV 10×10. [64]

Cancelled order

Flag of Norway.svg Norwegian Army
24 ordered for Royal Norwegian Artillery Battalion [65] but the order was cancelled in December 2013 due to delays in the development and production, therefore not meeting needs within the time remaining available. [66] Norway later chose to purchase the K9 Thunder in December 2017. [67]

Combat performance in Ukraine

In January 2024 a Ukrainian documentary crew from United24 observed the FH77BW Archer howitzer firing during combat missions. The news crew interviewed Ukrainian soldiers operating the system in the Luhansk region. One of the soldiers interviewed had previously worked with the Soviet-built D-20 howitzer. In contrast to the towed D-20's manual operation the Ukrainian soldier praised the automation and rapid emplacement of the FH77BW, describing it as "Sniper Artillery" for its one shot - one kill ability. [68]

In February 2024 an Archer artillery system was hit by a Russian loitering munition close to the city of Kupiansk. Russian sources claimed that the howitzer was destroyed while Ukrainian sources claimed that the damage done to the vehicle was likely repairable. [69]

In March 2024 a reconnaissance unit of the Ukrainian 63rd Mechanized Brigade detected multiple Russian D-20 howitzers near the city of Kreminna. The coordinates of the Russian howitzers was then passed on to the 45th Artillery Brigade which performed counter-battery fire using an Archer artillery system, with drone footage showing the destruction of three D-20 howitzers. [70] [71]

In May 2024, the Ukrainian 45th Artillery Brigade used the Archer system in combat during operations in the Luhansk region. The brigade's artillerymen, operating an FH77BW Archer howitzer successfully destroyed a Russian 2S19 Msta-S self-propelled artillery system near the village of Chervonopopivka. The Russian gun had been spotted by a Ukrainian reconnaissance team and the destruction was verified by a drone. [72]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Unit cost is based on the 2010 US$216 million contract for 48 systems. [1]
  2. ↑ Unit cost is based on the 2023 US$500 million contract for 48 systems. [2]

