Athlete biological passport

Last updated • 7 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes, in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time. Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athlete's established levels outside permissible limits, rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances. [1]

Contents

Although the terminology athlete passport is recent, the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping. Maybe the first marker of doping that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood but instead the induced deviations in biological parameters is the testosterone over epitestosterone ratio (T/E). The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples. A decade later, in 1997, markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations, such as the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and the Federation Internationale de Ski, to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time.

In 2002 the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term "athlete passport". The advantages were listed in a science journal paper. [2] and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency. [3]

While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug, the advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the natural stability of the physiology of the human being. There can be a lag of between the availability of a new drug and the development of an effective test. In contrast, the physiology of the human being remains the same through several generations and all biomarkers developed today in the athlete passport will remain valid for at least several decades. For example, the blood module of the passport is already sensitive today to any new future form of recombinant erythropoietin, as well as to any form of gene doping that will enhance oxygen transfer to the muscles. Also, while a negative drug test does not necessarily mean that the athlete did not dope, the athlete can present their passport at the beginning of a competition to attest that they will compete in their natural, unaltered condition.

The athlete passport was widely covered in the media when the blood module was established at the beginning of the 2008 racing season by the world cycling federation, the UCI. [4] In May 2008 the UCI revealed that 23 riders were under suspicion of doping following the first phase of blood tests conducted under the new biological passport. [5]

The blood module of the athlete passport aims to detect any form of blood doping, the steroid module any form of doping with anabolic steroid and the endocrine module any modification of the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis. Each of these modules are however at different steps of development, validation and application in sports.

Athlete biological passport testing

According to the World Anti-Doping Agency, the athlete biological passport is administered to establish whether an athlete is manipulating their physiological variables without detecting a particular substance or method. The biological passport uses the standardized approach of urine sampling to determine steroid abuse. The objective of this testing is to identify athletes in a haematological module and a steroidal module.

The haematological module tests for certain markers in the body that identify the enhancement of oxygen transport. The specific markers the module tests for include haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, percentage of reticulocytes, reticulocytes count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean red cell distribution width, and immature reticulocyte fraction.

The steroidal module collects information on markers for steroid doping and aims to identify endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. The specific markers the module tests for include testosterone, epitestosterone, the testosterone/epitestosterone ratio, androsterone, and etiocholanolone. [6]

The World Anti-Doping Agency recently released the 2014 Prohibited Substances list and it will take effect on 1 January. In the new list, the agency modified the definitions of exogenous and endogenous steroids being tested for in the steroidal module of the biological passport. [7]

Cycling

Ricardo Serrano was one of the five first riders that UCI opened a biological passport case against, in 2009. Ricardo Serrano (Tinkoff).jpg
Ricardo Serrano was one of the five first riders that UCI opened a biological passport case against, in 2009.

Whereabouts rules

Under the new rules, registered riders have to give the Union Cycliste Internationale daily information about their location and provide a one-hour window for possible testing. They have to submit a form every quarter-year saying where they will be every day of the next quarter and they must notify the UCI if they change their whereabouts on any day. This means the whereabouts information provided in the whereabouts filings is accurate and sufficient in detail to enable any relevant Anti-Doping Organization to locate the riders for testing on any given day in that period of time. [9]

Cyclists sanctioned on basis of biological passports

The biological passport programme has allowed the UCI to sanction riders for committing an anti-doping rule violation. Riders have also been targeted with further doping controls based on their biological passport.

