Arturo Murillo

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Murillo warns of police action against locals and foreigners who commit terrorism and sedition, 19 November 2019.
Arturo Murillo
Arturo Carlos Murillo Prijic (30-03-2015; Official Photo) Alejandra Vaca, Chamber of Senators of Bolivia.jpg
Minister of Government
In office
20 October 2020 –5 November 2020

Arturo Carlos Murillo Prijic (born 27 December 1963) is a Bolivian businessman, hotelier, and politician who served as the minister of government from 2019 to 2020. As a member of the National Unity Front, he previously served as a senator for Cochabamba from 2015 to 2019 and as a plurinominal member of the Chamber of Deputies from Cochabamba from 2006 to 2010.

Contents

Murillo was appointed at the tail end of the 2019 political crisis, and he quickly became characterized as one of the "strong men" of the Jeanine Áñez administration. Minutes after his inauguration, he announced the "hunt" for ex-officials of Evo Morales's government under various criminal charges and warned of severe consequences for acts of sedition. In May 2020, Murillo was alleged to be the ringleader in the tear gas case, in which the Ministries of Government and Defense were accused of irregularly purchasing non-lethal weapons at inflated prices. His refusal to cooperate with various criminal and legislative investigations was denounced by Attorney General José María Cabrera, whom the president dismissed at Murillo's behest. Cabrera's removal brought the scope of Murillo's influence over the president into question and led to the resignation of multiple ministers amid accusations that he was the "power behind the throne" of the Áñez administration. [1] Murillo was called to hearings by the Plurinational Legislative Assembly but failed to present himself, ultimately resulting in his censure by the legislature. Per the terms of the Constitution, he was dismissed as minister but was reappointed the next day, exploiting a loophole in the document's text that Áñez had previously utilized in another minister's censure months prior.

After the 2020 general election, Murillo, along with Minister of Defense Luis Fernando López, fled the country three days before the inauguration of President-elect Luis Arce. He traveled to Panama from Brazil before arriving in the United States. In May 2021, the Federal Bureau of Investigation arrested him and four associates in Florida on criminal charges of conspiracy to commit money laundering. He remains incarcerated in the Federal Detention Center in Miami following a 70-month sentence.

Early life and career

Arturo Murillo was born on 27 December 1963 in Cochabamba. He began working at the Victoria Hotel in Villa Tunari at the age of 14 and eventually became its owner. Murillo did not pursue university studies, and graduated with a bachelor's degree from the Center for Accelerated Secondary Education before entering the business sector of the hotel industry. Through that, he founded the Association of Hoteliers of the Tropic of Cochabamba and was a member of the Federation of Private Business Entities of Cochabamba. Both posts put Murillo into conflict with the cocalero activist Evo Morales whose political tactics, including roadblocks, seriously interrupted tourism in the Chapare Province. [2] [3]

Political career

Chamber of Deputies

At the invitation of businessman Samuel Doria Medina, Murillo entered the political field in 2005 as a member of the National Unity Front (UN). [2] In the 2005 general elections, he was elected as a deputy for the Cochabamba Department on a party list for the UN. [4] During his term, Murillo was noted as a staunch critic of the now-president, Morales. Due to his condemnations, he claimed political persecution when in 2009, the Cochabamba Department of Tourism closed his Victoria Hotel, along with sixteen other hotels, having found that they had violated regulations by not having an operating license or keeping daily guest entry and exit reports. [5]

Cochabamba mayoral election

In 2009, Murillo was absent from his party's parliamentary lists. Instead of seeking reelection, he directed his attention towards the 2010 Cochabamba mayoral election, facilitating his mayoral candidacy through the All for Cochabamba alliance, a coalition between UN and Popular Consensus. On 4 January 2010, he secured the support of the Social Democratic Power candidate Ninoska Lazarte, who agreed to withdraw her name from contention in exchange for the position of first municipal councilor. [6] Through his candidacy, Murillo managed to form a broad bloc of opponents of Morales's Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS). [2]

The mayoral race on 4 April remained too close to call for two days. On 6 April, the Departmental Court of Cochabamba released its official report, putting MAS candidate Edwin Castellanos in first place at 39.5%. Murillo came in second with 38%, losing by a one-point margin of 4,773 votes. [7]

2010 Cochabamba mayoral election
PartyVotes%
Movement for Socialism 123,09739.54
All for Cochabamba [lower-alpha 1] 118,32438.01
Solidarity Civic Unity 23,4377.53
United Citizens21,9047.04
Front for Victory11,2303.61
Christian Democratic Party 6,1321.97
Movement Without Fear 3,8001.22
Revolutionary Nationalist Movement 3,3861.09
Total311,310100.00
Valid votes311,31093.44
Invalid/blank votes21,8676.56
Total votes333,177100.00
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas

Chamber of Senators

After the 2010 elections, Murillo remained close with Doria Medina's party, eventually becoming UN's spokesman at the national level. He returned to the political scene in 2014 when UN, hedging its bets on ex-legislators to confront MAS, presented him as their candidate for first senator for Cochabamba as a member of the Democratic Unity (UD) coalition. [8] In the 2014 general elections, Murillo was elected senator for Cochabamba, winning the position as the only opposition senator in the department. [9]

Forged document case

In 2011, Murillo was met with allegations by the Ministry of Defense that he had forged his military service records in order to qualify before the National Electoral Court as a candidate in 2009. According to the ministry, the files in question were false because the numerical code they belonged to corresponded to another person. For this, the Ministries of Defense and Institutional Transparency filed criminal proceedings with the prosecutor's office against him for the crimes of filing a forged instrument and ideological falsehood. [10] On 3 May 2016, the Fifth Sentencing Court of the Judicial District of La Paz, by unanimous vote, acquitted Murillo on the second charge but found him guilty on the first, sentencing him to two years in the San Pedro prison. [11] In response, UN denounced the ruling as an "abuse of political power against democratic dissent", alleging that the judicial branch had become subject to the MAS, who sought to silence Murillo as the head of the Democratic Unity caucus in the Senate. [12]

Senator Murillo delivers a press conference in the Legislative Assembly. Arturo Murillo at a press conference. 16 November 2019, Ministry of Communication, La Paz (51907561090).jpg
Senator Murillo delivers a press conference in the Legislative Assembly.

