BPC-157 (also known as PL 14736) is an oligopeptide consisting of a chain of fifteen amino acids. It has the amino acid sequence Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val. [1] This peptide has a molecular formula of C62H98N16O22. The PUBCHEM ID is CID 9941957. [2]
BPC-157 as it's commonly known as "Body Protecting Compound," is a native gastric pentadecapeptide that is considered non-toxic that has been used in several clinical yielding incredible cytoprotective activity. [3]
The peptide is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency in 2022 under the S0 category of non-exempt substances. [4]
There are some tentative pre-clinical studies on animals and in vitro suggesting possible benefit in wound healing and bowel disorders although all of these studies come from a single research group. [5] [6]
BPC 157 is marketed in functional medicine, although, FDA approval is not issued yet for it to be used in standard medicine. [7]
Gastrin-releasing peptideGRP, is a neuropeptide, a regulatory molecule encoded in the human by the GRP gene. GRP has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Most notably, GRP stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells of the stomach.
N-Formylmethionine is a derivative of the amino acid methionine in which a formyl group has been added to the amino group. It is specifically used for initiation of protein synthesis from bacterial and organellar genes, and may be removed post-translationally.
Molybdopterins are a class of cofactors found in most molybdenum-containing and all tungsten-containing enzymes. Synonyms for molybdopterin are: MPT and pyranopterin-dithiolate. The nomenclature for this biomolecule can be confusing: Molybdopterin itself contains no molybdenum; rather, this is the name of the ligand that will bind the active metal. After molybdopterin is eventually complexed with molybdenum, the complete ligand is usually called molybdenum cofactor.
Phenylglyoxal is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(O)C(O)H. It contains both an aldehyde and a ketone functional group. It is yellow liquid when anhydrous but readily forms a colorless crystalline hydrate. It has been used as a reagent to modify the amino acid, arginine. It has also been used to attach chemical payload (probes) to the amino acid citrulline and to peptides/proteins.
Slotoxin is a peptide from Centruroides noxius Hoffmann scorpion venom. It belongs to the short scorpion toxin superfamily.
γ-Amanitin (gamma-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is an amatoxin, a group of toxins isolated from and found in several members of the mushroom genus Amanita, one being the death cap as well as the destroying angel, a complex of similar species, principally A. virosa and A. bisporigera. The compound is highly toxic, inhibits RNA polymerase II, disrupts synthesis of mRNA, and can be fatal.
Acetarsol is an anti-infective drug.
Fluorenol, also known as hydrafinil, is an alcohol derivative of fluorene. In the most significant isomer, fluoren-9-ol or 9-hydroxyfluorene, the hydroxy group is located on the bridging carbon between the two benzene rings. Hydroxyfluorene can be converted to fluorenone by oxidation. It is a white-cream colored solid at room temperature.
DOTA-TATE is an eight amino acid long peptide, with a covalently bonded DOTA bifunctional chelator.
Neoendorphins are a group of endogenous opioid peptides derived from the proteolytic cleavage of prodynorphin. They include α-neoendorphin and β-neoendorphin. The α-neoendorphin is present in greater amounts in the brain than β-neoendorphin. Both are products of the dynorphin gene, which also expresses dynorphin A, dynorphin A-(1-8), and dynorphin B. These opioid neurotransmitters are especially active in Central Nervous System receptors, whose primary function is pain sensation. These peptides all have the consensus amino acid sequence of Try-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met (met-enkephalin) or Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu ( leu-enkephalin). Binding of neoendorphins to opioid receptors (OPR), in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons results in the reduction of time of calcium-dependent action potential. The α-neoendorphins bind OPRD1(delta), OPRK1(kappa), and OPRM1 (mu) and β-neoendorphin bind OPRK1.
C8orf48 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C8orf48 gene. C8orf48 is a nuclear protein specifically predicted to be located in the nuclear lamina. C8orf48 has been found to interact with proteins that are involved in the regulation of various cellular responses like gene expression, protein secretion, cell proliferation, and inflammatory responses. This protein has been linked to breast cancer and papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Leucine rich repeat containing 24 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LRRC24 gene. The protein is represented by the official symbol LRRC24, and is alternatively known as LRRC14OS. The function of LRRC24 is currently unknown. It is a member of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) superfamily of proteins.
Phenypressin (Phe2-Arg8-vasopressin) is an oxytocin neuropeptide belonging to the vertebrae vasopressin family and has similar pharmacological properties as arginine vasopressin. The name phenypressin came about because there is a substitution of phenylalanine that makes it different from arginine vasopressin in the second residue and that is the only difference. It belongs to the family, neurohypophysial hormones, named after the fact that they are secreted by the neurohypophysis which is a neural projection from the hypothalamus. It has mostly been found to be present is some species belonging to the family, Macropodidae, particularly eastern gray kangaroos[3], red kangaroos, tammar wallaby, and the quokka wallaby. In other marsupial families, Phenypressin has not yet specifically been identified, but they do have other vasopressin-like peptides present.
PRR29 is a protein encoded by the PRR29 gene located in humans on chromosome 17 at 17q23.
Selenocystine is the amino acid with the formula (HO2CCH CH2Se)2. It is the oxidized derivative of the canonical amino acid selenocysteine. The compound can also be prepared synthetically from serine. Because selenocysteine is not easily isolated or handled, it is often generated by reduction of selenocystine in situ. The selenium–selenium bond length is 2.321 Å, which is 14% longer than the disulfide bond in cystine at 2.040 Å.
CAP-Gly Domain Containing Linker Protein Family Member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLIP4 gene. In terms of conserved domains, the CLIP4 gene contains primarily ankyrin repeats and the eponymous CAP-Gly domains. The structure of the CLIP4 protein is largely made up of coil, with alpha helices dominating the rest of the protein. CLIP4 mRNA expression occurs largely in the adrenal cortex and atrioventricular node. The literature encompassing CLIP4's conserved domains and paralogs points toward microtubule regulation as a possible function of CLIP4.
LmαTX5 is an α-scorpion toxin which inhibits the fast inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. It has been identified through transcriptome analysis of the venom gland of Lychas mucronatus, also known as the Chinese swimming scorpion – a scorpion species which is widely distributed in Southeast Asia.
KIAA2013, also known as Q8IYS2 or MGC33867, is a single-pass transmembrane protein encoded by the KIAA2013 gene in humans. The complete function of KIAA2013 has not yet been fully elucidated.
2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl azide is an organic chemical used as a reagent to supply azide for electrophilic amination reactions, such as for the asymmetric synthesis of unnatural amino acids. Introduction of an azide on the α carbon of carboxylic acid derivative using trisyl azide is an efficient alternative to electrophilic halogenation followed by nucleophilic substitution using anionic azide. Using an oxazolidinone as chiral auxiliary typically gives good induction of the stereochemistry at the α position. Subsequent reduction converts the α-azide to an α-amine.