Cochabamba

Last updated
Cochabamba
Qhuchapampa
City & Municipality
Cadredal metrpolitana cochabamba 2019 (1).jpg
Palacio Portales, Cochabamba.jpg
Cochabamba Department - Templo del Hospicio - 20190929222216.jpg
Vista Aerea de la Ciudad de Cochabamba.png
Tunari.jpg
Banco Mercantil 3.jpg
GobernacionCochabamba.jpg
From the top to bottom, left to right: Metropolitan Cathedral, Palacio Portales, Templo del Hospicio, Aerial view of central Cochabamba, Tunari mountains, Banco Mercantil Simon Patiño, Cochabamba seat of government
Flag of Cochabamba.svg
Escudo de Cochabamba.svg
Nicknames: 
"City of Eternal Spring"
"The Garden City"
"La Llajta"
Bolivia physical map.svg
Red pog.svg
Cochabamba
Location in Bolivia
South America laea relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
Cochabamba
Cochabamba (South America)
Coordinates: 17°23′18″S66°09′35″W / 17.38833°S 66.15972°W / -17.38833; -66.15972
CountryBandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia
Department Cochabamba
Province Cercado Province
Municipality Cochabamba Municipality
FoundedAugust 15, 1571
Government
  TypeMunicipal Autonomous Government
  Mayor Manfred Reyes Villa (Súmate)
Area
  City & Municipality170 km2 (70 sq mi)
  Land169 km2 (65 sq mi)
  Water1 km2 (0.4 sq mi)
  Urban
111 km2 (43 sq mi)
Elevation
2,558 m (8,392 ft)
Population
 (2012 Census) [1]
   Urban
856,198
   Metro
1,370,104
Demonym Cochabambino
GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)
  Year2023
  Total (Metro)$11.8 billion [2]
  Per capita$8,400
Time zone UTC-4 (BOT)
Climate BSk
Website Official website

Cochabamba (Aymara : Quchapampa; Quechua : Quchapampa) is a city and municipality in central Bolivia in a valley in the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cochabamba Department and the fourth largest city in Bolivia, with a population of 630,587 according to the 2012 Bolivian census. [1] Its name is from a compound of the Quechua words qucha "lake" and pampa , "open plain." [3] Residents of the city and the surrounding areas are commonly referred to as cochalas or, more formally, cochabambinos.

Contents

It is known as the "City of Eternal Spring" or "The Garden City" because of its spring-like temperatures all year round. [4] It is also known as "La Llajta," which means "town" in Quechua. It is the largest urban center between the higher capital of La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra in the tropical plains of the east. It sits south-west of the Tunari mountains, and north of the foothills of the Valle Alto. In antiquity, the area featured numerous lakes, which gave the city its name. Many of these lakes have since disappeared to urban development, but Coña Coña and Alalay lakes are extant examples. It has been a populated settlement since the Pre-Inca period, and is today an important cultural, educational, political, and commercial centre.

History

Pre-Inca and Inca

The Cochabamba valley has been inhabited for thousands of years due to its fertile productive soils and mild climate. Archaeological evidence suggests that the initial inhabitants were of indigenous ethnic groups: Tiwanaku, Tupuraya, Mojocoya, Omereque, and Inca inhabited the valley at times before the Spanish arrived.[ citation needed ]

The area got its name from Quechua Kochaj-pampa, as part of the Inca civilization. The area was conquered by Topa Inca Yupanqui (ruled 1471–1493). His son Huayna Capac turned Cochabamba into a large production enclave or state farm to serve the Incas. The local population was possibly depleted during the Inca conquest and Huayna Capac imported 14,000 people, called mitimas, to work the land. The principal crop was maize which could not be grown in much of the high and cold heartland of the Inca Empire. The maize was stored in 2,400 storehouses (qollqas) in the hills overlooking the valley or transported by llama caravan to storage sites in Paria, Cusco, of other Inca administrative centres. Most of the maize was probably used to sustain the Inca army during its campaigns. [5]

Spanish and Bolivian

The first Spanish inhabitant of the valley was Garci Ruiz de Orellana in 1542. He purchased the majority of the land from local tribal chiefs Achata and Consavana through a title registered in 1552 at the Imperial City of Potosí. The price paid was 130 pesos. His residence, known as the House of Mayorazgo, stands in the Cala Cala neighbourhood.

