The Arditti Quartet is a string quartet founded in 1974 and led by the British violinist Irvine Arditti. The quartet is a globally recognized promoter of contemporary classical music[1] and has a reputation for having a very wide repertoire. They first became known taking into their repertoire technically challenging pieces. Over the years, there have been personnel changes but Irvine Arditti is still at the helm, leading the group. The repertoire of the group is mostly music from the last 50 years with a strong emphasis on living composers. Their aim from the beginning has been to collaborate with composers during the rehearsal process. However, unlike some other groups, it is loyal to music of a classical vein and avoids cross-genre music. The Quartet has performed in major concert halls and cultural festivals all over the world and has the longest discography of any group of its type. In 1999, it won the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize for lifetime achievement, being the first and only group to date to receive this award.
The Arditti Quartet is dedicated to 20th century and contemporary works, a niche in chamber music where classical masters dominate.[2] While they only play a handful of works from before the 20th century, they require that their repertoire maintains the tradition that has been established in Europe for several centuries. They do not work with composers from fields such as jazz, pop or crossover.[3] They concentrate on those from the last fifty years, along with very new music, mostly repertoire specially written for the ensemble to premiere.[4][5]
They have on occasion performed minimalist pieces such as "Mishima" by Philip Glass and the 1st quartet of Gavin Bryars which was written for them. Also works involving electronics are in their repertoire. York Holler's Antiphon, Kaija Saariaho's Nymphea and Roger Reynolds Ariadne's Thread. [7] In their first concert they played new compositions only, but by their second year, they decided that their repertoire needed to include works of the Second Viennese School and Bartók came soon after. Works from earlier in the 20th century as perspective followed and in the 1980s they incorporated Beethoven's Grosse Fuge. They have played Ligeti's Second Quartet and Xenakis 'Tetras' hundreds of times.[3][7]
The focus on new music is to have the ability to collaborate with the composer in the interpretation of the piece, something the group considers very important, both in how to play and the fact that they consider their work as a kind of service to composers, especially younger, and the lesser-known.[3][4] Composers often make minor adjustments to their compositions after working with the quartet.[7] Norwegian composer Sven Lyder Kahrs[no] calls the group the "Rolls-Royce" of quartets, in part because he does not have to explain how to play his music to them. They just know.[6]
In the past they have been compared to the Kronos Quartet but unlike them are not interested in crossover audiences or cross-genre pieces, but rather stick with the classical quartet form.[6] There are very few pieces common to both groups.[7]
History
The Quartet was founded in 1974 by Irvine Arditti with Levine Andrade, Lennox Mackenzie and John Senter while all were students at the Royal Academy of Music.[5][6] They modeled themselves on the La Salle Quartet of the United States, focused at first on the LaSalle repertoire, with the aim of supporting composers, playing the pieces as they want them played.[6][7] Very soon the size of their repertoire went far beyond what the LaSalle achieved or in fact any other group in the history of classical music.[10]
Arditti was born in London in 1953, and began his studies in violin and composition at the Royal Academy at the age of sixteen.[4] Arditti won prizes for violin and composition, but decided he was a better violinist and stopped composing.[7] The focus of the quartet on new music is due to Arditti's interest in it, which began with composing in his childhood and hearing music by Stockhausen, Ligeti and others of the avant garde of the 1960s.[3] It was later that Ardittí became aware of the work of the LaSalle Quartet. In his last year at the Royal Academy of Music the Quartet was founded, and it continued during the time he was in the London Symphony Orchestra from 1976 to 1980, after which he left the Orchestra in order to dedicate himself full-time to the quartet.[4]
The Quartet's first concert was in March 1974,[4] with the works of Krzysztof Penderecki, who was at the Royal Academy to receive an honorary degree. This gave the group a chance to collaborate with the composer, something they continue to do with composers ever since.[3][9] The quartet was named after Arditti because they needed a name in 24 hours, so they used his with the idea that it would be temporary, but the name stuck.[4]
In their early years, before the end of the 1970s, the ensemble performed and recorded all the quartets of Hans Werner Henze and Gyorgy Ligeti. They also began performing live on BBC.[3] They commissioned their first piece in 1977, Jonathan Harvey's String Quartet No.1.[7]
The group continued to have success touring and recording in Europe but it was not until the success of Kronos Quartet that the ensemble came to the attention of US and Canadian audiences, with a tour in the late 1980s.[9]
The founder, Irvine Arditti, is the only member who has played throughout the entirety of the quartet's existence, stretching over more than four decades.[6][7][9]
For the 40th anniversary of the quartet in 2014, one of the celebrations in London included a three-concert-in-one-day event, with works by fifteen different composers with whom their leader Arditti has been particularly closely associated, as well as the world premiere or several new works.[11]
Recognition
The Quartet has a worldwide reputation as a leader for its interpretation of 20th century and contemporary new music,[7][12] receiving extensive critical praise.[6] They have been noted for their "...astonishing virtuosity and their willingness to extend the boundaries of what can be expected of a string quartet..."[8] However, they have also been criticized as being severe, dry and intellectual[6] with a "kind of high-flown rhetoric that almost seemed designed to show that 'new music' can live in a pretentiously self-absorbed world."[13]
