Bhaca people

Last updated

Bhaca
AmaBhaca
King of AmaBhaca Madzikane 2023.png
Chief Thandisizwe Diko
Total population
1 million
Regions with significant populations
Eastern Cape, Kwazulu Natal, Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa)
Languages
IsiBhaca,
IsiXhosa, IsiZulu
Religion
Christianity, African Traditional Religion
Related ethnic groups
Xhosa, Swati, Zulu, Phuthi, Thembu other Nguni people
The AmaBhaca Nation
PersonIBhaca
PeopleAmaBhaca
LanguageIsiBhaca
CountryKwaBhaca
Bhaca Chief Mncisane Makaula Chief Mncisane Makaula of Bhaca.jpg
Bhaca Chief Mncisane Makaula

The Bhaca people, or amaBhaca, are an Nguni ethnic group in South Africa.

Contents

Genealogy of Wushe and Zelemu who merged to form AmaBhaca AmaBhaca Wushe Zelemu.jpg
Genealogy of Wushe and Zelemu who merged to form AmaBhaca

Background

AmaBhaca were formerly known as the Zelemus or AbakwaZelemu between the 1700s until 1830 when they were formally referred to as AmaBhaca. They are the descendants of chief Zelemu who lived in the Pongola and ruled his people who were part of the abaMbo people. Chief Zelemu shared the same ancestor with Chief Wushe by the name of Lufulwenja. Zelemu and Wushe went separate ways in the early 1700s and their descendants were both called the AmaWushe and AbakwaZelemu. It was in the 1730 when their grandsons ( Khalimeshe and Mjoli) reunited again to form one tribe that later migrated south under the leadership of Madzikane ka Khalimeshe.

Language

The Bhaca people speak three different languages depending on their location. In South African schools, IsiBhaca is not taught, leading Bhaca individuals in KwaZulu Natal to learn isiZulu as their native language, and those in the Eastern Cape to study isiXhosa in government schools. Despite this, the Bhaca community has preserved their own language, IsiBhaca, for over three centuries. IsiBhaca is primarily spoken in Mount Frere by the Bhaca community and to a lesser extent in other Bhaca regions such as Ixopo, Umzimkhulu, and Bulwer. Throughout the two centuries, IsiBhaca has faced challenges due to colonial policies that promoted IsiXhosa and IsiZulu in Bhaca areas, resulting in some Bhaca individuals not having the opportunity to learn their own language. An estimated 500,000 people still speak IsiBhaca.

Ncapayi

King Ncapayi had many wives. The first wife, Makhohlisa (daughter of Dzanibe clan), gave birth to King Diko and Sogoni. His second wife, Indlu yekunene, bore him Makaula, while his third wife Iqadi lendlu enkulu, produced Dabula and Mpongoma.

Ncapayi is said to have been a fearless freebooter, and a diplomat of note who showed more intelligence than his father Madzikane. [1]

According to Rev. Soga, during the year that Madzikane was killed, Ncapayi entered Thembuland to avenge the death. The Thembus under King Ngubengcuka made an ineffectual stand and the Bhacas swept away a large number of cattle. [2]

Before Madzikane died and because of his relationship with King Faku, he advised his son to temporarily be a tributary King in Pondoland. Ncapayi took the advice and Faku welcomed the Bhacas, which coincided with the arrival of Nqetho, a Chief of the Qwabes who had moved from Natal to escape King Shaka's army because he would not serve under King Dingane. When he entered Pondoland and tried to secure land by violence, Faku was anxious to evict him with Ncapayi's assistance. AmaBhaca drove them back into Natal and Dingane issued an instruction to kill Nqetho. [2]

The Thembus' defeat by the Bhacas, Faku to make an arrangement with Ncapayi when the Pondos wanted to attack the Thembus. They entered Thembuland on three occasions and each time succeeded. [1]

Soga asserted that cupidity was the force that brought Faku and Ncapayi together and to have destroyed their relationship later. In 1845 Ncapayi attacked Nyanda, the Right Hand section of the Pondos under Ndamase, the son of Faku. He raided Nyanda successfully. King Faku assembled an army and moved against the Bhacas, attacking them on all sides. He drove the Bhacas before him on the ridge kuNowalala. Ncapayi was wounded and forced off the ridge, landing on a ledge. He was in a helpless condition with both arms broken and a severe assegai wound. He lay there for days, asking those who came to look at him to end his misery. After King Faku gave the order, he was killed.

Conflict with the Afrikaners and the British

In about 1837 Boers arrived in Natal with herds of cattle. Between 1837 and 1840, the Boers fought the Bhacas who teamed up with the Bushmen to raid the herds.

In about February 1838 the Boers settled in the upland of Natal and began to create the Republic of Natalia. After their victories over Dingane, they extended northward to uMfolozi and St. Lucia Bay. [3] The Boers created arrangements with other kings and therefore did not consider them as enemies. For example, they considered King Faku to be a friendly king and rated Ncapayi as having a powerful military and as a threat.

When the Boers came back, they attacked the Bhacas [4] and raided with 700 men and 50 horses.[ citation needed ] This is said to have provided the spark for the British intervention in the Bhaca land (which had become part of Natal). An area near Maclear is called Ncapayi land (Kapayi land – because they could not pronounce "Nca").

See also

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Ncapayi was the king of the Bhaca people between 1826 until his death in 1846. He was the second son from the first wife of King Madzikane, the firstborn being Sonyangwe his elder brother. He resided at his father's royal residence in Mpoza facing the Mganu mountains and also built another residence in the nearby Lutateni. While trying to attack the Mpondo people due to the Maitland treaty he fell off the cliff and died in a place called Nowalala near Ntabankulu in March 1844. Faku ordered he must be killed to save him from pain and agony he had suffered as for days he had plunged beneath the cliff.

Ncapai was the king of the Bhaca people between 1826 until his death in 1845. He was the second son from the first wife of King Madzikane ka Zulu; the first born being Sonyangwe his elder brother. He resided at his father's royal residence in Mpoza, the great place facing Mganu mountains and also built another residence in the nearby Lutateni. While trying to attack the Mpondo people, due to the Maitland treaty, he fell off a cliff and died in a place called Nowalala, near Ntabankulu in March 1846. Faku kaNgqungqushe ordered that he must be killed to save him from the pain and agony he had suffered for days after he had plunged beneath the cliff. Ncapayi is said to have been a ruthless freebooter.

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References

  1. 1 2 Soga 1878, p. 444.
  2. 1 2 Soga 1878, p. 443.
  3. Blue Book on Native Affairs, 1885
  4. Bryant 1929, p. 400.

Sources