Murillo appealed the decision in October 2018, seeking the conviction's annulment under the justification that the falsehood of the documents had not been adequately demonstrated at the trial; the appeal took two years and five months to resolve. On 4 June 2021, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice re-affirmed the original sentence of two years. Had the ruling been released in 2019, it would have barred him from assuming office as minister of government. [13]

Break with National Unity

Murillo announced that he had decided to leave the National Unity Front and retire from politics on 30 November 2018 as a result of the collapse of the DU coalition between National Unity and the Social Democratic Movement (MDS), which numerous members of both parties criticized. In his statement, he endorsed MDS senator Óscar Ortiz Antelo in his presidential bid and announced that he would not seek reelection, instead hoping to retire to his hotel business in Cochabamba. [14] [15]

Burning of the Hotel Victoria

Amid the wave of violence and social turmoil of the 2019 political crisis, on 11 November, Murillo denounced the burning of Hotel Victoria the night before. He alleged that his "work of more than twenty years" had been reduced to ashes by a mob of cocaleros and militants of the MAS "just because it belonged to [him]"; hours prior, Morales had been forced to resign due to nationwide protests. Murillo's family —three elderly people, including his sister; and two young girls, one one-year-old and the other six— spent eight days in hiding on the bank of a river in the Villa Tunari tropics before being rescued by a land and air police-military operation. [16] [17]

Minister of Government

Murillo and other ministers are sworn in to the Anez Cabinet, 13 November 2019. Cabinet of Jeanine Anez. 13 November 2019, Ministry of the Presidency, La Paz (51913808612).jpg
Murillo and other ministers are sworn in to the Áñez Cabinet, 13 November 2019.

Following Morales' resignation, opposition legislator Jeanine Áñez, a member of the UD alliance, legitimized her succession to the presidency and assumed office as the head of a transitional administration on 12 November. The following day, she appointed her ministerial cabinet, designating Murillo as minister of government. [18] In an interview with Radio Fides on 31 May 2021, former minister of communication Roxana Lizárraga revealed that Murillo's appointment "did not have the backing of many of the [other] ministers […] because he believed that, as a minister of government, he had all the power in the world". However, she claimed that his entry into Áñez's cabinet had been sponsored by UN leader Samuel Doria Medina, who she confirmed had suggested Murillo for the position. [19] Medina denied the allegations the following day, stating that he would not have had any motive to do so given Murillo's departure from UN in 2018. [20]

During his time in office, Murillo signed the Madrid Charter and joined an alliance of right-wing and far-right politicians organized by the far-right Spanish political party Vox. [21]

Processes against "sedition"

Soon after being sworn in, Murillo announced the "hunt" for the "seditious", stating that "this is not going to be a ministry of persecution […]. But whoever tries to be seditious from tomorrow, take care". [22] In particular, he singled out Juan Ramón Quintana, ex-minister of the Morales government, whom he called "an animal that is killing people in our country". [23] He ended his comments by warning that Quintana and other dissidents should "begin to run because [he is] going to catch them". [24] On 25 November, the Prosecutor's Office issued an arrest warrant against Quintana on charges of sedition and terrorism, with further notices being issued for the ex-minister of cultures Wilma Alanoca. [25]

In December, Murillo made the first visit of a transition official to the United States where he announced that an arrest warrant would be issued against Morales in the "next few hours" on charges of terrorism. [26] At a press conference held on 8 January 2020, Murillo held up a pair of handcuffs before the media, stating, "here we are waiting for Mr. Evo Morales to come to Bolivia; here are the handcuffs to take him to Chonchocoro [prison, …] not because of politics, not because of persecution, [but] because [he is a] terrorist". [27] The following day, Murillo requested the activation of an Interpol Red Notice in order to seek Morales's arrest abroad. [28] Days later, the minister made further comments calling Morales a "confessed terrorist" and saying that he had a "cell with his name in Chonchocoro". [29] [30]

Senkata and Sacaba investigation

Following the events in Senkata and Sacaba, several legislators from the MAS announced their intent to file a request for interpellation in the Legislative Assembly for Murillo and Minister of Defense Luis Fernando López, in order to receive an oral report on the incidents which led to several deaths. In late December, President of the Senate Eva Copa stated that the interpellation would be held after the recess of the assembly, with President of the Chamber of Deputies Sergio Choque announcing on 3 January 2020 that the meetings had been scheduled for 11 and 12 January. [31] [32] In response, on 10 January, both Murillo and López presented justifications for why they could not attend the session, which were accepted by the legislature, who rescheduled it for 17 January. [33] [34] However, neither of the two presented themselves on that date, issuing further justifications for their absence. In view of this, the Chamber of Deputies approved on 19 February a formal request demanding that Áñez "instruct the ministers of State to comply with their constitutional duties". [35]