The city, called Villa de Oropesa, was founded on 2 August 1571 by order of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa. It was to be an agricultural production centre to provide food and wood [6] for the mining towns of the relatively nearby Altiplano region, particularly Potosí which became one of the largest and richest cities in the world during the 16th and 17th centuries funding the vast wealth that ultimately made Spain a world power. In fact, anthropologist Jack Weatherford and others have cited the city of Potosí as the birth of capitalism because of the money and materialism it provided Spain. [7] Thus, with the silver mining industry in Potosí at its height, Cochabamba thrived during its first centuries. However, the city entered a period of decline during the 18th century as mining began to wane.

In 1786, King Charles III of Spain renamed the city the 'loyal and valiant' Villa of Cochabamba. This was done to commend the city's pivotal role in suppressing the indigenous rebellions of 1781 in Oruro by sending armed forces to Oruro to quell the uprisings. Since the late 19th century it has again been generally successful as an agricultural centre for Bolivia.

The 1793 census shows that the city had a population of 22,305 persons. There were 12,980 mestizos, 6,368 Spaniards, 1,182 indigenous natives, 1,600 mulattos and 175 African slaves.

In 1812, Cochabamba was the site of a riot against the Spanish Army. On May 27, thousands of women took up arms against the Spanish. According to historian Nathaniel Aguirre: "From Cochabamba, many men have fled. Not one woman. On the hillside, a great clamour. Cochabamba's plebeian women, at bay, fight from the centre of a circle of fire. Surrounded by five thousand Spaniards, they resist with battered tin guns and a few arquebuses; and they fight to the last yell, whose echoes will resound throughout the long war for independence. Whenever his army weakens, General Manuel Belgrano will shout those words which never fail to restore courage and spark anger. The general will ask his vacillating soldiers: 'Are the women of Cochabamba present?" [8]

To celebrate their bravery, Bolivia now marks May 27 as Mother's Day. [9]

In 1900, the population was 21,886.

Besides a number of schools and charitable institutions, the Catholic diocese has 55 parishes, 80 churches and chapels, and 160 priests.[ citation needed ]

Water War

Diosas pol.jpg
Templo Sarco.jpg
Casabickenbach.jpg
Catedral metropolitana1.JPG
Clockwise, from upper left: The Palacio Portales built for mining magnate Simón Iturri Patiño; The Sarco Templo la Merced; The Exterior view of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Cochabamba and The Casa Grande, Cochabamba, Bolivia.

In 1998, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreed to give Bolivia a loan of $138 million to control inflation and promote economic growth. However, it only agreed to do so on the condition that Bolivia sell "all remaining public enterprises," including its national oil refineries and the local water company, SEMAPA. [10] In 1999, a group of private investors, specifically the Bechtel Corporation with headquarters in San Francisco, California, United States of America, came together under the name of Aguas del Tunari and bought the rights for the privatization of the city's water. [11] In that same year, the World Bank (WB) refused to subsidize the water to help lower the cost for the people. Then in 2000, the people of Cochabamba began to protest as water priced hiked to a 50% increase that the majority could not afford. [12] The Coalition for the Defense of Water and Life, and its leader Oscar Olivera, started a demonstration in La Plaza 14 de Septiembre also known as La Plaza Principal. The march was meant to be peaceful, but after two days the police used tear gas against the protestors and injured about 175 people and killed 1 and blinded two. Soon after, news reports were made about the protests and the violence. [10] The Defense of Water and Life held an unofficial referendum and 96% of 50,000 people wanted Aguas del Tunari's contract to terminate, but the government refused. The protests only grew and the entire world began to watch forcing Bechtel to leave its contract and return SEMAPA to the public. Bechtel as well tried to sue the Bolivian government for $50 million but it withdrew its claim shortly after. [12] This event was soon labelled as the Water Wars and became a driving force for anti-globalization projects such as the UN's decision to make water sanitation a human right and the privatisation of water as unethical in 2010. Additionally, the Water Wars would help spark the next revolt against the privatisation of natural gases from 2003 to 2005 which would lead to the removal of two presidents, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada and Carlos Mesa, and the rise of President Evo Morales in 2006. [13]

