Battle of Dupplin Moor

Last updated

Battle of Dupplin Moor
Part of the Second War of Scottish Independence
Date11 August 1332
Location
Perth, Scotland
56°22′N3°34′W / 56.36°N 3.56°W / 56.36; -3.56
Result English/Balliol victory
Belligerents
Scotland Disinherited Scots
English supporters
Commanders and leaders
Strength
15,000 to 40,000 1,500
Casualties and losses
High 35 killed
Designated21 March 2011
Reference no. BTL8
Scotland Southeast location map.svg
Small battle symbol.svg
Battle
Blue pog.svg
Solid red.svg
Solid red.svg
class=notpageimage|
The location of the battle in south-east Scotland, with present-day boundaries shown
  • Key:
  • Solid red.svg – town
  • Blue pog.svg – village
  • Small battle symbol.svg
    – site of the battle

The Battle of Dupplin Moor was fought between supporters of King David II of Scotland, the son of King Robert Bruce, and English-backed invaders supporting Edward Balliol, son of King John I of Scotland, on 11 August 1332. It took place a little to the south-west of Perth, Scotland, when a Scottish force commanded by Donald, Earl of Mar, estimated to have been stronger than 15,000 and possibly as many as 40,000 men, attacked a largely English force of 1,500 commanded by Balliol and Henry Beaumont, Earl of Buchan. This was the first major battle of the Second War of Scottish Independence.

Contents

The First War of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland ended in 1328 with the Treaty of Northampton, recognising Bruce as King of Scots, but the treaty was widely resented in England. King Edward III of England was happy to cause trouble for his northern neighbour and tacitly supported an attempt to place Balliol on the Scottish throne. Balliol and a small force landed in Fife and marched on Perth, then the Scottish capital. A Scottish army at least ten times stronger occupied a defensive position on the far side of the River Earn. The invaders crossed the river at night via an unguarded ford and took up a strong defensive position.

In the morning the Scots raced to attack the English, disorganising their own formations. Unable to break the line of English men-at-arms, the Scots became trapped in a valley with fresh forces arriving from the rear pressing them forward and giving them no room to manoeuvre, or even to use their weapons. English longbowmen shot into both Scottish flanks. Many Scots died of suffocation or were trampled underfoot. Eventually they broke and the English men-at-arms mounted and pursued the fugitives until nightfall. Perth fell, the remaining Scottish forces dispersed and Balliol was crowned King of Scots. By the end of 1332 he had lost control of most of Scotland, but regained it in 1333 with Edward III's open support. He was deposed again in 1334, restored again in 1335 and finally deposed in 1336, by those loyal to David II.

Background

The First War of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in March 1296, when Edward I of England (r. 1272–1307) stormed and sacked the Scottish border town of Berwick-upon-Tweed as a prelude to his invasion of Scotland. [1] After the 30 years of warfare which followed, the newly crowned 14-year-old King Edward III was nearly captured in the English disaster at Stanhope Park. This brought his regents, Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer, to the negotiating table. They agreed to the Treaty of Northampton with Robert Bruce (r. 1306–1329) in 1328, recognising Bruce as King of Scots. The treaty was widely resented in England and commonly known as the turpis pax, "the cowards' peace". Some Scottish nobles, refusing to swear fealty to Bruce, were disinherited and left Scotland to join forces with Edward Balliol, son of King John I of Scotland (r. 1292–1296), [2] who had been captured by the English in 1296 and abdicated. [3]

Robert Bruce died in 1329 and his heir was 5-year-old David II (r. 1329–1371). In 1331, under the leadership of Edward Balliol and Henry Beaumont, Earl of Buchan, the disinherited Scottish nobles gathered in Yorkshire and plotted an invasion of Scotland. Edward III was aware of the scheme and officially forbade it, in March 1332 writing to his northern officials that anyone planning an invasion of Scotland was to be arrested. The reality was different, and Edward III was happy to cause trouble for his northern neighbour. He insisted Balliol not invade Scotland overland from England but turned a blind eye to his forces sailing for Scotland from Yorkshire ports on 31 July 1332. The Scots were aware of the situation and were waiting for Balliol. David II's regent was an experienced old soldier, Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, who was appointed to the role of guardian of Scotland. He had prepared for Balliol and Beaumont, but he died ten days before they sailed. [4] [5]