Tear gas case

Murillo was implicated in another scandal when on 31 May 2020, the journalist Junior Arias disclosed accusations of irregular purchases of tear gas and other non-lethal equipment at highly inflated prices during the social conflicts of late 2019. According to the documents he presented, on 25 November 2019, the Ministry of Government requested the purchase of chemical agents from the Brazilian company Condor Tecnologias Não-Letais. The following day, it brought on the Miami-based company Bravo Tactical Solutions LLC as an intermediary. [36] The minister of defense signed the contract on 19 December for an amount of US$5.6 million authorized by the Ministry of Economy. [37] At that price, each tear gas cartridge would have cost between Bs250 and Bs270 (US$36.25 to US$39.15), more than double what other countries such as Venezuela had previously paid. On that day, the Ministry of Government released an official statement calling it a "false story […] built on the basis of irresponsible insinuations". [36]

Investigation and non-compliance

The Plurinational Legislative Assembly formed a special mixed commission to investigate the alleged irregularities on 10 June. It was composed of two MAS senators and seven deputies, including three opposition legislators. Meanwhile, the prosecutor's office opened its own criminal investigation into the matter. [38] On 24 June, the attorney general's office requested that the two accused ministries deliver documents regarding the administrative process of the purchase. [39] By 17 September, Attorney General José María Cabrera, in his report to the legislative commission, stated that, while the Ministry of Defense had cooperated, "Minister Murillo has not presented a single sheet, a single piece of paper, to clarify his discharges in the tear gas case". [40] Additionally, Commission President Plácida Espinoza reported that Murillo had delivered a note of excuse for his absence at legislative hearings. [39] On the same day, Cabrera said that Murillo was attempting to arrange his dismissal with the president due to the investigation he was carrying out as well as his opposition to the privatization of the country's National Electrification Company (ENDE). [41] AT 11:00 a.m. on 18 September, officials of the Ministry of the Presidency informed Cabrera that he had been dismissed and replaced by Alberto Javier Morales Vargas in accordance with Supreme Decree N° 4345-A. [42] [43] On 21 September, Murillo admitted to having requested Cabrera's removal from office, stating that the decision had been made under the justification that the former attorney general "has had secret meetings with the MAS […, he] has met with Eva Copa in secret to harm the government", though he provided no evidence to prove these claims. [44] In response, Cabrera reaffirmed that his removal was purely due to the "fury of the minister of government" and warned that if Murillo had the power to have the attorney general removed, other judges might be discouraged from exercising their constitutional obligations. [45]

Cabinet crisis

Following Cabrera's dismissal from his position, the ministers of economy and labor —Óscar Ortiz Antelo and Óscar Bruno Mercado— joined by Minister of Productive Development Abel Martínez, submitted their resignations on 28 September. [46] In a press conference prior to his departure, Ortiz attributed his renunciation to "deep differences" with Murillo, who he claimed had pressured the cabinet into signing the decree nationalizing ENDE without a prior audit process. [47] Later, Ortiz further outlined to Unitel that "there is a very serious problem, and that is that President Áñez has handed over the future of the government and the country to Minister Murillo, who is a person who does not have the capacity". [48] Murillo, in turn, blamed the disagreements on "regionalism" between himself and the Cruceño ministers. [49]

Censure, dismissal, and reinstatement

The assembly summoned Murillo to testify regarding his role in the tear gas case in a plenary session scheduled for 13 October. Murillo failed to attend, delivering a note of excuse on the grounds that he was preoccupied receiving a representative of the Organization of American States. The assembly refused to accept it, arguing that the task of receiving foreign delegations was a job for the Foreign Ministry, with Senator Copa accusing Murillo of "usurping functions". [50] As a result, Murillo —along with Minister of Education Víctor Hugo Cárdenas, who had also failed to appear to an unrelated hearing— was censured by the legislature. According to Article 158 of the Constitution, such a vote entailed the removal of the targeted officials from office. [51] A similar case occurred in March when Minister López had been censured, dismissed, and reappointed the following day due to the fact that "the Constitution does not prohibit the [censured] minister from returning". [52] This time, the MAS argued that such a loophole could not be exploited because, in August, the assembly had passed a law rectifying the ambiguity by specifying the dismissal of a censured minister within twenty-four hours and their prohibition from holding office for a period of three years. [53] The Áñez administration argued that, while the president of the Senate had promulgated the law, it hadn't been published in the Official Gazette of the State and, therefore, "from a strictly legal point of view, this […, law] is not in force". [54]

Murillo and Cardenas are sworn in to their posts, 20 October 2020. Arturo Murillo and Victor Hugo Cardenas are sworn in as ministers. 20 October 2020, Vice Ministry of Communication, La Paz (51914816953).jpg
Murillo and Cárdenas are sworn in to their posts, 20 October 2020.

Following his censure, Murillo affirmed that he would remain in office until the moment the assembly officially notified the Ministry of the Presidency. [55] Copa responded by calling the minister's refusal to step down a "clear violation of the Constitution" and decried that "Murillo has a psychological problem because he is very exalted, he is very arrogant, he exacerbates people for no reason". [56] Murillo responded, saying "if there is no notification [the censure] is useless; Mrs. Copa can cry, she can stomp, pull her hair, it is useless. It seems as if she was in love with me; the lady has to calm down a little; I respectfully tell her to calm down". [57] After some days, Áñez dismissed Murillo and Cárdenas on 19 October, replacing the former with Vice Minister of Public Security Wilson Santamaría. [58] Initial indications suggested that, unlike with the case of López, the dismissal of Murillo would be permanent. The former minister reported that his first move would be "at least thirty days of vacation […]. I want to rest, sleep a lot, it was a very exhausting work in these eleven months". He also implied he might leave the country, stating that he could do so "for as long as I want, whenever I want. Surely I will, on vacation […]. I have not stolen, I have not killed, I have not murdered. If they want to persecute me and imprison me, they will find me at my house; I am not afraid of that". [59] Meanwhile, Santamaría stated that he would accompany Áñez until the end of her mandate. [60]

Despite this, Murillo's removal was short-lived as both he and Cárdenas were reappointed to their positions the following day. [61] At their reappointment, Áñez specified that the ministers would accompany her to the end of her term and reiterated her trust in Murillo's management. [62]

Flight and arrest in the U.S.