In January 2007, city dwellers clashed with mostly rural protestors, leaving four dead and over 130 injured. The first democratically elected Prefect of Cochabamba, Manfred Reyes Villa, had allied himself with the leaders of Bolivia's Eastern Departments in a dispute with President Evo Morales over regional autonomy and other political issues. The protestors blockaded the highways, bridges, and main roads, having days earlier set fire to the departmental seat of government, trying to force the resignation of Reyes Villa. Citizens attacked the protestors, breaking the blockade and routing them, while the police did little to stop the violence. Further attempts by the protestors to reinstate the blockade and threaten the government were unsuccessful, but the underlying tensions had not been resolved.

In July 2007, a monument erected by veterans of January's protest movement in honour of those killed and injured by government supporters was destroyed in the middle of the night, reigniting racial conflicts in the city.

In August 2008, a nationwide referendum was held. The prefect of Cochabamba, Manfred Reyes Villa, was not confirmed by the voters of the department. The mayor of Cochabamba in 2018 is José María Leyes.

Climate

Cochabamba is known for its "Eternal Spring". Neither experiencing the humid heat of Santa Cruz nor the frigid winds of La Paz, Cochabamba experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk), bordering on a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb). The characteristic of the climate is an extended dry season that runs from May until October with a wet season that generally begins in November with the principal rains ending in March.

Climate data for Cochabamba
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)35.0
(95.0)
30.0
(86.0)
30.6
(87.1)
30.0
(86.0)
28.9
(84.0)
30.0
(86.0)
28.3
(82.9)
30.6
(87.1)
30.6
(87.1)
32.8
(91.0)
31.7
(89.1)
32.8
(91.0)
35.0
(95.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)23.9
(75.0)
23.3
(73.9)
24.4
(75.9)
25.0
(77.0)
24.4
(75.9)
23.3
(73.9)
23.3
(73.9)
23.9
(75.0)
25.6
(78.1)
26.1
(79.0)
25.6
(78.1)
25.0
(77.0)
24.5
(76.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)18.1
(64.6)
17.5
(63.5)
17.5
(63.5)
16.4
(61.5)
14.2
(57.6)
12.2
(54.0)
12.5
(54.5)
13.9
(57.0)
16.7
(62.1)
18.1
(64.6)
18.3
(64.9)
18.3
(64.9)
16.1
(61.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)12.2
(54.0)
11.7
(53.1)
10.6
(51.1)
7.8
(46.0)
3.9
(39.0)
1.1
(34.0)
1.7
(35.1)
3.9
(39.0)
7.8
(46.0)
10.0
(50.0)
11.1
(52.0)
11.7
(53.1)
7.8
(46.0)
Record low °C (°F)7.2
(45.0)
3.3
(37.9)
2.2
(36.0)
−1.1
(30.0)
−4.4
(24.1)
−6.7
(19.9)
−5.0
(23.0)
−5.6
(21.9)
−3.3
(26.1)
0.0
(32.0)
5.0
(41.0)
5.6
(42.1)
−6.7
(19.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)75.5
(2.97)
137.4
(5.41)
39.9
(1.57)
9.9
(0.39)
6.56
(0.26)
2.0
(0.08)
7.6
(0.30)
7.2
(0.28)
2.4
(0.09)
26.8
(1.06)
29.1
(1.15)
81.8
(3.22)
462.2
(18.20)
Source: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial [14]

People and culture

Historical population of Cochabamba
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 22,305    
1835 14,162−1.08%
1854 35,800+5.00%
1900 21,886−1.06%
1950 74,949+2.49%
1967 137,004+3.61%
1992 414,307+4.53%
2001 516,683+2.48%
2012 630,587+1.83%
Source: 1793, 1967; [15] 1835; [16] 1854, 1950; [17] 1900; [18] 1992; [19] 2001; [20] 2012 [21]