Prelude

Balliol's royal seal Edward Balliol, King of Scotland seal.png
Balliol's royal seal

Balliol's force was small, only 1,500 men: 500 men-at-arms and 1,000 infantry, the latter mostly longbowmen. [6] He anticipated being joined by many Scots once he had landed. [7] While they were underway, the Scots selected Donald, Earl of Mar, as the new guardian of Scotland, and so also regent for the young David. Mar was an experienced campaigner and a close blood relative to the young King David. He divided the large Scottish army: Mar commanded the part north of the Firth of Forth, while Patrick, Earl of March, commanded those to the south. Balliol had been in communication with Mar and hoped he would come over to his side with many of his troops. Knowing Mar to be commanding the troops on the northern shore of the firth, Balliol landed there, at Wester Kinghorn (present day Burntisland), [8] on 6 August 1332. [9]

While the invaders were still disembarking they were confronted by a large Scottish force [note 1] commanded by Duncan, Earl of Fife, and Robert Bruce (an illegitimate son of King Robert the Bruce). [5] The Scots attacked the part of the English force on the beach, [12] but were driven off after a hard-pressed assault by the volleys of the English longbowmen and by their supporting infantry before Balliol and Beaumont's men-at-arms could get ashore. [13]

Scottish accounts of the time dismiss their losses as trivial, while one English source gives 90 Scots killed, two give 900, and a fourth 1,000. [14] One chronicle, the Brut, reports that Fife was "full of shame" at being defeated by such a small force. [15] There is no record of the casualties suffered by Balliol's men. Mar withdrew his main force to the capital, Perth, amalgamated the survivors of Kinghorn and sent out a general call for reinforcements. Buoyed by their victory, Balliol and Beaumont's force completed their disembarkation and marched to Dunfermline, where they foraged, looted a Scottish armoury and then headed for Perth. [16]

Battle

English approach

The Scottish army under Mar took up a position on the north bank of the River Earn, [17] 2 miles (3 km) south of Perth, and broke down the bridge. [18] The Scots were enormously stronger than the English. Chronicles of the time give strengths of 20,000, 30,000 or –in seven cases –50,000. [19] The historian Clifford Rogers guesses they numbered something more than 15,000. [20] Nearly all of the Scots were infantry. [21] The English arrived on the south bank of the Earn on 10 August. [22] They were in a difficult position: in enemy territory, facing an army of more than ten times their number in a good defensive position across a river and aware that the second Scottish army, under March, was moving towards them. [23] The Scots were content to rest in their defensive positions, while planning to send a portion of their army on a wide outflanking manoeuvre the next day. Any attempt by the English to force the river would clearly have been foredoomed. The English may have been hoping Mar would desert to their cause, but he gave no indication of doing so. The two forces faced each other across the river for the rest of the day. [24]

The Scots were so confident of victory that some started their celebrations that evening, according to a contemporary source "playing, drinking and making merry" late into the night. [21] A guard was set by the broken bridge, but otherwise no precautions were taken against any action by the English. Realising they had no hope if they either retreated or remained where they were, the entire English force forded the river at an unguarded spot. Advancing in the dark, at about midnight they stumbled upon a Scottish camp and attacked it. Those Scots who were not killed or captured fled. The English believed they had overcome the main Scottish force, but were disabused at dawn when they saw the Scots advancing against them in two large bodies. This revelation demoralised the English, but according to the chronicles they were given heart by a stirring speech from one of their leaders. [note 2] [26]