Nearing the end of Áñez's transitional government, the prosecutor's office accused both Murillo and López of crimes of improper use of influence, negotiations incompatible with the exercise of public functions by individuals, contracts harmful to the State, and breach of duties, with anti-corruption prosecutor Luis Fernando Atanacio Fuentes issuing a formal request for an immigration alert against the pair in order to avoid their preemptive departure from the country. [63] On 5 November 2020, Murillo presented his letter of definitive resignation from office in which he lauded his management's accomplishments and declared his task concluded. [64] According to outgoing Minister of Economy Branko Marinković, both Murillo and López had presented their resignations "days before". Neither were present for Áñez's final presidential address, which was attended by the rest of her ministers. [65]

Marcel Rivas (left) was arrested for facilitating Murillo's escape from the country. Arturo Murillo and Marcel Rivas. 10 March 2020, Ministry of Communication, La Paz (51907403732).jpg
Marcel Rivas (left) was arrested for facilitating Murillo's escape from the country.

The whereabouts of Murillo and López remained unclear for some days, leading the prosecutor's office to request a report from the General Directorate of Migration on whether either of the former ministers had fled the country. [66] [67] On 16 November, it issued an arrest warrant against both of them on the grounds that "there are indications that the accused may hide, flee, or leave the country". [68] The following day, Police Commander Johnny Aguilera reported that Murillo and López departed on a FAB-046 plane from El Trompillo Airport on 5 November, arriving in Santa Cruz, from where they crossed the border through Puerto Suárez and into Brazil. After that, they would have traveled on foot through areas without immigration control until arriving at Corumbá. According to Colonel Pablo García, director of Interpol-Bolivia, López "used his last two days as an authority [to gain a] last favor" from members of the military, who secured the plane for their escape. [69] As a result of these events, the former head of the General Directorate of Migration, Marcel Rivas, was apprehended on 19 November, with the prosecutor's office accusing him of aiding the flight of the ex-ministers. [70] Three more officials —subordinates of the general directorate in offices in Puerto Quijarro and Puerto Suárez— were arrested on 21 November. [71] While López remained in Brazil, Murillo left the country on a commercial flight from São Paulo and arrived in Panama at 5:45 a.m. on 9 November. He would have remained there for at least seven days in order to carry out a mandated quarantine period. [72] On 5 January 2021, Prosecutor General Juan Lanchipa reported that Murillo had been in the United States since 12 November. [73] The following day, the prosecutor's office announced its intent to indict Murillo and López on charges of breach of duties and improper use of influence, among other crimes relating to the tear gas case, in order to facilitate the activation of a Red Notice from Interpol. [74] The indictment was formalized two days later. [75]

Incarceration in Florida

On 26 May, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) released a statement announcing that the Federal Bureau of Investigation had arrested Murillo and four other individuals in the states of Florida and Georgia between 21 and 22 May. Aside from Murillo, those arrested were Sergio Méndez, former chief of staff of the Ministry of Government; Bryan Berkman, CEO of Bravo Tactical Solutions LLC; his father, Luis Berkman; and Philip Lichtenfeld. [76] The two Bolivians and three Americans were charged with one count of conspiracy to commit money laundering under allegations that Murillo participated in a bribery scheme related to the tear gas case. According to the DOJ, the three Florida-based American businessmen paid a total of $602,000 in bribes to Murillo, Méndez, and one other government official in exchange for the $5.6 million contract with the Ministry of Defense for the procurement of tear gas and other non-lethal military equipment. If convicted, they all face a maximum penalty of twenty years. [77]

Murillo detained at the Federal Detention Center in Miami, 2021. Arturo Murillo (Detention photo; 2021) Federal Bureau of Investigation.png
Murillo detained at the Federal Detention Center in Miami, 2021.

On the same day as Murillo's arrest announcement, his former brother-in-law, Daniel Aliss Paredes, was detained after withdrawing money and valuables from a safe held in the ex-minister's name. [78] The following day, Bolivian police raided the Cochabamba properties of Murillo, Méndez, and Paredes, seeking to collect evidence regarding the tear gas case. [79] Murillo's successor, Minister of Government Eduardo del Castillo, reported that officers had found firearms, ammunition, and firearm boxes, as well as trace amounts of marijuana and a smoking pipe at his house. Three vehicles owned by the former minister were seized. At around 10:00 a.m. on 28 May, officers arrested Murillo's sister and Aliss Paredes' ex-wife, Mireya Murillo, on charges of legitimizing illicit profits. [80] [81]

Soon after Murillo's arrest, former president Áñez, who has been incarcerated in the Miraflores jail since March 2021, denounced her former minister, stating on her Twitter that "corruption is an issue that I never accepted in my government; unfortunately, there were officials who distanced themselves from all ethics. Nobody chooses collaborators to be corrupted, and these acts have to be punished with the full weight of the law because they make the country look bad". [82] Shortly after, former minister of the presidency Jerjes Justiniano accused Áñez of having known of the corruption from at least December and at most February and alleged that it would have been very difficult for the former president to have been unaware of such actions. [83]