Cochabamba is known as the heart of Bolivia and the gastronomic capital. [22] Traditional cuisine includes: salteñas, chuño, tucumanas, pique macho, silpancho, anticucho, sopa de mani, chicharrón, charke, fricasé, rellenos de papa and many more dishes. [23]

The international street art festival known as the BAU (Bienal de Arte Urbano) has been hosted in Cochabamba every two years since 2011. The festival is organized by proyecto mARTadero, a local cultural centre. In 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 the painting was done in the Villa Coronilla, and Geronimo de Osorio neighbourhoods. In 2019 the festival focused on the neighbourhood Esperanza, on the edge of the Alalay Lake. The festival has featured internationally renowned artists such as Blu (Italy) and Inti (Chile). [24]

Commensurate with other large cities in the Andean highlands of South America, Cochabamba is a city of contrasts. Its central commercial districts, Zona Norte, is bounded by Plaza Colón and Plaza 14 de Septiembre, are generally equipped with modern urban amenities and are where the majority of the city's formal business and commercial industries are based. La Cancha, the largest open-air market in South America, is also an active place where locals can buy a range of items. [25] An active nightlife is centered around Calle España and along the broad, tree-lined boulevard, El Prado. In contrast, the Zona Sur, a remote area adjacent to the Wilstermann International Airport is visibly impoverished, with adobe homes and unpaved roads, which is often the first impression visitors acquire while commuting into the city.

In 2009, the government under President Evo Morales created a new constitution that declared Spanish and 36 other indigenous languages as the official languages of the country. [26] However, the most widely spoken languages in Cochabamba are Spanish and Quechua. Although the Spanish that is spoken in the Cochabamba region is generally regarded as rather conservative in its phonetics and vocabulary, the use of Quechua terminology (wawa [child] and wistupiku [mouth or twist lips] [27] ) has been widely incorporated into its standardized form.

As with most cities around the globe, English is increasingly spoken and understood, particularly among business-minded indigenous and repatriated Cochabambinos. English-language instruction has become incorporated into some private schools and universities but is not taught universally, therefore a vast majority of the population does not speak English.

About four-fifths of the population of Bolivia identifies as Catholic. [26]

Like other cities that share the same ethnic group quadrants like Salta or Cuenca, Cochabamba's demographics consist of the following visible groups in order of prevalence: Indigenous (mostly of Quechua and Aymara ethnicity) people, Mestizo, or mixed Indigenous and Spanish European, and people of Spanish (Criollos) and other European descent. As well as a fairly significant population of Afro-Bolivians.

By 2013, the human development index of the Metropolitan region of Cochabamba was 0.801 as a result of a 35% growth in the last 20 years. [28]

Government

Cochabamba, formally the municipality of Cercado, is the capital of Cochabamba department. The city government is divided into executive and legislative branches. The mayor of Cochabamba is the head of the city government, elected by general election for a term of five years. The mayor heads an executive branch, which includes six sub-mayors and a variety of departments comprising 950 functionaries. [29] The 11-member municipal council is the legislative branch.

The current mayor is José María Leyes of the Social Democrat Movement (MDS for its initials in Spanish).

Economy

The area where Cochabamba is situated is commonly referred to as the granary of Bolivia. Its climate is milder than that of the Altiplano region to the west and thus permits extensive agriculture, including grains, potatoes, and coffee in the highlands and sugar cane, cocoa beans, tobacco, and fruit in the Chapare tropical lowlands of the South American Amazon region, an area that had been one of the country's main coca-leaf-producing regions.[ citation needed ]

Cochabamba is also the industrial hub of Bolivia, producing cars, cleaning products, cosmetics, chemicals, and other items like cement. The economy of Cochabamba is characterized by producing goods and services. Recently, the software industry is becoming increasingly important. International companies like GOJA and Assuresoft also have subsidiaries in Cochabamba. Due to this industry growth, Cochabamba is called the "Silicon Valley of Bolivia", with a high demand for professionals immersed in technological careers such as Systems Engineering, Telecommunications and Information Technology.[ citation needed ]

The airline Boliviana de Aviación has its headquarters in Cochabamba. [30] The defunct airline Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano (LAB Airlines) had its management offices on the grounds of Jorge Wilstermann Airport in Cochabamba. [31] [32] In Cochabamba construction has been rapidly increasing in the last couple of years with more than 750 construction sites per year.