The English arrayed themselves for battle on foot, except for 50 German mercenary knights who fought mounted. The other men-at-arms formed up in three tightly packed ranks [27] with a fourth rank of pike-equipped ordinary infantry. [28] The longbowmen were divided and assigned to each side of this central group. [25] They were positioned where a valley narrowed as it entered hilly terrain. The infantry occupied the centre of this valley where it was about 600 feet (180 m) wide with the archers on higher and rougher terrain on each side. [29] The horses of the men-at-arms were kept to the rear. [9]

Scottish attack

A 19th-century representation of a Scottish schiltron advancing Charge of the Scots at Halidon Hill.jpg
A 19th-century representation of a Scottish schiltron advancing

The Scots were still supremely confident and formed up in two large groups or battles – also referred to as schiltrons. These were tightly packed, deep, pike-armed formations. Mar suggested that the English be given the opportunity to surrender, so that they could have been ransomed –which would have raised a large sum. [30] On seeing the English across the Earn, Bruce, who was in command of the leading schiltron, and who was aware, at least in part, of Mar's correspondence with Balliol, publicly claimed that this unopposed crossing was due to treachery by Mar. Mar denounced this as a lie and declared he would prove his loyalty by being the first to strike a blow against the English. [17] Bruce claimed this honour for himself and the two Scottish schiltrons proceeded to race each other to come to grips with the English. [31]

Bruce's schiltron, being already in the lead, won the race. But its headlong charge disorganised it and left the slower men behind. When it contacted the English only 800 men were still with Bruce, but they struck with such force that they drove the infantry in the English centre back nearly 10 yards (9 m). The English did not break, but turned their shoulders to the Scots, braced themselves and halted the Scottish onrush. The Scots in their haste had allowed themselves to be channelled by the terrain and all of them attacked the English men-at-arms in the centre, ignoring the longbowmen on the valley sides. Pushing back the English centre had the effect of exposing their flanks to these bowmen. The rest of Bruce's schiltron followed him into the valley, pressing their comrades in front of them forward against the English so strongly that the front ranks of neither force were able to use their weapons. [32]

The Scots were either largely without helmets, or wore helmets without visors (face guards), for contemporaries noted that the English archers "blinded and wounded the faces" of those in the leading schiltron. Harassed by the longbowmen, the Scots on the flanks pressed closer to their main body, further compressing it and hampering the freedom of movement of its members. [33] Mar's schiltron, which was also rushing towards the English, became disorganised due to its haste and was similarly channelled by the steep valley sides. They charged into the rear of Bruce's formation, causing chaos. [34] [17] The struggle continued from a little past dawn until after noon. [25] In the centre of the Scottish mass the result was literally suffocating; men were pressed too tightly together to be able to breathe and any who lost their footing were trampled to death. Contemporary accounts speak of more than a thousand Scots being smothered without coming into contact with the English. [35] [36] One claimed that "more were slain by the Scots themselves than by the English. For ... everyone fallen there fell a second, and then a third fell, and those who were behind pressing forward and hastening to the fight, the whole army became a heap of the slain." [37]

The English, being in a looser and less deep formation, had room to use their weapons more effectively, once they had withstood the initial onslaught. The survivors of Bruce's schiltron attempted to extricate themselves, adding to the confusion and making easy targets for the English men-at-arms. The chronicles record the English infantry having to climb over heaps of dead Scots to be able to strike at those still living. [35] All the while, the longbowmen continued to shoot into the Scottish flanks. Eventually the Scottish resistance collapsed and they were routed. [35] Several of the surviving Scottish nobles made their escape on horseback; the rest of the Scots fled on foot. [38] The English men-at-arms mounted their own horses and pursued the Scots, hacking them down until sunset. The English then occupied Perth and set to work on improving its fortifications, against the anticipated arrival of March's army. [39]

Casualties

A modern replica of a bodkin point arrowhead used by English longbows to penetrate armour Bodkin1.jpg
A modern replica of a bodkin point arrowhead used by English longbows to penetrate armour