NameTeamCountryEventStart of disqualificationSanctionSanction
announced
Ineligibility startingIneligibility endingReference(s)
António Amorim Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Road racing 24 July 20102 years ineligibility10 July 201314 April 2015 [10] [11]
Igor Astarloa Team Milram Flag of Spain.svg Spain Road racing 15 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility1 Dec. 201026 Nov. 201025 Nov. 2012 [12] [13] [14] [15]
Carlos Barredo Quick-Step, Rabobank Flag of Spain.svg Spain Road racing 17 Oct. 2007
–24 Sept. 2011,
only
2 years ineligibilityJuly 201418 Oct 201217 Oct 2014 [16]
Leonardo Bertagnolli Liquigas, Androni Giocattoli, Lampre–ISD Flag of Italy.svg Italy Road racing 1 Jan. 2003
–18 May 2011
2 years and 10 months ineligibilityJuly 201424 Nov. 2013 [16]
Pietro Caucchioli Crédit Agricole Flag of Italy.svg Italy Road racing 18 June 20092 years ineligibility3 June 201018 June 200917 June 2011 [15] [17] [18]
Francesco De Bonis Gerolsteiner, Diquigiovanni–Androni Flag of Italy.svg Italy Road racing 18 June 20092 years ineligibilityMay 201018 June 200917 June 2011 [15] [19] [20]
Leif Hoste Omega Pharma–Lotto Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Road racing 2 years ineligibility29 Mar. 201329 Dec. 2015 [16]
Rubén Lobato Saunier Duval–Scott Flag of Spain.svg Spain Road racing 16 July 20102 years ineligibilityJuly 201016 July 201015 July 2012 [15] [21] [22]
Denis Menchov Rabobank, Team Katusha Flag of Russia.svg Russia Road racing 2009, 2010 & 2012 TdF,
only
2 years ineligibilityJuly 201410 April 20149 April 2015 [16]
Franco Pellizotti Liquigas Flag of Italy.svg Italy Road racing 7 May 20092 years ineligibilityMarch 20113 May 20102 May 2012 [18] [23]
Sérgio Ribeiro Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Road racing 12 years ineligibility (2nd ARDV)14 July 2025 [24]
Ricardo Serrano Tinkoff Credit Systems Flag of Spain.svg Spain Road racing 7 May 20092 years ineligibility17 June 20107 May 20096 May 2011 [15] [25]
Jonathan Tiernan-Locke Endura Racing/Team Sky Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Road racing 2012 Tour of Britain & 2012 UCI Worlds,
only
2 years ineligibilityJuly 201431 Dec. 201331 Dec. 2015 [26]
Tadej Valjavec Ag2r–La Mondiale Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia Road racing 19 April
–30 Sept. 2009,
only
2 years ineligibilityApril 201120 Jan. 201119 Jan. 2013 [23] [27]

During the first three years of UCI's bio passport program 26 riders were found positive for EPO. In 20 out of the 26 cases, it was the abnormal blood profile which raised suspicions leading to a targeted doping test. [28]

Athletics

The International Association of Athletics Federations, now known as World Athletics, introduced their Athletes Biological Passport programme in 2009, and announced the first sanction under the passport in May 2012. [44] [45] The Portuguese marathon runner Hélder Ornelas became the first track and field athlete to get suspended for doping based on the biological passport. [44] [45] [46] He received a four-year suspension in May 2012. [47]