Narcotrafic is now controlled in Cochabamba, which used to be related to cocaine dealers several years ago. [33] [34] [35] [36]

Urban transport

The metropolitan area of Cochabamba (Vinto, Tiquipaya, Quillacollo, Colcapirhua, Cochabamba and Sacaba) has an extensive transportation system, which cover all the districts.

There are almost 70 bus and minibus lines, from A to Z, and dozens of minibuses and fixed-route trufis (T.RU.FI, or "taxi con ruta fija") taxi lines. Most lines have GPS system for monitoring and regulation of hour (line 1, line 16, line L, Line 3V, line 20, line 30, etc.). The T.RU.FI service has at least 60 lines; they are identified by signs on the roof of the vehicle showing the route from the initial stop until the final stop, which is also indicated by the line number to which it belongs. The busiest bus lines are:

And the busiest trufi taxi lines are:

Light rail

Construction on an interurban light rail network known as Mi Tren linking Cochabamba with Suticollo, El Castillo and San Simon University began in 2017. Opening of the Red Line and first phase of the Green Line took place September 13, 2022. [37]

Basic services

Media

There are several newspapers in Cochabamba:

Radio stations

The main radio stations scattered across the department and the capital are:

Television channels

In the capital and throughout the department there are many television channels that broadcast on local, provincial, national or international all day or part of it. The transmission towers that transmit channels nationally and internationally are in the high Cala Cala, Villa Moscu or Villa Taquiña.

Education

Universidad del Valle Univalle Campus Tiquipaya.jpg
Universidad del Valle

The city is the home of the University of San Simón (UMSS, for "Universidad Mayor de San Simón"), one of the largest and most prominent public universities in Bolivia. UMSS is the second best university in Bolivia according to QS World University Rankings in 2013 but measured by the web metric scores as the first one during 2013–2017. Among the private universities in Bolivia ranking in the top ten are the Universidad Privada Boliviana (a prestigious business university), Universidad del Valle (a strong university in medicine with a large enrollment of international students) and Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo". Other well-ranked universities include Escuela Militar de Ingenieria "Antonio Jose de Sucre", Universidad Simón I. Patiño, Universidad de Aquino Bolivia, Universidad Adventista de Bolivia, Universidad Privada Domingo Savio and Universidad Privada Abierta Latinoamericana (UPAL). Cochabamba became the second recipient city of Brazilian students in Bolivia after the city of Santa Cruz, due to the affordable and good living conditions of the city. Also, Cochabamba is the home of one of the best schools of Bolivia, Colegio San Agustín.

Airport

Cochabamba is served by the modern Jorge Wilstermann International Airport (IATA code CBB), which handles domestic and international flights. It houses the headquarters of Boliviana de Aviación (BOA) Bolivia's national airline and, in the past, of Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano, Bolivia's former national airline. Other domestic airlines that serve the airport include Línea Aérea Amaszonas, Ecojet and Transporte Aéreo Militar.

Neighborhoods

Cochabamba is a steadily emerging market within the Bolivian real estate industry. Since 2010, it became the city with the most surface area in construction in Bolivia overpassing Santa Cruz and La Paz. There are many middle and large buildings under construction by 2012. An annual mild climate, abundant greenery, mountain vistas, and a progressive local economy are factors that have contributed to the city's appeal to Bolivian nationals, expatriates and foreigners alike. Historic and affluent neighbourhoods such as Cala Cala, El Mirador, and Lomas de Aranjuez showcase some of the city's most distinguished residences.

