Banksieaephyllum

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Banksieaephyllum
Temporal range: Paleocene–Early Miocene
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Subfamily: Grevilleoideae
Tribe: Banksieae
Genus:† Banksieaephyllum
Cookson & Duigan
Species

See text

Banksieaephyllum is a plant genus that encompasses organically preserved fossil leaves that can be attributed to the Proteaceae tribe Banksieae, but cannot be attributed to a genus.

Before 1950, many fossil leaves were attributed to the genera Banksia and Dryandra . In most cases, leaves with triangular lobes were associated with Dryandra, and leaves with serration were associated with Banksia. In 1950, Isabel Cookson and Suzanne Duigan showed this policy to be flawed, by demonstrating that the leaves of the two genera cannot be reliably distinguished. Since these two genera then comprised tribe Banksieae, Cookson and Duigan erected Banksieaephyllum to contain such leaves. [1]

Since then, Banksia and Dryandra have been further grouped into subtribe Banksiinae, and another subtribe, Musgraveinae, erected to contain two new genera. Interpretations of Banksieaephyllum are now no longer consistent. Some botanists continue to hold that Banksieaephyllum is for fossil leaves that can be attributed to Banksieae but not to a genus; that is, they include fossils that cannot be excluded from the Musgravinae. [2] Others hold that Cookson and Duigan's intentions were for the genus to hold fossil leaves that are known to be Dryandra or Banksia, but cannot be attributed to either with certainty; thus they now define the genus in terms of Banksiinae rather than Banksieae. [3]

Dryandra has now been transferred into Banksia. [4] Although as yet undetermined, the latter interpretation would result in Banksieaephyllum becoming a nomenclatural synonym of Banksia.[ original research? ]

Fossils ascribed to Banksieaephyllum have been found in sediments dating from the Paleocene to early Miocene ( 66 to 16 million years ago). In 1998, the most recent synopsis, there were 16 species, including:

However, Carpenter, Jordan & Hill (2016) transferred the species B. incisum and B. cuneatum to the separate genus Banksieaefolia , while also transferring the species B. acuminatum to the genus Banksia and renaming it Banksia cooksoniae . In addition, the authors excluded the species B. attenuatum, B. longifolium, B. pinnatum, B. praefastigatum, B. regularis and B. westdaliense from Banksieae and transferred those species to the separate genus Pseudobanksia . [8]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Taxonomy of <i>Banksia</i> Classification of the plant genus Banksia

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<i>Banksia canei</i> Shrub species endemic to Australia

Banksia canei, commonly known as the mountain banksia, is a species of shrub that is endemic to southeastern Australia. It is generally encountered as a many-branched shrub that grows up to 3 m (10 ft) high, with narrow leaves and the yellow inflorescences appearing from late summer to early winter. The old flowers fall off the spikes and up to 150 finely furred follicles develop, which remain closed until burnt in a bushfire. Each follicle bears two winged seeds. Response to fire is poorly known, although it is thought to regenerate by seed. Birds such as the yellow-tufted honeyeater and various insects forage among the flower spikes. It is frost tolerant in cultivation, but copes less well with aridity or humidity and is often short-lived in gardens. One cultivar, Banksia 'Celia Rosser', was registered in 1978, but has subsequently vanished.

<i>Banksia saxicola</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae native to Victoria (Australia)

Banksia saxicola, the rock banksia or Grampians banksia, is a species of tree or shrub in the plant genus Banksia. It occurs in Victoria in two distinct populations, one in The Grampians and the other on Wilsons Promontory. Formerly considered to be a form of B. integrifolia, it was described as a distinct species by Alex George in 1981. It is most closely related to Banksia marginata.

<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Abietinae</i> Series in the genus Banksia

Banksia ser. Abietinae is a valid botanic name for a series of Banksia. First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had three circumscriptions.

<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Salicinae</i> Taxonomic series in the family Proteaceae

Banksia ser. Salicinae is a valid botanic name for a series of Banksia. First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had three circumscriptions.

<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Quercinae</i> Taxonomic series in the family Proteaceae

Banksia ser. Quercinae is a valid botanic name for a series of Banksia. First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had three circumscriptions.

Banksieaeidites is a plant genus that encompasses fossil pollen that can be attributed to the Proteaceae tribe Banksieae, but cannot be attributed to a genus.

Banksia ionthocarpa is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has short, hairy, prostrate stems, pinnatifid leaves, pinkish purple to orange flower in heads of between forty and sixty at the base of leaves, and egg-shaped follicles with a distinctive tuft of hairs on the end.