Murillo appeared for a virtual hearing in the Southern District Court of Florida on 26 May. After 21 minutes, it was suspended and a preliminary hearing date was set for 7 June. Two days later, the Bolivian Prosecutor's Office began the process of requesting Murillo's extradition from the U.S. for trial in Bolivia, while del Castillo announced that the Bolivian government would look for representatives to send to his hearings. [84] [85] After negotiations, Murillo's lawyers secured an agreement with the U.S. Attorney's Office to postpone his hearing from 7 June to 9 July. [86] Before that could happen, the attorney's office requested the postponement of the hearing to 9 August, and on that date, it was delayed again to 8 September due to the "unusual complexity" of the case, and his bail was set at $250,000. [87] [88] After that, Murillo's defense requested a further delay to 8 October before deciding to waive the preliminary hearing entirely and move directly to the prosecution, granting him another month in order to gather evidence for the case. [89] [90] Although Bolivian Attorney General Wilfredo Chávez reported that the 8 November date would be the "last postponement", it was further deferred one final time to 8 December. [91] In the meantime, Chávez reported on 28 September that the other four individuals indicted in the case had pleaded guilty. [92] [93]

Trial in the United States

Murillo opted to plead not guilty, causing his case to be moved to trial. [94] In January 2022, the court accepted Murillo's defense's request for more time to prepare for the trial. [95] In October 2022, he pleaded guilty to conspiracy to launder bribes in the case. [96] On January 5, 2023, Murillo was sentenced to five years and ten months in prison. [97]

Charges in Bolivia

On 13 January 2022, Lanchipa announced that the prosecutor's office had formally filed accusations against both Murillo and López on charges of improper use of influence, negotiations incompatible with the exercise of public functions and non-compliant with duties, contracts harmful to the State, uneconomical conduct, and illicit enrichment of individuals affecting the State. In addition to the two ministers, those accused are: the former director of administrative affairs of the Ministry of Government, Sergio Alberto Zamora; former director of Legal Affairs of the Ministry of Defense, Raúl López; former head of the Legal Analysis Unit of the Ministry of Defense, Alan Menacho; former director of logistics, Pedro Rea; former director-general of administrative affairs, Ruth Palomeque; former head of class 5 articles of the Ministry of Defense, Dennis Vera; and CEO of Bravo Tactical Solutions LLC, Bryan Berkman. At a press conference, Lanchipa affirmed that the State would seek a maximum sentence for the accused, entailing ten years plus aggravating circumstances. [98]

In June 2023, the Third Tribunal of Anticorruption of Santa Cruz, ordered Murillo's arrest on charges related to "use of influences and false accusations and testimonies". [99]

Electoral history

YearOfficePartyAllianceVotesResult
Total %P.
2005 Deputy National Unity Front None28,6895.55%3rd [lower-alpha 2] Won
2010 Mayor National Unity Front All for Cochabamba 118,32438.01%2ndLost
2014 Senator National Unity Front Democratic Unity186,34619.50%2nd [lower-alpha 2] Won
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas

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Yerko Martín Núñez Negrette is a Bolivian agronomist and politician who served as minister of the presidency from 2019 to 2020. A member of the Social Democratic Movement, he previously served as minister of public works from November to December 2019. Throughout his ministerial tenure, Núñez was noted as a key person of influence in the transitional government and a "right-hand" to President Jeanine Áñez, a fellow Beni native. Prior to his appointment, he served as senator from Beni from 2015 to 2019 on behalf of the Democratic Unity coalition. As a member of Beni First, Núñez served as mayor of Rurrenabaque from 2010 to 2014; he previously held the position for two terms from 2000 to 2003 and 2005 to 2010 as part of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement. Núñez's mayoral tenure saw strides made for Rurrenabaque's ecotourism industry, which generated increased economic growth for the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luis Fernando López</span> Bolivian Minister of Defense (born 1964)

Luis Fernando López Julio is a Bolivian businessman, retired military officer, and politician who served as minister of defense from 2019 to 2020. Appointed in the tail end of the 2019 political crisis, López, along with Minister of Government Arturo Murillo, quickly became characterized as the "strong men" of the Jeanine Áñez administration and were implicated in the deadly events at Senkata and Sacaba. López was called to hearings by the Plurinational Legislative Assembly but failed to present himself three consecutive times, ultimately resulting in his censure by the legislature. As per the terms of the Constitution, he was dismissed as minister but, exploiting a loophole in the document's text, he was reappointed just a day later. Soon after, reports revealed his participation in the tear gas case, which accused the ministries of government and defense of irregularly purchasing non-lethal weapons at inflated prices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fernando Vásquez</span> Bolivian Minister of Mining (2020)

Fernando Iván Vásquez Arnez is a Bolivian geotechnical and mining engineer and politician who served as minister of mining and metallurgy from 8 May to 30 May 2020. He previously served as vice minister of productive development and metallurgical mining from 2019 to 2020 and as director of the environment and public consultation from 2006 to 2011. Shortly into his ministerial term, Vásquez stated that his white complexion made him incapable of being a member of the Movement for Socialism, causing broad condemnation and his removal from office less than a month after being appointed.

Events in the year 2021 in Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cabinet of Luis Arce</span> Bolivian presidential administration and ministerial cabinet from 2020 to present

The Arce Cabinet constitutes the 222nd cabinet of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. It was formed on 9 November 2020, one day after Luis Arce was sworn in as the 67th president of Bolivia following the 2020 general election, succeeding the Áñez Cabinet. The cabinet is composed entirely of members of the ruling Movement for Socialism. Described as a "technocratic" cabinet, it has been noted for the low-profile and youth of some of its members as well as its political distance from former president Evo Morales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adrián Quelca</span> Bolivian Minister of Education (2020–2021)

Adrián Rubén Quelca Tarqui is a Bolivian politician, professor, and trade unionist who served as minister of education from 2020 to 2021. A member of the Communist Party, Quelca worked to implement a project for a "semi-present" school system in which partial in-person learning would be coupled with radio and tele-education. Under his management, schools previously closed early by the past administration were reopened to blended learning for the 2021 year. Despite initial hopes for fully in-person classes by the second half of the year, results never panned out, and his administration was hampered by an ongoing corruption investigation that ultimately culminated in the presentation of charges and his resignation on 12 November 2021.