Track and field athletes sanctioned on basis of biological passports

NameCountryEventDate of infraction/
Start of disqualification
SanctionSanction
announced
Ineligibility
starting
Ineligibility
ending
Reference(s)
Inga Abitova FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaMarathon10 Oct. 20092 years ineligibility7 Nov. 201211 Oct 201210 Oct. 2014 [47] [48]
Anna Alminova FFlag of Russia.svg Russia1500 m16 Feb. 20092 years and 6 months ineligibility30 July 201416 Dec. 201115 May 2014 [49]
Aslı Çakır Alptekin FFlag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 1500 m29 July 20108 years ineligibility (2nd ADRV)17 Aug. 201510 Jan. 20139 Jan. 2021 [50] [51] [52]
Elena Arzhakova FFlag of Russia.svg Russia800 m, 1500 m12 July 20112 years ineligibility30 April 201329 Jan. 201328 Jan. 2015 [47] [53]
Ahmed Baday MFlag of Morocco.svg  Morocco Long-distance26 March 20102 years ineligibility6 March 201531 Dec. 201430 Dec. 2016 [54] [55]
Sergey Bakulin MFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking25 Jan. 20113 years and 2 months ineligibility20 Jan. 201524 Dec. 2012 [56] [57] [58]
Yassine Bensghir MFlag of Morocco.svg  Morocco Middle-distance7 June 20144 years ineligibility25 July 201612 April. 201611 April 2020 [59]
Alemitu Bekele FFlag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 5000 m17 Aug. 20092 years and 9 months ineligibility (Reduced from 4 years [60] [61] )16 Jan. 20133 March 20122 Jan. 2015 [47] [62]
Petr Bogatyrev MFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking12 July 20112 years ineligibility26 March 201416 Oct. 201315 Oct. 2015 [47] [62]
Valeriy Borchin MFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking14 Aug. 20098 years ineligibility20 Jan. 201515 Oct. 2012 [56] [57] [58]
Abderrahime Bouramdane MFlag of Morocco.svg  Morocco Marathon14 March 20112 years ineligibility28 Oct. 20152 Oct. 20151 Oct. 2017 [63] [64]
Yolanda Caballero FFlag of Colombia.svg  Colombia Middle-/long-distance24 Oct. 20114 years ineligibility25 May. 201628 April. 201427 April 2018 [65]
Hafid Chani MFlag of Morocco.svg  Morocco Long-distance19 March 20114 years ineligibility26 June 201511 March 201510 March 2019 [66] [67]
Bahar Doğan FFlag of Turkey.svg  Turkey Marathon3 June 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Oct. 201531 March 201530 Sept. 2017 [68] [69]
Marta Dominguez FFlag of Spain.svg SpainSteeplechase5 Aug. 20093 years ineligibility19 Nov. 201524 June 201512 Oct. 2017 [69] [70]
Hamza Driouch MFlag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 800 m, 1500 m.2 Aug. 20122 years ineligibility24 Feb. 201531 Dec. 201430 Dec. 2016 [71] [72]
Aliaksandra Dublia FFlag of Belarus.svg  Belarus Marathon11 Oct. 20132 years ineligibility27 Jan. 201628 Sept. 201527 Sept. 2017 [73]
Stanislav Emelyanov MFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking26 July 20102 years ineligibility28 July 201415 Dec. 201214 Dec. 2014 [74] [75]
Rkia El Moukim MFlag of Morocco.svg  Morocco Middle-/long-distance19 March 20112 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201619 Feb. 201618 Feb. 2018 [76]
Najim El Qady MFlag of Morocco.svg  Morocco Long-distance19 March 20112 years ineligibility24 June 20168 June. 20167 June 2018 [77]
Meryem Erdoğan FFlag of Turkey.svg  Turkey Long-distance27 July 20102 years ineligibility25 July 201214 Feb. 2014 [45] [78]
Miguel Ángel Gamonal MFlag of Spain.svg SpainHalf marathon3 years ineligibility (2nd ADRV)28 Oct. 201526 Oct. 201525 Oct. 2018 [63]
Abderrahim Goumri MFlag of Morocco.svg  Morocco Marathon22 April 20094 years ineligibility25 July 201214 March 2016 [lower-alpha 1] [45] [78]
Yelizaveta Grechishnikova FFlag of Russia.svg Russia5000 m18 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility3 Dec. 201316 Oct. 201315 Oct. 2015 [47] [79]
Lidiya Grigoryeva FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaLong-distance17 Feb. 20092 years and 6 months ineligibility24 June 201616 Feb. 201615 Aug. 2018 [77]
Halima Hachlaf FFlag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 800 m.14 Oct. 20134 years ineligibility24 April 201419 Dec. 201318 Dec. 2017 [47] [80]
Tetyana Hamera-Shmyrko FFlag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine Marathon26 Aug. 20114 years ineligibility20 Nov. 201530 Sept. 201529 Sept. 2019 [69] [81]
Hussain Al-Hamdah MFlag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 5000 m.26 March 20092 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Feb. 201515 Feb. 201314 Aug. 2015 [72] [82]
Ekaterina Ishova (née Gorbunova)FFlag of Russia.svg Russia1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m.12. July 20112 years ineligibility3 Dec. 201323 Oct. 201322 Oct. 2015 [47] [79]
Stéphane Joly MFlag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  SwitzerlandCross country14 Oct. 20102 years ineligibility5 June 201329 April 201328 April 2015 [83] [84]
Vladimir Kanaykin MFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking25 January 20118 years20 Jan. 201517 Dec. 201216 Dec. 2020 [56] [57] [58]
Olga Kaniskina FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking15 August 20093 years and 2 months ineligibility20 Jan. 201515 Oct. 2012 [56] [57] [58]
Natallia Kareiva FFlag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 1500 m.28 July 20102 years ineligibility29 Sept. 201422 Aug. 201421 Aug. 2016 [47] [85] [86]
Ümmü Kiraz FFlag of Turkey.svg  Turkey Marathon3 June 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Oct. 201531 March 201530 Sept. 2017 [68] [69]
Svetlana Kireyeva FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaLong-distance26 June 20122 years ineligibility27 Jan. 20164 June 20153 June 2017 [73]
Sergey Kirdyapkin MFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking20 August 20093 years and 2 months ineligibility20 Jan. 201515 Oct. 2012 [56] [57] [58]