Precise figures for the English dead are available: they lost 35 men-at-arms: 2 knights and 33 squires. Several accounts stress that not a single English archer was killed. [38] The losses among the Scots are less certain, but all accounts agree they were very heavy. Mar and Bruce died on the field; as did 2 other earls, 14 barons, 160 knights and many less notable men. Of the contemporary accounts which estimate the number of Scottish dead, two English chronicles give more than 15,000. Two Scottish accounts record 2,000 or 3,000 dead, while a third specifies 3,000 "nobles" and "of other men an untold number". [40] Most accounts refer to the Scottish dead lying in great heaps, some taller than a spear's length. [38] The only high-ranking Scottish survivor was the Earl of Fife, [41] who was captured and changed sides. [42]

Aftermath

A week after the battle, March arrived outside Perth, having added the remnants of Mar's army to his own force. There was little he could do. Given that Balliol had defeated Mar in open battle, it would have been folly for March to assault him in a fortified town. Balliol had captured plentiful supplies of food in Perth and the ships which had landed his army defeated the Scottish navy, enabling food and reinforcements to be shipped in. In any event, before long the Scottish host had exhausted its own supplies, stripped the surrounding countryside of food and dispersed. [43]

Balliol was crowned King of Scots at Scone  –the traditional place of coronation for Scottish monarchs [44]  –on 24 September 1332. [45] Within two months Balliol granted Edward III Scottish estates to a value of £2,000, which included "the town, castle and county of Berwick". [45] Balliol's support within Scotland was limited and within six months it had collapsed. He was ambushed by supporters of David II at the Battle of Annan on 17 December. Balliol fled to England half-dressed and riding bareback. He appealed to Edward III for assistance. [46] Edward III dropped all pretence of neutrality, recognised Balliol as King of Scots and made ready for war. [47] After the defeat of the Scots at the Battle of Halidon Hill in July 1333 by the English Balliol was reinstated on the Scottish throne. [48] He was deposed again in 1334, restored again in 1335 and finally deposed in 1336, by those loyal to David II. [49] The Second War of Scottish Independence which had started with Balliol's invasion finally ended in 1357. [50] [51] The modern historian Ranald Nicholson states that Edward III copied the tactics used at Dupplin Moor –"all the men-at-arms dismounted, while archers were posted on either flank" –in the English victories at Halidon Hill and Crécy. [52]

Location

Historic Environment Scotland has identified a site on Gaskmoor, which it suggests corresponds with the accounts in the chronicles. This is on the Dupplin plateau, south-east of Dupplin Loch, and 5 miles (8 km) south-west of Perth. It points out that if correct

The sides of the valley, and the narrowing of the valley, would have pushed the wings of the schiltrons into the centre, bunching the Scots and creating the deadly crush that appears to have been the main cause of the disaster. The steep slopes would have given a great deal of protection to the [English] from any flanking moves. The width of the valley would accommodate 500 or so dismounted men-at-arms, while the western end of the valley opens out; this is where the Scots would have started, and it would not have been immediately obvious that the topography was a funnel for them.

and concludes that this choice of terrain "is evidence of the tactical brilliance of the [English], who were battle-hardened veterans." Historic Environment Scotland added the battlefield to the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland on 21 March 2011. [53]

Notes, citations and sources

Notes

  1. ↑ Contemporary and near-contemporary English chronicles record their number variously as 4,000, 10,000, 14,000 and 24,000. [10] Scottish sources imply the force was much smaller. The historian Clifford Rogers says, based on the presence of both Fife and Bruce, that 4,000 "is probably the closest to the truth". [11]
  2. ↑ Modern historians differ as to which one, naming Fulk FitzWarin, [20] John Burdon or Balliol himself. [25]