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References

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  21. ↑ "Sweden orders more ARCHER wheeled artillery systems".
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  27. ↑ "A30D with D9 engine – Volvo : Volvo Construction Equipment". www.volvoce.com. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  28. ↑ "A30D with D9 engine – Volvo : Volvo Construction Equipment". www.volvoce.com. Download 21_2_669_4161.indd (PDF, 592.7KB). Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  29. 1 2 3 4 "Ur arkivet: Avancerad teknik bakom den svenska superkanonen". Computer Sweden (in Swedish). Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  30. ↑ Försvarsmakten. "Galten med vapenstation till Afghanistan". Försvarsmakten (in Swedish). Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  31. ↑ "Safran dévoile à Eurosatory 2016 sa nouvelle gamme de centrales d'artillerie Sigma 30 | Safran".
  32. ↑ "FH 77BW L52 Archer (155mm samohybná kanónová houfnice) : Sweden (SWE)". Armedconflicts.com. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  33. 1 2 "British Army announces new artillery deal with Sweden" (Press release). Defence Equipment and Support, Ministry of Defence. 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  34. ↑ Erkanli, Dr Sertan (21 March 2023). "BAE Systems' Archer Artillery System | Defensebridge". defensebridge.com. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  35. ↑ "BAE Systems Delivers Archer Artillery System to Sweden" (Press release). BAE Systems. 28 September 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  36. ↑ Beal, Samuel (16 June 2022). "Eurosatory 2022: Sweden receives final batch of Archers and plans to order more" . www.shephardmedia.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  37. ↑ Sharma, Soumya (25 November 2022). "FMV receives 48th and last Archer artillery system from BAE Systems". Army Technology. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  38. ↑ "Sweden to send 8 Archer artillery systems to Ukraine". Yahoo News. 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  39. ↑ Råssjö, Pelle (2 November 2020). "Kanonglädje i Bofors – ska leverera fler Archer i försvarets nya satsning". SVT (in Swedish). Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  40. 1 2 3 Wallberg, Peter (16 March 2023). "Nu klart: Ukraina får åtta Archer". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  41. ↑ "Försvarsmakten tillförs 48 nya Archerpjäser" (Press release). Försvarsmakten. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  42. ↑ Bisht, Inder Singh (28 February 2023). "UK Seeks Ukraine-Bound AS90 Artillery Replacement Within 12 Months". The Defense Post. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  43. ↑ "DE&S has delivered the first Archer wheeled artillery system to the British Army" (Press release). Defence Equipment and Support, Ministry of Defence. 6 October 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  44. ↑ British Army's Archer arsenal now complete with the arrival of 10 more howitzers. Forces.net . 16 July 2024.
  45. ↑ Nyheter, S. V. T. (3 November 2023). "Svenska Archer på plats i Ukraina" [Swedish Archer on the ground in Ukraine]. SVT (in Swedish). Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  46. ↑ StrategyPage (1 Dec 2023) Artillery: Archer, Counterbattery and UAVs
  47. ↑ Belouizdad, Skander (2 May 2023). "As NATO allies grow impatient, Canada may be quietly planning major increase in defence spending: Richard Shimooka in the Hub". Macdonald-Laurier Institute. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  48. ↑ "ON TARGET: CANADIAN ARMED FORCES: At the Tipping Point". espritdecorps. 4 September 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  49. ↑ "BSDA 2024: BAE Systems to pitch AMPV, CV90, and Archer to Romania". Janes. Janes Information Services. 24 May 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  50. ↑ "S-a discutat producția în România a unor componente ale obuzierelor K9 Thunder. România demarează achiziția de obuziere autopropulsate" [Production of some components of the K9 Thunder howitzer in Romania under discussion. Romania begins to purchase self-propelled howitzers]. Defence Romania (in Romanian). 11 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  51. ↑ Dumitrache, Ciprian (31 May 2024). "Pentru România în viitor urmează și obuziere pe roți. Iar Archer ar putea fi integrat pe camioane Iveco produse aici, dar va fi concurență mare" [In the future, there will also be wheeled howitzers for Romania. And Archer could be integrated with Iveco trucks produced here, but there will be a lot of competition]. Defence Romania (in Romanian). Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  52. ↑ "ARCHER wheeled howitzer offered for U.S. Army's 155 mm gun system". www.baesystems.com. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  53. ↑ Bisht, Inder Singh (12 January 2022). "US Army Seeking Next-Gen 155mm Truck-Mounted Howitzer". The Defense Post. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  54. ↑ admin (6 January 2022). "Swedish Armed Forces Demonstrates Archer Artillery System At Camp Atterbury, Indiana - MilitaryLeak.COM". militaryleak.com. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  55. ↑ "USA:s armé intresserad av att köpa svenskt artilleri". 29 April 2022.
  56. ↑ "Artilleripjäsen väcker USA:s intresse: "Kvalificerad kund"". www.tv4.se. 4 May 2022.
  57. ↑ Judson, Jen (9 October 2023). "Change of plans: US Army embraces lessons learned from war in Ukraine". defensenews.com. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  58. ↑ Judson, Jen (15 October 2024). "Why the Army is looking abroad to close a widening artillery gun gap". Defense News. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  59. ↑ Chuter, Andrew (16 March 2023). "British Army buys 14 Archer howitzers to fill gap left by Ukraine aid". Defense News. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  60. ↑ Allison, George (24 April 2024). "Britain to purchase Boxer-based RCH155 artillery systems" . Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  61. ↑ "PM: UK and Germany open 'new chapter' in defence partnership". GOV.UK. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  62. ↑ "BAE Systems' ARCHER 155mm mobile howitzer shortlisted by Swiss Armed Forces" (Press release). BAE Systems. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  63. ↑ "Neues Artilleriesystem: Shortlist-Entscheid getroffen" [New artillery system: Shortlist decision made] (Press release) (in German). Armasuisse. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  64. ↑ "Swiss Armed Forces selects AGM Artillery Gun Module from KNDS Deutschland". 5 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  65. ↑ "Sweden's Archer Self-Propelled Artillery Project". Defense Industry Daily. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  66. ↑ Norway; Mod cancels participation in Swedish ARCHER 155mm Archived 11 December 2013 at archive.today . Dmilt.com, 11 December 2013
  67. ↑ Norway orders K9 howitzers in latest win for South Korean arms industry. Defense News . 20 December 2017.
  68. ↑ "Swedish Archer FH77BW L52 Howitzer in the Donetsk Region. Sniper Artillery in Action". www.youtube.com. 18 January 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  69. ↑ Norbergh, Erik (24 January 2022). "Uppgifter: En svensk Archer förstörd i Ukraina – Senaste nytt om kriget i Ukraina". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  70. ↑ 45 окрема артилерійська бригада ЗСУ (9 March 2024). Уражено 3 ворожі Д-20 артилеристами 45 ОАБр у взаємодії із аеророзвідкою 63 ОМБр. Східний напрямок . Retrieved 2 June 2024– via YouTube.
  71. ↑ "Archer ACS destroyed enemy D-20 howitzers". Militarnyi. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  72. ↑ "Ukrainian brigade destroys Russian artillery with cutting-edge Howitzer". www.essanews.com. 5 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
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