<i>Banksia subulata</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia subulata, commonly known as the awled honeypot, is a species of bushy, prostrate shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has long linear leaves with the edges turned under, yellowish green flowers in heads of about sixty and more or less spherical follicles.

<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">subser.</span> Leptophyllae</i> Subseries in the family Proteaceae

Banksia subser. Leptophyllae is a valid botanic name for a subseries of Banksia. It was published by Kevin Thiele in 1996, but discarded by Alex George in 1999.

<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">subser.</span> Sphaerocarpae</i> Subseries in the family Proteaceae

Banksia subser. Sphaerocarpae is a valid botanic name for a subseries of Banksia. It was published by Kevin Thiele in 1996, but discarded by Alex George in 1999.

<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Ochraceae</i> Taxonomic series in the family Proteaceae

Banksia ser. Ochraceae is a valid botanic name for a taxonomic series within the plant genus Banksia. It was published by Kevin Thiele in 1996, but discarded by Alex George in 1999.

<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">subser.</span> Banksia</i> Subseries in the family Proteaceae

Banksia subser. Banksia is a valid botanic name for a subseries of Banksia. It was first used by Kevin Thiele in 1996, although as an autonym it is not considered to have been published per se. It was discarded by Alex George in 1999.

<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">subser.</span> Cratistylis</i> Subseries in the family Proteaceae

Banksia subser. Cratistylis is a valid botanic name for a subseries of Banksia. It was first published by Kevin Thiele in 1996 but discarded by Alex George in 1999.

<i>Dryandra</i> ser. <i>Floribundae</i> Obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra

Dryandra ser. Floribundae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra. It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.

Dryandra ser. Capitellatae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra. It was published by Alex George in 1996, but discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sank Dryandra into Banksia.

Banksia novae-zelandiae is an extinct species of Banksia, known only from fossil leaves found in the South Island of New Zealand.

Banksieaeformis is a genus that encompasses plant species only known from fossil leaves that can be attributed to the Proteaceae tribe Banksieae, but cannot be attributed to an extant (living) genus. Unlike those classified in the related genus Banksieaephyllum, the leaves do not have their cuticular architecture preserved. The genus was defined by botanists Bob Hill and David Christophel in 1988 to distinguish banksia-like leaves that had been organically preserved from those that had not.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suzanne Duigan</span> Australian paleobotanist

Suzanne Lawless Duigan was an Australian paleobotanist who specialised in fossil pollen (palynology). She collaborated with fellow botanist Isabel Cookson extensively on Paleogene brown coal deposits in Victoria. She pioneered studies in south east Australian coal measures as she considered micro- and macrofossils of the region in terms of their relationships to living plant species and families and their ecologies.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Cookson, Isabel C. & Duigan, Suzanne L. (1950). "Fossil Banksieae from Yallourn, Victoria, with notes on the morphology and anatomy of living species". Australian Journal of Scientific Research, Series B (Biological Sciences). 3 (2): 133–165.
  2. 1 2 Vadala, Anthony J.; Drinnan, Andrew N. (1998). "Elaborating the Fossil History of Banksiinae: A New Species of Banksieaephyllum (Proteaceae) from the Late Paleocene of New South Wales". Australian Systematic Botany. 11 (4): 439–463. doi:10.1071/SB97021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Carpenter, Raymond J.; Jordan, Gregory J. (1997). "Early tertiary macrofossils of Proteaceae from Tasmania". Australian Systematic Botany . 10 (4): 533–563. doi:10.1071/SB96016.
  4. ↑ Mast, Austin R. and Kevin Thiele (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany . 20: 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
  5. 1 2 Hill, Robert S.; Christophel, David S. (1988). "Tertiary leaves of the tribe Banksieae (Proteaceae) from south-eastern Australia". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 97 (2): 205–27. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1988.tb02462.x.
  6. 1 2 Carpenter, Raymond J.; Jordan, Greg J. (1997). "Early Tertiary Macrofossils of Proteaceae from Tasmania" (PDF). Australian Systematic Botany. 10 (4): 533–63. doi:10.1071/SB96016.
  7. ↑ Carpenter, Raymond J..; Jordan, Greg; Hill, R. S. (1994). "Banksieaephyllum taylorii ( Proteaceae) from the late paleocene of New South Wales and its relevance to the origin of Australia's scleromorphic flora". Australian Systematic Botany. 7 (4): 385–392. doi:10.1071/SB9940385.
  8. ↑ Raymond Carpenter; Gregory Jordan; Bob Hill (2016). "Fossil leaves of Banksia, Banksieae and pretenders: resolving the fossil genus Banksieaephyllum". Australian Systematic Botany. 29 (2): 126–141. doi:10.1071/SB16005. S2CID   89568423.
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