Cochabamba Valley, Dec. 1987 Cochabamba 1988.jpg
Cochabamba Valley, Dec. 1987
Cochabamba, Oct. 2009 Telefericocochabamba.jpg
Cochabamba, Oct. 2009
Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2018 Vista Aerea de la Ciudad de Cochabamba.png
Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2018

Metropolitan area

Cochabamba is connected with the following towns and cities:

Additional notes of interest

Notable residents

Business people

Educators and intellectuals

Musicians

Literature

Other

Nazis

Twin towns – sister cities

Cochabamba is twinned with: [40]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Ciudades/Comunidades/Centros poblados y Localidades Empadronadas en el Censo de Población y Vivienda 2012". Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Bolivia. Archived from the original on 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  2. "TelluBase—Bolivia Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
  3. Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha pdf[ page needed ]
  4. Pisarro, Marcelo (14 January 2021). "Veredas cochabambinas". cienciaspardas.substack.com. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
  5. D'Altroy, Terence N. (2003), The Incas, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, pp 268-173; La Lone, Mary B. and La Lone, Darrell E. (1987), "The Inca State in the Southern Highlands: State Administrative and Production Enclaves," Ethnohistory, pp. 50-51
  6. Planet, Lonely. "History of Cochabamba - Lonely Planet Travel Information". www.lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  7. Neuman, William (17 September 2014). "For Miners, Increasing Risk on a Mountain at the Heart of Bolivia's Identity". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  8. Juan de la Rosa by Nathaniel Aguirre
  9. Memory of Fire Vol 2: Faces and Masks by Eduardo Galeano p.106
  10. 1 2 "FRONTLINE/WORLD . Bolivia - Leasing the Rain. Timeline: Cochabamba Water Revolt | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  11. de la Fuente, Manuel (2003). "A Personal View: The Water War in Cochabamba, Bolivia: Privatization Triggers an Uprising". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (1): 98–100. doi: 10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0098:APV]2.0.CO;2 . JSTOR   3674547. S2CID   198155341.
  12. 1 2 "From Water Wars to Water Scarcity: Bolivia's Cautionary Tale". NACLA. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  13. Forero, Juan (15 December 2005). "Who Will Bring Water to the Bolivian Poor?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  14. "Bolivia – Cochabamba". Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  15. "Hitos En La Producción Estadística" [Milestones in Statistical Production] (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia. 2 November 2011. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  16. Zambrana 1986, p. 14
  17. Mollinedo 1974, p. 58
  18. Oficina Nacional de Inmigración 1904, p. 145
  19. "Estadisticas Sociales: Poblacion 1992" [Social Statistics Population 1992] (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Bolivia. 2 November 2011. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Select COCHABAMBA in the Departamento box, CERCADO in the Provincia box, COCHABAMBA (PRIMERA) in the Seccion Muninipal box, and click Ver infomacion to verify data.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  20. "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Bolivia". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
  21. http://www.censosbolivia.bo/comunitaria/comunitaria/mpComunitariaVer.aspx?Depto=03&Prov=01&Seccion=01%5B%5D
  22. "Spanish school Carmen Vega Bolivia". Escuela de español Carmen Vega - Cochabamba- Bolivia. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  23. Stewart, Harry. "The Best Traditional Foods You Need to Try on Your Trip to Bolivia". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  24. "Sobre la BAU - About the BAU". BAU. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  25. Moore, Dillon. "La Cancha: An Exuberant Marketplace Experience in Bolivia on Amizade". Amizade. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  26. 1 2 "Bolivia - Languages and religion". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  27. "Wistupiku – Nuestra familia". www.wistupiku.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  28. https://www.undp.org/content/dam/bolivia/docs/undp_bo_IDH2016.pdf Archived 2019-06-21 at the Wayback Machine [ bare URL PDF ]
  29. Jordán Arandia, Oscar E. (2010-05-30). "Mi compromiso es con Cochabamba". Los Tiempos. Cochabamba. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
  30. "Contáctenos Archived 2010-02-08 at the Wayback Machine ." Boliviana de Aviación. Retrieved on February 27, 2010.
  31. "World Airline Directory." Flight International . March 21–27, 2000. 91.
  32. "Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano's History." Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano. January 9, 2007. Retrieved on February 27, 2010.
  33. "Fuerza antidroga ejecuta cinco operativos en Cochabamba y afecta al narcotráfico en más de $us 1 millón". 4 August 2020.
  34. "Fuerza antidroga destruye 19 fábricas de cocaína en el trópico". 31 January 2020.
  35. "FELCN de Cochabamba incauta 260 kilos de cocaína, una estancia y una avioneta". 29 July 2020.
  36. "FELCN secuestra más de 32 toneladas de precursores en Cochabamba". 5 January 2020.
  37. "Arce inaugura un moderno Tren Metropolitano en Cochabamba que une a 6 municipios". La Razón. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  38. 1 2 "Bataderos asfixian a Cochabamba". Los Tiempos. 18 April 2010.
  39. Spamhaus Blacklist, 2015
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Convenios Internacionales" (official website) (in Spanish). Cochabamba, Bolivia: Gobierno Autónomo Municipal de Cochabamba. Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2015-03-28.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano</span> Former flag carrier and principal airline of Bolivia

Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano S.A.M., was the flag carrier and principal airline of Bolivia from 1925 until it ceased operations in 2010. Before its demise it was headquartered in Cochabamba and had its main hubs at Jorge Wilstermann International Airport and Viru Viru International Airport. Founded in September 1925, it was the second oldest airline in South America after Avianca and one of the oldest airlines in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cochabamba Department</span> Department of Bolivia

Cochabamba, from Quechua qucha or qhucha, meaning "lake", pampa meaning "plain", is one of the nine departments of Bolivia. It is known to be the "granary" of the country because of its variety of agricultural products from its geographical position. It has an area of 55,631 km2. Its population in the 2012 census was 1,758,143. Its capital is the city of Cochabamba, known as the "City of Eternal Spring" and "The Garden City" because of its spring-like temperatures all year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punata Province</span> Province in Cochabamba, Bolivia

Punata is a province almost in the middle of the Cochabamba Department, Bolivia, located about 45 km south of the city of Cochabamba. Its capital is Punata. The province is limited to the north by the Chapare Province, to the north-east by the Tiraque Province, to the east by the Arani Province, to the south-east by the Mizque Province, to the south by the Esteban Arze Province and to the west by the Germán Jordán Province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tapacarí Province</span> Province in Bolivia

Tapacarí is a province in the Cochabamba Department, Bolivia. Its capital is Tapacarí. The province is located at a turnoff from the major highway that links Cochabamba and Oruro. It has traditionally been amongst the poorest in the department. Tapacarí Province and neighboring Arque Province are the two poorest of the 16 provinces that make up the department of Cochabamba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sacaba</span> City and Municipality in Cochabamba Department, Bolivia

Sacaba is a capital city and a municipality in the Bolivian province of Chapare. The city, located 13 kilometers eastward from Cochabamba, is the second largest city in the Cochabamba Department after Cochabamba city. Post-colonial architecture may be seen in the inner part of Sacaba; however, some has been destroyed due to lack of municipal care.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Municipalities of Bolivia</span> Administrative division of Bolivia

Municipalities in Bolivia are administrative divisions of the entire national territory governed by local elections. Municipalities are the third level of administrative divisions, below departments and provinces. Some of the provinces consist of only one municipality. In these cases the municipalities are identical to the provinces they belong to. There are 340 municipalities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boliviana de Aviación</span> Flag carrier of Bolivia

Boliviana de Aviación, legally incorporated as Empresa Pública Nacional Estratégica Boliviana de Aviación and commonly known as BoA, is the flag carrier airline of Bolivia and is wholly owned by the country's government. Founded in October 2007 and headquartered in Cochabamba, it operates most of its domestic network out of its primary hub at Jorge Wilstermann International Airport and maintains focus cities at El Alto International Airport and Viru Viru International Airport. Almost all international flights, including long-haul services to Madrid and Miami, operate out of Viru Viru airport in Santa Cruz de la Sierra due to the severe limitations of El Alto International Airport in La Paz, located over 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above sea level.