Awards include the Deutsche Shallplatten Preis on various occasions, the Gramophone Award for best recording of contemporary music in 1999, 2002 and 2018, the Coup de Coeur Prize and Grand Prix from the Academie Charles Cros in 2004 and the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize for lifetime achievement in 1999. They are the first and only group to date to receive the Siemens Foundation prize.[3][6][7]
Concerts and recordings
The Quartet is highly active throughout the year, mostly with performing and recording and premiering between twenty and fifty new works each year, taking time off only during the summer and Christmas vacations.[7] They have performed hundreds of new works and commissions,[1] with a discography of over 200 CDs on over twenty labels,[10] by far the longest contemporary discography of any string quartet.[9] A complete archive of the quartet's work is located at the Sacher Foundation in Basel, Switzerland.[10]
Most of their performances are in concert halls[6] and festivals[3] within Europe, but they are known all over the world[6] and have performed extensively in the US, Canada, Korea, South America, Japan and Mexico. One special piece which Arditti himself arranged the commission involved not playing in a concert hall. This was Stockhausen's Helicopter quartet, which required each member to perform his part in his own helicopter, and be relayed to the ground electronically where the audience was listening in a concert hall.[6]
Toshio Hosokawa: String Quartets Urbilder, Landscape I, Silent flowers, Floral fairy, Blossoming, Kalligraphie (CD: WERGO WER 6761 2, released 2013)
Toshio Hosokawa: Quintets, Fragmente II with recorder, Landscape II with harp, Landscape V with sho + solos elegy for violin, threnody for viola, chant for cello, (CD: WERGO WER 6769 2, released 2014)
Helmut Lachenmann: String Quartets 1, 2 and 3 (CD: KAIROS Kairos 0012662, released 2011)
György Ligeti: String Quartets 1, 2 (CD: WERGO WER 60079-50, released 1988)
György Ligeti: String Quartets 1, 2, 2 Movements, Ballad und tanz, Hyllning (CD: SONY SK62306, released 1996)
Conlon Nancarrow: String Quartets 1, 3, Studie 15, 31, 33, 34, Toccata (CD: WERGO WER 6696 2, released 2007)
Hilda Paredes: Cuerdos del Destino, Canciones Lunáticos, Papalote, In Memoriam Thomas Kakuska (CD: AEON AECD0975, released 2015)
Members of the group regularly conduct master classes in Europe, the United States and Canada, for performers and composers, generally in a guest capacity.[3][7] From 1982 to 1996, they worked with young composers at the Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music.[3][6][7] They also encourage younger quartets interested in new music.[3]
In 2013, they collaborated with the composer Brian Ferneyhough on a documentary called Climbing a Mountain which is about how the group prepares for the presentation of new pieces. It was created particularly for composers and music students to help them understand the rehearsal process.[12]
György Sándor Ligeti was a Hungarian-Austrian composer of contemporary classical music. He has been described as "one of the most important avant-garde composers in the latter half of the twentieth century" and "one of the most innovative and influential among progressive figures of his time".
Brian John Peter Ferneyhough is an English composer. Ferneyhough is typically considered the central figure of the New Complexity movement. Ferneyhough has taught composition at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg and the University of California, San Diego; he teaches at Stanford University and is a regular lecturer in the summer courses at Darmstädter Ferienkurse. He has resided in California since 1987.
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Giacinto Francesco Maria Scelsi was an Italian composer who also wrote surrealist poetry in French.
The Helikopter-Streichquartett is one of Karlheinz Stockhausen's best-known pieces, and one of the most complex to perform. It involves a string quartet, four helicopters with pilots, as well as audio and video equipment and technicians. It was first performed and recorded in 1995. Although performable as a self-sufficient piece, it also forms the third scene of the opera Mittwoch aus Licht.
Ian Geoffrey Pace is a British pianist. Pace studied at Chetham's School of Music, The Queen's College, Oxford and the Juilliard School in New York. His main teacher was the Hungarian pianist György Sándor. He is currently Professor of Music, Culture and Society at City University, London.
Atmosphères is a piece for orchestra, composed by György Ligeti in 1961. It is noted for eschewing conventional melody and metre in favor of dense sound textures. After Apparitions, it was the second piece Ligeti wrote to exploit what he called a "micropolyphonic" texture. It gained further exposure after being used in Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey.
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WERGO is a German record label focusing on contemporary classical music. It was founded in 1962 by German art historian and music publisher Werner Goldschmidt (1903–1975) and the musicologist Helmut Kirchmeyer. Their first release, filed under "WER 60001", was Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire, conducted by Pierre Boulez. The record company is owned by Schott Music, both based in Mainz, Germany.
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Irvine Arditti is a British violinist, as well as the leader and founder of the Arditti Quartet.
Garth Knox is a violist and composer who specializes in contemporary classical music and new music.
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The Hungarian composer György Ligeti published three string quartets: two string quartets proper and a student piece from 1950 published toward the end of his life. The first two quartets represent his early period, inspired by Béla Bartók, and middle period, which was largely micropolyphonic.
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