Svetlana Klyuka FFlag of Russia.svg Russia800 m.15 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility25 July 20129 Feb. 2014 [45] [78]
Eirini Kokkinariou FFlag of Greece.svg  Greece Steeplechase2 July 20094 years ineligibility25 July 201227 Oct. 201126 Oct. 2015 [47] [48]
Mariya Konovalova FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaMarathonAug. 20092 years ineligibility5 Nov. 201527 Oct. 201526 Oct. 2017 [69] [87] [88]
Yekaterina Kostetskaya FFlag of Russia.svg Russia800 m, 1500 m.30 Aug. 20112 years ineligibility28 July 201421 Jan. 201320 Jan. 2015 [74] [75]
Alena Kudashkina FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaLong-distance9 July 20122 years and 6 months ineligibility24 June 201623 Sept. 201522 March 2018 [77]
Abdelhadi Labäli MFlag of Morocco.svg  Morocco Middle-distance9 July 20122 years ineligibility25 May. 201627 April. 201626 April 2018 [65]
Mikhail Lemaev MFlag of Russia.svg RussiaMarathon20 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility26 Feb. 201330 Jan. 201329 Jan. 2015 [47] [89]
Anna Lukyanova FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking19 July 20102 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201626 Nov. 201525 Nov. 2017 [76]
Irina Maracheva FFlag of Russia.svg Russia800 m.26 June 20122 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201623 Jan. 201522 Jan. 2017 [76]
Ildar Minshin MFlag of Russia.svg RussiaSteeplechase15 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility21 Sept. 201625 Aug. 201624 Aug. 2018 [90]
Anna Mishchenko FFlag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 800 m./1500m./3000 m.28 June 20122 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201618 Aug. 201517 Aug. 2017 [76]
Tatyana Mineeva FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking12 Nov. 20112 years ineligibility14 Dec. 201216 Nov. 2014 [47]
Marco Morgado MFlag of Portugal.svg PortugalCross country running29 Oct. 20116 years ineligibility25 Feb. 201424 Feb. 201324 Feb. 2019 [47] [91]
Sergey Morozov MFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking25 Feb. 2011Life ban18 Dec. 2012Life ban
(2nd ARDV)
[47]
Semiha Mutlu FFlag of Turkey.svg  Turkey Race walking20 Aug. 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Oct. 20153 March 20152 Sept. 2017 [68] [69]
Maria Nikolaeva FFlag of Russia.svg Russia400 m./800 m.18 Feb. 20154 years ineligibility19 Feb. 20161 Oct. 201530 Sept. 2019 [76]
Ilja Nikolajev MFlag of Estonia.svg  Estonia Marathon16 April 20132 years ineligibility12 May 20153 Feb. 20152 Feb. 2017 [92] [93]
Maksym Cerrone Obrubanskyy MFlag of Italy.svg Italy1500 m, 3000 m. 5000 m.17 Feb. 20134 years ineligibility25 Feb. 201430 May 201329 May 2017 [47] [91]
Nina Okhotnikova FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking21 June 2011
–17 Nov. 2011
2 years ineligibility17 March 201522 Jan. 201521 Jan. 2017 [93] [94] [95]
Hélder Ornelas MFlag of Portugal.svg PortugalMarathon8 March 20104 years ineligibility2 May 201212 Jan. 2016 [45] [47]
Hanane Ouhaddou FFlag of Morocco.svg  Morocco Steeplechase14 August 20092 years ineligibility7 June 2014 [96]
Tetiana Petlyuk FFlag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 800 m.18 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility5 April 201319 Feb. 2015 [47]
Meliz Redif FFlag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 400 m.26 June 20123 years ineligibility25 Oct. 201531 March 201530 March 2018 [68] [69]
José Rocha MFlag of Portugal.svg PortugalLong-distance11 Dec. 20102 years ineligibility28 Feb. 201425 March 201324 March 2015 [47] [97]
Yuliya Ruban FFlag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine Marathon8 March 20122 years ineligibility29 May 201525 Feb. 201524 Feb. 2017 [93]
Yuliya Rusanova FFlag of Russia.svg Russia800 m.3 March 20112 years ineligibility26 Feb. 201328 Jan. 201327 Jan. 2015 [47] [89]
Andrey Ruzavin MFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking18 Dec. 2011
–18 Feb. 2012
13 Sept. 2013
–13 Nov 2013
2 years and 6 months ineligibility17 March 20159 Oct. 20148 April 2017 [93] [94] [95] [98]
Pınar Saka FFlag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 400 m.18 June 20103 years ineligibility28 Jan. 20143 June 20132 June 2016 [47] [97]
Mohammed Shaween MFlag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 1500 m.12 June 20113 years ineligibility28 July 201413 Feb. 201312 Feb. 2016 [74] [75]
Anzhelika Shevchenko FFlag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 1500 m.2 July 20112 years ineligibility5 April 201317 Feb. 2015 [47]
Liliya Shobukhova FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaMarathon9 Oct. 20092 years and 7 months (Reduced from 3 years and 2 months by WADA after first being extended from 2 years by CAS)29 April 201422 Jan. 201323 Aug. 2015 [99] [100] [101] [102]
Fernando Silva MFlag of Portugal.svg PortugalCross country running29 Oct. 20118 years ineligibility26 Feb. 201424 Sept. 201323 Sept. 2021 [47] [91]
Svitlana Shmidt FFlag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine Middle-distance8 March 20124 years ineligibility30 April 201517 March 201516 March 2019 [93] [103]
Olesya Syreva FFlag of Russia.svg Russia1500 m, 3000 m.3 March 20112 years ineligibility26 Feb. 20131 Feb. 201331 Jan. 2015 [47] [89]
Irina Timofeyeva FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaMarathon10 Oct. 20092 years ineligibility21 Sept. 20166 Sept. 20165 Sept. 2018 [90]
Wang Jiali FFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaMarathon29 May 20122 years ineligibility25 Feb. 201426 Feb. 201325 Feb. 2015 [47] [91]
Nevin Yanit FFlag of Turkey.svg  Turkey Sprinting, hurdling28 June 20123 years ineligibility6 March 20156 March 20135 March 2016 [66] [67]