Citations

  1. ↑ Barrow 1965, pp. 99–100.
  2. ↑ Weir 2006, p. 314.
  3. ↑ Sumption 1990, p. 60.
  4. ↑ Sumption 1990, pp. 124–126.
  5. 1 2 DeVries 1998, p. 116.
  6. ↑ Nicholson 1974, p. 124.
  7. ↑ Rogers 2014, p. 35.
  8. ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 34, 36.
  9. 1 2 Sumption 1990, p. 125.
  10. ↑ DeVries 1998, p. 116 n. 27.
  11. ↑ Rogers 2014, p. 36 n. 53.
  12. ↑ DeVries 1998, pp. 113–114.
  13. ↑ Rogers 2014, p. 36.
  14. ↑ DeVries 1998, p. 116 n. 28.
  15. ↑ DeVries 1998, p. 117.
  16. ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 36–37.
  17. 1 2 3 Nicholson 1974, p. 126.
  18. ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 38, 39.
  19. ↑ DeVries 1998, p. 118 n. 34.
  20. 1 2 Rogers 2014, p. 41.
  21. 1 2 DeVries 1998, p. 118.
  22. ↑ Rogers 2014, p. 38.
  23. ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 37–38.
  24. ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 38–39.
  25. 1 2 3 DeVries 1998, p. 119.
  26. ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 39–41.
  27. ↑ DeVries 1998, pp. 118–119.
  28. ↑ Rogers 2014, p. 42.
  29. ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 42–44.
  30. ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 40, 43.
  31. ↑ Rogers 2014, p. 43.
  32. ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 43–44.
  33. ↑ DeVries 1998, pp. 119–120.
  34. ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 44–45.
  35. 1 2 3 Rogers 2014, p. 45.
  36. ↑ Sumption 1990, pp. 125–126.
  37. ↑ Paterson 1996, p. 104.
  38. 1 2 3 DeVries 1998, p. 120.
  39. ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 45–46.
  40. ↑ Rogers 2014, p. 45, 45 n. 110.
  41. ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 46–47.
  42. ↑ MacInnes 2016, p. 13.
  43. ↑ Rogers 2014, p. 46.
  44. ↑ Rodwell 2013, p. 25.
  45. 1 2 Nicholson 1961, p. 19.
  46. ↑ Nicholson 1974, p. 127.
  47. ↑ Sumption 1990, p. 12.
  48. ↑ Ormrod 1990, p. 8.
  49. ↑ Nicholson 1974, p. 129.
  50. ↑ Blumberg 2014, p. 8.
  51. ↑ MacInnes 2016, p. 59.
  52. ↑ Nicholson 1965, p. 770.
  53. ↑ Historic Environment Scotland & BTL8.

Sources

  • Barrow, Geoffrey Wallis Steuart (1965). Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. OCLC   655056131.
  • Blumberg, Arnold (2014). "Scotland's First War of Independence". Medieval Warfare. 4 (3): 6–8. JSTOR   48578347.
  • DeVries, Kelly (1998). Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century : Discipline, Tactics, and Technology. Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN   978-0-85115-571-5.
  • Historic Environment Scotland (2012). "Battle of Dupplin Moor (BTL8)" . Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  • MacInnes, Iain A. (2016). Scotland's Second War of Independence, 1332–1357. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN   978-1-78327-144-3.
  • Nicholson, Ranald (1961). "The Siege of Berwick, 1333". The Scottish Historical Review . XXXX (129): 19–42. JSTOR   25526630. OCLC   664601468.
  • Nicholson, Ranald (1965). "Dupplin, Battle of". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 7. London; Chicago: William Benton. p. 770. OCLC   320728468.
  • Nicholson, Ranald (1974). Scotland: The Later Middle Ages. University of Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. ISBN   978-0-05002-038-8.
  • Ormrod, Mark (1990). The Reign of Edward III. Yale Medieval Monarchs series. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-11910-7.
  • Paterson, Raymond Campbell (1996). For the Lion: A History of the Scottish Wars of Independence. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN   978-0-85976-435-3.
  • Rodwell, Warwick (2013). The Coronation Chair and Stone of Scone: History, Archaeology and Conservation. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN   978-1-78297-153-5.
  • Rogers, Clifford (2014) [2000]. War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN   978-0-85115-804-4.
  • Sumption, Jonathan (1990). Trial by Battle. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. I. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN   978-0-57120-095-5.
  • Weir, Alison (2006). Queen Isabella: Treachery, Adultery, and Murder in Medieval England. New York: Random House. ISBN   978-0-34545-320-4.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wars of Scottish Independence</span> War of national liberation between Scotland and England