Tolata is a locality in the Cochabamba Department in central Bolivia. It is the seat of the Tolata Municipality, the third municipal section of the Germán Jordán Province. At the time of census 2001 it had a population of 2,207.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rocha River</span> River in Bolivia

Rocha River or Kunturillu River which upstream is called Mayllanku(Maylanco) is a Bolivian river in the Cochabamba Department, Quillacollo Province. From the point of the confluence with the Arque River the river is called Caine River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punata Municipality</span> Municipality in Cochabamba Department, Bolivia

Punata Municipality is the first municipal section of the Punata Province in the Cochabamba Department, Bolivia. Its capital is Punata. At the time of census 2001 the municipality had 26,140 inhabitants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiquipaya Municipality</span> Municipality in Cochabamba Department, Bolivia

Tiquipaya Municipality is the third municipal section of the Quillacollo Province in the Cochabamba Department, Bolivia. Its seat is Tiquipaya.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Villa Rivero Municipality</span> Municipality in Cochabamba Department, Bolivia

Villa Rivero Municipality or Muela Municipality is the second municipal section of the Punata Province in the Cochabamba Department in Bolivia. Its seat is Villa Rivero.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colcapirhua</span> Town in Cochabamba Department, Bolivia

Colcapirhua is a town in the Cochabamba Department in central Bolivia. It is the seat of the Colcapirhua Municipality, the fifth municipal section of the Quillacollo Province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiquipaya</span> Town in Cochabamba Department, Bolivia

Tiquipaya is a town in the Cochabamba Department in central Bolivia. It is the seat of the Tiquipaya Municipality, the third municipal section of the Quillacollo Province. It is known as the "city of flowers". The town hosts many dairy farmers and is known as a well visited and productive zone with surprising climatic diversity due to valleys, high plains, and sub-tropical regions. The town homes the Universidad del Valle (UNIVALLE) that helps in the economy of the region as a result of the services required. Around 2% of the population of Tiquipaya was born in a foreign country. Most of them are students from Brasil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inka Raqay, Bolivia</span> Archaeological site in the Cochabamba Department, Bolivia

Inka Raqay is an archaeological site in Bolivia. It is located in the Cochabamba Department, Quillacollo Province, Sipe Sipe Municipality, near the community of Linku.

Puma Apachita is a mountain in the Tunari mountain range of the Bolivian Andes, about 4,920 m (16,142 ft) high. It is situated in the Cochabamba Department, Quillacollo Province, Quillacollo Municipality, northwest of Cochabamba. Puma Apachita lies southeast of Jatun Q'asa.

Uqi Salli Punta is a 4,840-metre-high (15,880 ft) mountain in the Bolivian Andes. It is located in the Cochabamba Department, on the border of the Chapare Province, Villa Tunari Municipality, and the Quillacollo Province, Quillacollo Municipality.

Pirwata is a 5,060-metre-high (16,600 ft) mountain in the Bolivian Andes. It is located in the Cochabamba Department, on the border of the Ayopaya Province, Morochata Municipality, and the Quillacollo Province, Quillacollo Municipality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kanata Metropolitan Area</span> Conurbation in Bolivia

The Kanata Metropolitan Area is the Metropolitan Region of the Department of Cochabamba. The region is made up of the municipalities of Cochabamba, Colcapirhua, Quillacollo, Sacaba, Sipe Sipe, Tiquipaya and Vinto, adding a total of seven con-urbanized municipalities. It limits to the north with the municipalities of Cocapata and Villa Tunari, to the west with the municipalities of Morochata and Tapacarí to the south with the municipalities of Arbieto, Arque, Capinota, San Benito, Santiváñez, Sicaya and Tolata to the east with the municipalities of Colomi and Tiraque. being the penultimate included as part of this region in its plans for future development, the municipalities of the metropolitan area are arranged in an east–west direction and vice versa, structured by the most important road in the country, Route 4. With a total area of 2,611 km2 where approximately 1.5 million inhabitants coexist.

References