Events from the year 2022 in Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isabel Fernández</span> Bolivian journalist, politician, and former Minister of Communication (2020)

María Isabel Fernández Suárez is a Bolivian journalist and politician who served as minister of communication from January to June 2020. Fernández was the final official to serve in that post, with the Ministry of Communication being abolished during her term. She subsequently served as vice minister of communication from June 2020 until the conclusion of the transitional government of Jeanine Áñez in November 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martha Yujra</span> Bolivian politician (born 1964)

Martha Yujra Apaza is a Bolivian politician and trade unionist who served as minister of cultures and tourism from 2019 to 2020. A prominent trade union leader in El Alto, Yujra was the only indigenous member of the Jeanine Áñez Cabinet and was the final official to head the Ministry of Cultures and Tourism; the institution was abolished during her term. During her tenure, Yujra's office primarily dealt with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cultural sector, devising means of alleviating the economic ramifications of quarantine measures on artisans and entertainers. She subsequently served as a counselor at the Embassy of Bolivia in Quito from July to November 2020. Prior to serving as minister, Yujra gained notoriety for her fierce opposition to the government of Evo Morales. In 2017, she led a breakaway faction of the pro-government El Alto Regional Workers' Center. As its executive secretary, Yujra aligned the union with the Bolivia Says No alliance, running unsuccessfully to represent La Paz in the Chamber of Deputies in the annulled 2019 general elections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">María Elva Pinckert</span> Bolivian politician (born 1961)

María Elva Pinckert Vaca is a Bolivian businesswoman, lawyer, and politician who served as minister of environment and water from 2019 to 2020. Pinckert developed her career in Santa Cruz's agro-industrial heartland, during which time she rose to key positions of regional economic and political influence, including presiding over the Montero Civic Committee and serving as vice president of the Santa Cruz Chamber of Industry and Commerce. Elected to the Montero Municipal Council as a member of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement in 1999, Pinckert later switched to the New Republican Force, with which she won reelection. In 2009, the party promoted her to the Senate as a substitute senator under Germán Antelo. Amid the disunity brought about by the fragmentation of her parliamentary caucus, Pinckert aligned with the Social Democratic Movement, which nominated her for a full Senate seat. Elected in 2014, Pinckert held office until 2019, when she joined the Áñez administration as head of environmental and water policy. As with many former Áñez ministers, Pinckert faced judicial consequences for her collaboration with the transitional government, leading her to seek refuge in Brazil less than a year after leaving office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilson Santamaría</span> Bolivian politician (born 1981)

Wilson Pedro Santamaría Choque is a Bolivian lawyer, politician, and sociologist who served as vice minister of public security from 2019 to 2020. A graduate of the Higher University of San Andrés with extensive postgraduate studies, Santamaría entered the political field as a partisan of the National Unity Front and served as the party's municipal leader for La Paz. In 2014, he was elected as a party-list member of the Chamber of Deputies, representing the La Paz Department from 2015 to 2019.