The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Crécy</span> 1346 English victory during the Hundred Years War

The Battle of Crécy took place on 26 August 1346 in northern France between a French army commanded by King Philip VI and an English army led by King Edward III. The French attacked the English while they were traversing northern France during the Hundred Years' War, resulting in an English victory and heavy loss of life among the French.

The Battle of Halidon Hill took place on 19 July 1333 when a Scottish army under Sir Archibald Douglas attacked an English army commanded by King Edward III of England and was heavily defeated. The year before, Edward Balliol had seized the Scottish Crown from five-year-old David II, surreptitiously supported by Edward III. This marked the start of the Second War of Scottish Independence. Balliol was shortly expelled from Scotland by a popular uprising, which Edward III used as a casus belli, invading Scotland in 1333. The immediate target was the strategically-important border town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, which the English besieged in March.

A schiltron is a compact body of troops forming a battle array, shield wall or phalanx. The term is most often associated with Scottish pike formations during the Wars of Scottish Independence in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Neville's Cross</span> 1346 battle of the Second War of Scottish Independence

The Battle of Neville's Cross took place during the Second War of Scottish Independence on 17 October 1346, half a mile to the west of Durham, England. An invading Scottish army of 12,000 led by King David II was defeated with heavy loss by an English army of approximately 6,000–7,000 men led by Ralph Neville, Lord Neville. The battle was named after an Anglo-Saxon stone cross that stood on the hill where the Scots made their stand. After the victory, Neville paid to have a new cross erected to commemorate the day.

Domhnall II, Earl of Mar was briefly Regent of Scotland during the minority of David II, King of Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster</span> 14th-century English duke

Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster was an English statesman, diplomat, soldier, and Christian writer. The owner of Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, Grosmont was a member of the House of Plantagenet, which was ruling over England at that time. He was the wealthiest and most powerful peer of the realm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Blanchetaque</span> Battle during the Hundred Years War

The Battle of Blanchetaque was fought on 24 August 1346 between an English army under King Edward III and a French force commanded by Godemar du Fay. The battle was part of the Crécy campaign, which took place during the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. After landing in the Cotentin Peninsula on 12 July, the English army had burnt a path of destruction through some of the richest lands in France to within 20 miles (32 km) of Paris, sacking a number of towns on the way. The English then marched north, hoping to link up with an allied Flemish army which had invaded from Flanders. They were outmanoeuvred by the French king, Philip VI, who garrisoned all of the bridges and fords over the River Somme and followed the English with his own field army. The area had previously been stripped of food stocks by the French, and the English were essentially trapped.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Culblean</span> Battle on 30 November 1335, during the Second War of Scottish Independence

The Battle of Culblean was fought on the 30th of November 1335, during the Second War of Scottish Independence. The Scots, led by Guardian Sir Andrew Murray, achieved victory over an Anglo-Scottish force commanded by David III Strathbogie, titular Earl of Atholl a strong supporter of Edward Balliol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry de Beaumont</span> English noble (1280–1340)

Henry de Beaumont, jure uxoris 4th Earl of Buchan and suo jure 1st Baron Beaumont, was a key figure in the Anglo-Scots wars of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, known as the Wars of Scottish Independence.

Sir Archibald Douglas was a Scottish nobleman, Guardian of Scotland, and military leader. He is sometimes given the epithet "Tyneman", but this may be a reference to his great-nephew Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas. He fought and died at the Battle of Halidon Hill.