[104]

Igor Yerokhin MFlag of Russia.svg RussiaRace walking25 Feb. 2011Life ban24 Sept. 2013Life ban
(2nd ARDV)
[47] [105]
Lyudmyla Yosypenko FFlag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine Heptathlon25 Aug. 20114 years ineligibility24 Sept. 201327 March 201326 March 2017 [47] [105]
Nailiya Yulamanova FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaMarathon2 years ineligibility25 July 20129 Feb. 2014 [45] [78]
Yuliya Zaripova FFlag of Russia.svg RussiaSteeplechase20 July 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility30 Jan. 201525 July 2013 [57] [58] [106]
Yevgeniya Zinurova FFlag of Russia.svg Russia800 m.6 March 20102 years ineligibility25 July 201212 Sept. 2013 [45] [78]

In March 2014, the Spanish athletics federation cleared Marta Dominguez in a bio passport case. El País reported that IAAF were going to take the case to CAS. [107] In February 2014, IAAF announced they would appeal Aslı Çakır Alptekin's ABP-related doping case to CAS after the Turkish federation had cleared her. IAAF also suspended her provisionally. [108] An IAAF spokesperson in January 2015 confirmed that Russian race walker Sergey Bakulin was provisionally suspended since December 2012 in an ABP related doping case. [109] IAAF otherwise doesn't publicly announce provisional suspensions. In February 2015 Turkish press reported that Ümmü Kiraz, Bahar Doğan, Semiha Mutlu and Meliz Redif were under investigation in bio passport cases. [110]

Triathlon

In 2012 USADA sanctioned the American triathlete Mark Fretta "after variations in his individual longitudinal blood profile as well as other documentary evidence indicated the use of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents". [111] Fretta received a four-year ban, [111] and his results from 18 August 2010 onwards were annulled. [112]

Football (soccer)

In 2014, the biological passport was introduced in the 2014 FIFA World Cup; blood and urine samples from all players before the competition and from two players per team and per match were analysed by the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses. [113]

Notes

  1. A. Goumri died in a car crash in January 2013

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