The following is a chronology of notable events from the year 2023 in Bolivia.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Electoral alliance consisting of CP and UN.
  2. 1 2 Presented on an electoral list. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Chuquimia, Leny (4 October 2020). "Murillo detrás del trono: unas 9 falsedades y 4 demandas legales". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Romero Ballivián 2018 , p. 401
  3. ↑ "Murillo, de hotelero y parlamentario a dirigir el Ministerio de Gobierno". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  4. ↑ Informe al H. Congreso Nacional | Elecciones generales (in Spanish). La Paz: National Electoral Court. 2005. p. 246. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  5. ↑ "Clausuran 19 hoteles de Villa Tunari entre estos el del diputado Murillo". Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 10 March 2009. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  6. ↑ "Arturo Murillo oficializa candidatura a la Alcaldía". Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  7. ↑ "MAS gana alcaldía de Cochabamba y Baldivieso tiene el voto de oro". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  8. ↑ Layme, Beatriz (15 July 2014). "UD apuesta por exlegisladores para hacerle frente al MAS". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  9. ↑ Romero Ballivián 2018 , p. 402
  10. ↑ "El senador Arturo Murillo será sentenciado por falsificar libreta militar". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. 20 November 2015. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  11. ↑ "Dictan dos años de cárcel para senador Arturo Murillo por uso de libreta militar falsa". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 3 May 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  12. ↑ "El senador Arturo Murillo fue condenado a 2 años de cárcel". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  13. ↑ "TSJ confirma que Arturo Murillo presentó una libreta militar falsa". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. 4 June 2021. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  14. ↑ "Arturo Murillo deja UN tras la ruptura con Demócratas". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 30 November 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  15. ↑ "Senador Arturo Murillo abandona a Doria Medina para apoyar a Óscar Ortiz". ATB Digital (in Spanish). La Paz. 28 November 2018. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  16. ↑ "Murillo denuncia que quemaron su hotel e intentaron atentar contra la vida de su hermana". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 11 November 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  17. ↑ Arancibia Guillen, Guider (18 November 2019). "Rescatan a familia de ministro que vivió ocho días a orillas de un río". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  18. ↑ Áñez Chávez, Jeanine (13 November 2019). "Decreto Presidencial N° 4077". gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacionall de Bolivia. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  19. ↑ Atahuichi, Rubén (1 June 2021). "¿Quién puso a Murillo en el gabinete de Áñez? Su 'padrino' fue Samuel Doria Medina, dice Lizárraga". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  20. ↑ Pérez, Karina (21 June 2021). "Doria Medina niega haber sugerido a Murillo y dice que su relación con Áñez inició en 2020". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  21. ↑ "Carta de Madrid". Fundación Disenso (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  22. ↑ Jaramillo Velarde, Diego (13 November 2019). "Murillo: 'Vamos a ir a la cacería de Juan Ramón Quintana'". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  23. ↑ "El nuevo ministro de Gobierno de Bolivia anunció que irán 'a la cacería" de un ex funcionario de Evo Morales: "Es un animal que está matando gente'". Infobae (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  24. ↑ "Murillo a Quintana y Raúl García Linera: Que empiecen a correr porque los vamos a agarrar". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  25. ↑ "Fiscalía libra orden de detención contra exministro de la Presidencia de Bolivia". France 24 (in Spanish). Paris. 16 November 2019. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  26. ↑ "El ministro de Gobierno dice que en las "próximas horas" saldrá una orden de captura contra Evo Morales". EFE (in Spanish). Madrid. 17 December 2019. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  27. ↑ "Murillo presenta las esposas para detener a Evo e identifica a 'radicales' del MAS". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 8 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  28. ↑ Mendoza, Luz (9 January 2020). "Murillo pide 'sello rojo' para capturar a Morales y éste dice que no irá a Chile". eju! (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  29. ↑ "Murillo afirma que Evo Morales confirmó que es un 'terrorista confeso'". Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 14 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  30. ↑ "Gobierno de Bolivia le advierte a Evo Morales que 'tiene una celda con su nombre' en una cárcel de La Paz". El Nacional (in Spanish). Caracas. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  31. ↑ Pereyra, Omar (30 December 2019). "Copa: después del receso de la Asamblea se interpelará a ministros por Senkata y Cochabamba". eju! (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  32. ↑ "Choque: Se interpelará a Murillo y López por las muertes de Senkata y Cochabamba". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  33. ↑ "Murillo y López presentaron justificativos y su interpelación se postergará". Erbol (in Spanish). 10 January 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  34. ↑ Guarachi, Ángel (11 January 2020). "El Legislativo reprograma para el 17 la interpelación a Murillo y López". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  35. ↑ Corz, Carlos (19 February 2020). "Diputados piden a Áñez instruir a ministros ir a interpelación por casos como muertes en Sacaba y Senkata". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  36. 1 2 "Gases lacrimógenos: Otra denuncia de corrupción que incomoda al Gobierno". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. 2 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  37. ↑ "Cronología del caso "gases lacrimógenos": el negocio millonario que puso a Arturo Murillo tras las rejas". boliviaverifica.bo (in Spanish). 29 May 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  38. ↑ "Nueve parlamentarios forman comisión para investigar caso Gases lacrimógenos". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  39. 1 2 Corz, Carlos (17 September 2020). "Procurador: 'Lastimosamente' Murillo no envió informe de la compra del equipo antidisturbios". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  40. ↑ "Procurador complica a Murillo por Elfec y agentes químicos, alerta que buscan removerlo". Erbol (in Spanish). 18 September 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  41. ↑ Melendres Galvis, Miguel Angel (17 September 2020). "Procurador a punto de ser destituido por oponerse a la privatización de ENDE y por caso de gases lacrimógenos". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  42. ↑ Alanoca, Jesus (18 September 2020). "Destituyen al procurador General del Estado, José María Cabrera". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  43. ↑ "Decreto Supremo N° 4345-A". Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia (in Spanish). 18 September 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  44. ↑ Sánchez, César (21 September 2020). "Murillo admite que fue él quien pidió que José María Cabrera sea destituido del cargo de Procurador". Oxígeno (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  45. ↑ Juárez, Ivone (20 September 2020). "Procurador: Qué juez se animará a investigar a Murillo si logró mi remoción". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  46. ↑ Ramos, Daniel (28 September 2020). Written at La Paz. "El Gobierno interino de Bolivia se divide y renuncian ministros por la economía". Reuters (in Spanish). London. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  47. ↑ Carrasco, Gloria (28 September 2020). "Jeanine Áñez releva a tres ministros de su gabinete en Bolivia". CN͠N (in Spanish). Atlanta. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  48. ↑ "Oscar Ortiz: 'La presidenta Áñez le ha entregado el futuro del país al ministro Murillo'". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  49. ↑ "Murillo confirma roces con Ortiz y habla de 'regionalismos'". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  50. ↑ "Censuran a los ministros Murillo y Cárdenas y aguardan la destitución inmediata". Agencia de Noticias Fides (in Spanish). La Paz. 14 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  51. ↑ "Asamblea censura a Murillo y Cárdenas; avisa sobre sus 'destituciones'". Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 14 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  52. ↑ Staff writer (10 March 2020). Written at La Paz. "Presidenta de Bolivia restituye a ministro cesado un día antes". France 24 (in Spanish). Paris. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  53. ↑ Gómez, Miguel (12 August 2020). "Diputados sancionan ley para que ministros censurados no ocupen cargos por tres años". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  54. ↑ Bustillos, Iván (14 October 2020). "Censurado el influyente Murillo, ¿será capaz Áñez de destituirlo y volver a designarlo?". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  55. ↑ "Murillo dice que no se le notificó la censura; Copa responde que por ley debe renunciar". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 15 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  56. ↑ "Copa: 'el señor Murillo tiene un problema psicológico porque es muy exaltado, prepotente'". Agencia de Noticias Fides (in Spanish). La Paz. 16 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  57. ↑ "Murillo: 'Parece que Eva Copa estuviera enamorada de mí'". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. 16 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  58. ↑ "Decreto Presidencial N° 4367". Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia (in Spanish). 19 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  59. ↑ "Bolivia.- Áñez cesa a los ministros de Gobierno y Educación, censurados en el Parlamento". Infobae (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 19 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  60. ↑ "Nuevo ministro de Gobierno asume 'con profundo compromiso' su designación". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. 19 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  61. ↑ "Decreto Presidencial N° 4379". Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia (in Spanish). 20 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  62. ↑ "Áñez desafía a la Asamblea y restituye a Murillo y al ministro de Educación tras su moción de censura". Europa Press (in Spanish). Madrid. 21 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  63. ↑ "Fiscalía pidió el arraigo de López y Murillo por caso gases lacrimógenos". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 5 November 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  64. ↑ "El ministro Murillo da un paso al costado antes de la transmisión de mando". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. 6 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  65. ↑ "Branko: Murillo y López renunciaron 'días antes' que otros ministros". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 7 November 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  66. ↑ "¿Arturo Murillo y Fernando López salieron del país?". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. 9 November 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  67. ↑ "Fiscalía pide informes a Migración sobre el paradero de los exministros Murillo y López". Agencia de Noticias Fides (in Spanish). La Paz. 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  68. ↑ Cuiza, Paulo (16 November 2020). "Fiscalía emite órdenes de aprehensión contra los exministros Murillo y López por caso 'gases lacrimógenos'". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  69. ↑ Gómez, Miguel (18 November 2020). "Interpol-Bolivia supo de un 'último favor' a López y Murillo para su fuga del país". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  70. ↑ "Aprehenden al exdirector de Migración por las salidas de Murillo y López". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 19 November 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  71. ↑ Arancibia Guillen, Guider (21 November 2020). "Detienen a tres funcionarios de Migración de Puerto Suárez por salida de ex ministros". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  72. ↑ "Difunden fotografía de Murillo y afirman que se encuentra en Panamá". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  73. ↑ "Bolivia.- Confirman la presencia en EEUU del exministro de Gobierno Arturo Murillo desde el 12 de noviembre". Notimérica (in Spanish). Madrid. 6 January 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  74. ↑ "Prevén imputar a Murillo y López por caso gases; citan a Camacho por presunto 'golpe'". Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 6 January 2021. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  75. ↑ "Formalizan imputación contra Murillo y López para activar el sello rojo de Interpol". Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 8 January 2021. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  76. ↑ Staff writer (26 May 2021). Written at Miami. "Former Minister of Government of Bolivia, Owner of Florida-Based Company, and Three Others Charged in Bribery and Money Laundering Scheme". justice.gov. Washington D.C.: United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  77. ↑ "US charges ex-Bolivian minister with bribery, money laundering". Al Jazeera English . Doha. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  78. ↑ "Detienen al cuñado del exministro Murillo cuando sacaba dinero de una caja de seguridad de un Banco". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  79. ↑ Paredes, Ivan Alejandro (27 May 2021). "Policía allana la vivienda de Arturo Murillo, la de su exjefe de gabinete y la de su cuñado por el caso gases lacrimógenos". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  80. ↑ Condori, Edwin (29 May 2021). "Hermana de Arturo Murillo es aprehendida por legitimación de ganancias ilícitas". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  81. ↑ "La hermana de Arturo Murillo ha sido aprehendida en Cochabamba". Unitel (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  82. ↑ Sauma, Karina (27 May 2021). "Áñez condena la corrupción durante su gestión y pide 'todo el peso de la ley' contra Murillo". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  83. ↑ "Justiniano: Áñez encubrió la corrupción de Murillo". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 27 May 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  84. ↑ Paredes, Ivan Alejandro (27 May 2021). "El 7 de junio será la audiencia de Murillo en EEUU y el Gobierno pedirá su extradición en caso de que salga libre bajo fianza". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  85. ↑ "La Fiscalía de Bolivia inicia trámites para la extradición de Murillo y el proceso para repatriar el dinero". Europa Press (in Spanish). Madrid. 28 May 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  86. ↑ "Abogados de Murillo negociaron con la Fiscalía de EEUU para postergar audiencia". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  87. ↑ "Fiscalía de Estados Unidos solicitó postergar la audiencia de Murillo y sería en agosto". Erbol (in Spanish). 2 July 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  88. ↑ "Fiscalía de EEUU solicita un mes más para la audiencia de Murillo". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 2 August 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  89. ↑ "Postergan audiencia de Murillo para el 8 de octubre". Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 3 September 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  90. ↑ Alanoca, Jesus (8 October 2021). "Justicia de EEUU vuelve a postergar la audiencia del exministro Arturo Murillo". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  91. ↑ "En EEUU suspenden la lectura de sentencia de Arturo Murillo hasta el 8 de diciembre". ATB Digital (in Spanish). La Paz. 5 November 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  92. ↑ "Procurador: 4 procesados por compra irregular de gases lacrimógenos se declararon culpables". Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 28 September 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  93. ↑ "Exministro Murillo se declara 'no culpable' e irá a juicio en EEUU". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 8 December 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  94. ↑ Alanoca, Jesus (8 December 2021). "Murillo se declara 'no culpable' en Estados Unidos y en 10 días irá a juicio". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  95. ↑ "La Justicia de EEUU pospone hasta finales de mayo el juicio contra el exministro boliviano Arturo Murillo". La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Europa Press. 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  96. ↑ "Former Government of Bolivia Minister Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Launder Proceeds of Bribery Scheme". www.justice.gov. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  97. ↑ "Bolivian ex-minister gets prison in US bribery case". RFI. 4 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  98. ↑ "Fiscalía presenta acusación formal contra Murillo, López y otros siete implicados en el caso gases". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 13 January 2022. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  99. ↑ "Ordenan la aprehensión del exministro Murillo" [Arrest of exminister Murillo, ordered]. Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre, Bolivia. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.

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