Sir Robert Bruce, Lord of Liddesdale was the illegitimate son of King Robert the Bruce and an unknown mother. He was knighted and awarded the royal arms at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. The youngest a man could be knighted was 21, meaning 1293 is the latest he could have been born.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Balliol</span> Claimant to the Scottish throne (c. 1283–1364)

Edward Balliol or Edward de Balliol was a claimant to the Scottish throne during the Second War of Scottish Independence. With English help, he ruled parts of the kingdom from 1332 to 1356.

The Second War of Scottish Independence broke out in 1332, when Edward Balliol led an English-backed invasion of Scotland. Balliol, the son of former Scottish king John Balliol, was attempting to make good his claim to the Scottish throne. He was opposed by Scots loyal to the occupant of the throne, eight-year-old David II. At the Battle of Dupplin Moor Balliol's force defeated a Scottish army ten times their size and Balliol was crowned king. Within three months David's partisans had regrouped and forced Balliol out of Scotland. He appealed to the English king, Edward III, who invaded Scotland in 1333 and besieged the important trading town of Berwick. A large Scottish army attempted to relieve it but was heavily defeated at the Battle of Halidon Hill. Balliol established his authority over most of Scotland, ceded to England the eight counties of south-east Scotland and did homage to Edward for the rest of the country as a fief.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weardale campaign</span> 1327 battle of the First War of Scottish Independence

The Weardale campaign, part of the First War of Scottish Independence, occurred during July and August 1327 in Weardale, England. A Scottish force under James, Lord of Douglas, and the earls of Moray and Mar faced an English army commanded by Roger, Lord Mortimer of Wigmore, accompanied by the newly crowned Edward III.

Sir Andrew Murray (1298–1338), also known as Sir Andrew Moray, or Sir Andrew de Moray, was a Scottish military and political leader who supported King David II of Scotland against Edward Balliol and King Edward III of England during the Second War of Scottish Independence. He held the lordships of Avoch and Petty in north Scotland, and Bothwell in west-central Scotland. In 1326 he married Christina Bruce, a sister of King Robert I of Scotland. Murray was twice chosen as Guardian of Scotland, first in 1332, and again from 1335 on his return to Scotland after his release from captivity in England. He held the guardianship until his death in 1338.

The Battle of Kinghorn was fought on 6 August 1332 at Wester Kinghorn, Fife, Scotland. An invading seaborne force of 1,500 men was commanded by Edward Balliol and Henry Beaumont, Earl of Buchan. A Scottish army, possibly 4,000 strong, commanded by Duncan, Earl of Fife, and Robert Bruce, Lord of Liddesdale was defeated with heavy loss. Balliol was the son of King John Balliol and was attempting to make good his claim to be the rightful king of Scotland. He hoped that many of the Scots would desert to him.

Events from the year 1332 in the Kingdom of Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Berwick (1333)</span> Second War of Scottish Independence battle

The siege of Berwick lasted four months in 1333 and resulted in the Scottish-held town of Berwick-upon-Tweed being captured by an English army commanded by King Edward III. The year before, Edward Balliol had seized the Scottish Crown, surreptitiously supported by Edward III. He was shortly thereafter expelled from the kingdom by a popular uprising. Edward III used this as a casus belli and invaded Scotland. The immediate target was the strategically important border town of Berwick.

Burnt Candlemas was a failed invasion of Scotland in early 1356 by an English army commanded by King Edward III, and was the last campaign of the Second War of Scottish Independence. Tensions on the Anglo-Scottish border led to a military build-up by both sides in 1355. In September a nine-month truce was agreed, and most of the English forces left for northern France to take part in a campaign of the concurrent Hundred Years' War. A few days after agreeing the truce, the Scots, encouraged and subsidised by the French, broke it, invading and devastating Northumberland. In late December the Scots escaladed and captured the important English-held border town of Berwick-on-Tweed and laid siege to its castle. The English army redeployed from France to Newcastle in northern England.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.